KEROSENE OILPART 3 Continued frompart 2 27 Engines In the early to mid-20th century, kerosene or tractor vaporisingoil (TVO) was used as a cheap fuel for tractors and hit 'n miss engines Theengine would start on gasoline, then switch over to kerosene once the enginewarmed up. On some engines a heat valve on the manifold would routethe exhaust gases around the intake pipe, heating the kerosene to the pointwhere it was vaporized and could be ignited by an electric spark. 28 Automobiles In Europe followingthe Second World War, automobiles were similarly modified to run on kerosenerather than gasoline, whichthey would have to import and pay heavy taxes on. Besides additional piping andthe switch between fuels, the head gasket was replaced by a much thicker one todiminish the compression ratio (making the engine less powerful and lessefficient, but able to run on kerosene). The necessary equipment was sold underthe trademark "Econom". During the fuel crisis of the 1970s, Saab-Valmet developed andseries-produced the Saab 99 Petro that ran on kerosene, turpentine or gasoline. A car wasdesigned to run on two fuels. Gasoline was used for cold starts and when extrapower was needed, but normally it ran on kerosene or turpentine. The idea wasthat the gasoline could be made from peat using the Fischer–Tropsch process. 29 Smallkerosene engines Kerosene is used tofuel smaller-horsepower outboard motors built by Yamaha, Suzuki, and Tohatsu. Primarily used on small fishing craft, these aredual-fuel engines that start on gasoline and then transition to kerosene oncethe engine reaches optimum operating temperature. Multiple fuel Evinrude andMercury Racing engines also burn kerosene, as well as jet fuel. 30 Main use ofkerosene now Today, kerosene is mainly used in fuel for jet enginesin several grades. One highly refined form of the fuel is known as RP-1, and isoften burned with liquid oxygen as rocket fuel. These fuel grade kerosenes meetspecifications for smoke points and freeze points. The combustion reaction canbe approximated as follows, with the molecular formula C12H26 JP-8, (for "Jet Propellant 8") akerosene-based fuel, is used by the United States military as a replacement indiesel fueled vehicles and for powering aircraft. JP-8 is also used by the U.S.military and its NATO allies as a fuel for heaters, stoves, tanks and as areplacement for diesel fuel in the engines of nearly all tactical groundvehicles and electrical generators. 31 Mixing ofkerosene and Diesel Kerosene is sometimes used as an additive in dieselfuel to prevent gelling orwaxing in cold temperatures Ultra-low sulfurkerosene is a custom-blended fuel used by the New YorkCity Transit Authority to power its bus fleet. The transit agency started usingthis fuel in 2004, prior to the widespread adoption of ultra-low-sulfur diesel,which has since become the standard. In 2008, the suppliers of the custom fuelfailed to tender for a renewal of the transit agency's contract, leading to anegotiated contract at a significantly increased cost. 32 In chemistry Kerosene is used as a diluent in the PUREX extractionprocess, but it is increasingly being supplanted by dodecane. In X-raycrystallography, kerosene can be used to store crystals. When a hydratedcrystal is left in air, dehydration may occur slowly. This makes the color ofthe crystal become dull. Kerosene can keep air from the crystal. It can be also used to prevent air from re-dissolvingin a boiled liquid, and tostore alkali metals such as potassium, sodium, and rubidium (withthe exception of lithium, which is less dense than kerosene, causing it tofloat). My note- Irecollect answering the question- Two metals keeping in kerosene as sodium and potassiumin high school class 33 Inentertainment Kerosene is often used in the entertainment industryfor fire performances, such as fire breathing, fire juggling or poi, and firedancing. Because of its low flame temperature when burnt in free air, the riskis lower should the performer come in contact with the flame. Kerosene is generally notrecommended as fuel for indoor fire dancing, as it produces anunpleasant (to some) odor, which becomes poisonous in sufficient concentration.Ethanol was sometimes used instead, but the flames it produces look lessimpressive, and its lower flash point poses a high risk. 34 In industry As a petroleum product miscible with many industrialliquids, kerosene can be used as both a solvent, able to remove other petroleumproducts, such as chain grease, and as a lubricant, with less risk ofcombustion when compared to using gasoline. It can also be used as a coolingagent in metal production and treatment (oxygen-free conditions). In the petroleum industry, kerosene is often used as asynthetic hydrocarbon for corrosion experiments to simulate crude oil in fieldconditions. 35 Others Kerosene can be applied topically to hard-to-removemucilage or adhesive left by stickers on a glass surface (such as in showwindows of stores). It can be used toremove candle wax that has dripped onto a glass surface; it is recommended that the excess wax be scraped off prior to applyingkerosene via a soaked cloth or tissue paper. It can be used to clean bicycle and motorcycle chainsof old lubricant before relubrication. It can also be used to thin oil based paint used infine art. Some artists even use it to clean their brushes; however, it leavesthe bristles greasy to the touch. It has seen use inmosquito control in Australia. My addition- It wasthe common practice to keep in the kerosene applied bit cloth in oven among firewood and burn.Firewood would burn quickly For iron box charcoalfor kerosene dipped cloth is placed on the coconut shell and burnt to get easily charcoal. 36 Toxicity Ingestion ofkerosene is harmful. People can be exposed to kerosene in the workplace bybreathing it in, swallowing it, skin contact, and eye contact. The US NationalInstitute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has set a recommendedexposure limit of 100 mg/m3 over an 8-hour workday. -- You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google Groups "Thatha_Patty" group. To unsubscribe from this group and stop receiving emails from it, send an email to [email protected]. To view this discussion on the web visit https://groups.google.com/d/msgid/thatha_patty/401304110.2158748.1620010319792%40mail.yahoo.com.
