Pranam
WATER PURIFICATION AND MANAGEMENT SYSTEM IN VEDIC VERSES
Bhattacharya, P. K.: Irrigation and Agriculture In Ancient India
The Harappan (or Indus Valley) civilization (3000 BC – 1500 BC), one
of the earliest and most advanced civilizations, was also the world's
largest in spatial extent and epitomises the level of development of
science and society in the proto-historic Indian sub-continent. Jansen
(1989) states that the citizens of Harappan civilization were known for
their obsession with water; they prayed to the rivers every day and
accorded the rivers a divine status.
The urban centres were developed with state-of-the art civil and
architectural designs with provisions of sophisticated drainage and waste
water management systems. Agriculture was the main economic activity of the
society and an extensive network of reservoirs, wells, canals along with
low cost water harvesting techniques were developed throughout the region
at that time (Nair, 2004). The Mohenjo-Daro and Dholavira, major cities of
Indus Valley are the best examples having the state-of-the art water
management and drainage systems. The Great Bath of Mohenjo-Daro of Indus
Valley is considered as the "earliest public water tank of the ancient
world". The “Arthashastra” attributed to Kautilya “who reportedly was the
chief minister to the emperor Chandragupta (300 51 BC), the founder of the
Mauryan dynasty” (Encyclopaedia Britannica,
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Artha52 shastra) deals with several issues
of governance, including water governance. It mentions about a manually
operated cooling device “Variyantra” (revolving water spray for cooling
the air). It also gives an extensive account of hydraulic structures built
for irrigation and other purposes during the period of the Mauryan empire
(Shamasastry, 1961).
The Pynes and Ahars (combined irrigation and water management system),
reservoir (Sudarshan lake) at Girnar and many other structures were also
built during the Mauryan empire (322-185 BC). McClellan III and Dorn,
(2015) noted that ‘… the Mauryan empire was first and foremost a great
hydraulic civilization …’. This reflects that the technology of the
construction of the dams, reservoirs, channels, measurement of rainfall and
knowledge of the various hydrological processes was well known to the
ancient Indian society. Water pricing was also an important component of
the water management system in the Mauryan empire. There are also adequate
archaeological evidences to testify that the Harappans of the Indus Valley
were well aware of the seasonal rainfall and flooding of the river Indus
during the period between 2500 and 1700 B.C., which is corroborated by
modern meteorological investigations (Srinivasan, 1976).
The Vedic texts contain valuable references to ‘hydrological cycle’.
It was known during Vedic and later times (Rigveda, VIII, 6.19, VIII,
6.20; and VIII, 12.3) (Sarasvati, 2009) that water is not lost in the
various processes of hydrological cycle namely evaporation, condensation,
rainfall, streamflow, etc., but gets converted from one form to another.
Indians were, at that time, acquainted with cyclonic and orographic effects
on rainfall (Vayu Purana) and radiation, and convectional heating of earth
and evapotranspiration. The Vedic texts and other Mauryan period texts
such as ‘Arthshastra’ mention other hydrologic processes such as
infiltration, interception, streamflow and geomorphology, including the
erosion process. Reference to the hydrologic cycle and artesian wells is
available in Ramayana. Ground water development and water quality
considerations also received sufficient attention in ancient India, as
evident from the Brihat Samhita. Topics such as water uptake by plants,
evaporation, clouds and their characteristics along with rainfall
prediction by observing the natural phenomena of previous years, had been
discussed in Brihat Samhita Meghamala and other literature from ancient
India.
The epic Mahabharata (Verse, XII,184.15-16) explains the water uptake
process by plants and mentions that rainfall occurs in four months (the
Indian summer monsoon, ISM) (Verse, XII,362.4-5) and in the next eight
months (non-monsoon months), the same water is extracted by the Sun rays
through the process of evaporation. Likewise, in other Indian mythological
scriptures such as Puranas numerous references exist to hydrological cycle
. The Matsya Purana (Verse, I, 54.29- 124 34) and Vayu Purana (Verse,
51.23-26) mention about the evaporation process which burns water by Sun
rays and is converted to smoke (i.e., process of evaporation) which ascend
to atmosphere with the help of air and again rains in next rainy season
for the goodness of the living beings (NIH, 2018). The Vayu Purana and the
Matsya Purana also mention the rainfall potential of clouds and the
formation of clouds by cyclonic, convectional and orographic effects .
Similarly, the Linga Purana (Verse, I, 36.67) clearly explains the various
processes of hydrologic cycle such as evaporation, condensation and
mentions that water can’t be destroyed; it gets changed from one form to
the other (NIH, 2018; Sharma and Shruthi, 2017) as:
jalasya nasho vridwirva natatyevasya vichartah| ghravenashrishthto
vayuvrishti sanhrte punah|| Hence water is also a matter.
The Brihat Samhita (literally meaning big collection) by
Varahamihira, contains many scientific discourses on the various aspects of
meteorology, e.g., pregnancy of clouds, pregnancy of air, winds, cloud
formations, earthquakes, rainbows, dust storms and thunder bolts among
other things such as colours of the sky, shapes of clouds, the growth of
vegetation, behaviour of animals, the nature of lightning and thunder and
associated rainfall patterns. The water falling from sky assumes various
colours and tastes from differences in the nature of Earth. Out of 33
chapters in the Brihat Samhita, 10 chapters are specifically devoted to
the meteorology.
The verse 54.104 of Brihat Samhita explains the relation
between soil and water. It is mentioned that pebbly and sandy soil of
copper color makes water astringent. Brown-colored soil gives rise to
alkaline water, yellowish soil makes water briny and in blue soil,
underground water becomes pure and fresh. Brihat Samhita also discusses
about the geographical pointers such as plants, reptiles, insects as well
as soil markers to gauge the groundwater resources (occurrence and
distribution). It explains the groundwater recharge as “… the water veins
beneath the earth are like vein’s in the human body, some higher and some
lower...” as given in the following verses:
Dharmyam yashashyam va vadabhaytoham dakargalam yen jaloplabdhiha Punsam
yathagdeshu shirastathaiva chhitavapi pronnatnimnasanstha.
Ekayna vardayna rasayna chambhyashchyutam namasto vasudha vishayshanta
Nana rastvam bahuvarnatam cha gatam pareekshyam chhititulyamayva.
An interesting fact covered in details by Varahamihira is the role of
termite knolls as indicator of underground water. The water obtained from
different sources such as wells, rivers, rain and from any other sources on
the earth should be used efficiently, *as it is a gift of nature*.
During the Sangam Period , in the southern parts of India, the rainwater
harvesting structures such as tanks were constructed for irrigating the
paddy fields; and fishing was also practiced in lotus ponds (tamaraikulam
in Tamil) . The Grand Anicut was constructed by the Chola King Karikalan
during the 1st century A.D. on the river Cauvery for protection of the
downstream populations against flood and to provide or irrigation supplies
in the Cauvery delta region. The Grand Anicut is the world’s oldest still
in use dam and is also credited with being the 4th oldest dam in the world
and the first in India. In Brihat Samhita , there are references regarding
the orientation of ponds, bank protection through pitching, plantation and
also by providing sluicing arrangements. Brihat Samhita contains many
references regarding the orientation of ponds so as to store and conserve
water efficiently (reducing evaporation losses), plantation type for bank
protection and proper sluicing to protect pond/reservoir from any possible
damage. Verse (54.118) mentions that a pond oriented in east to west
direction retains water for a long time while one from north to south
loses invariably by the waves raised by the winds.
In an American Water Works Association book called The Quest for
Pure Water: The History of Water Purification from the Earliest Records to
the Twentieth Century, authors M.N. Baker and Michael Taras speculate that
the pursuit for pure drinking water began in the prehistoric times.
Nevertheless, the earliest documentation of water treatment was found in
Sanskrit writings and inscriptions in ancient Egyptian tombs. Many
different water treatment methods are mentioned in the Sanskrit medical
writings known as the Sus’ruta Samhita, and these methods include the
boiling of water over fire, heating of water under the sun, dipping of
heated iron into water, *filtration through gravel and sand,* as well as
the use of the Strychnos potatorum seed and a stone called “Gomedaka”.
{Alice Outwater - Water - a natural history Amazon}.
Ancient Sanskrit writings recommended water treatment
methods. Dating back 6,000 years such writings describe early water
treatment as: “Impure water should be purified by being boiled over a
fire, or heated in the sun or by dipping a heated iron into it and then
allowed to cool, or it may be purified by filtration through sand and
coarse gravel.” The Susruta Sanhita, Sanskrit writings about medical
concerns, dates from approximately 2000 B.C. and offers evidence of
water treatment. To disinfect water, many ancient cultures would use
copper, iron or hot sand in conjunction with boiling it. Herbs were often
used in well filtration, such as amla, which is high in vitamin C, and
khus. Plants were sometimes used to purify water, such as water lily roots
and the seeds of the nirmali ((Strychnos potatorum). As far as water
purification methods are concerned those involving naturally occurring
substances such as mixtures of herbs including Amla and vetiver were used.
These herbs used introduced in water in wells for purification purposes.
Other methods used for water purification, based on herbs and naturally
occurring products and materials are nirmali seeds, rhizomes of algae's,
roots of water lily and different types of stones such as quartz crystals,
garnet and peals. Water is a rare commodity in certain parts of India.
There is a proverb in Tamil, “Treat Water as Precious” – “Neeraiyum
Seeraadu”. Among all the plant materials that have been tested over the
years, power processed from the seeds from Moringa oleifera has been
shown to be one of the most effective as a primary coagulant for water
treatment and can be compared to that of alum (conventional chemical
coagulant)
KR IRS 23721
On Thu, 22 Jul 2021 at 22:08, 'venkat giri' via iyer123 <
iyer...@googlegroups.com> wrote:
> *Respected Sir/s,*
> * Q4:Why do high tension power lines not leak (or short) to earth when it
> rains (or maybe they do)? Surely the insulator*
>
>
>
> * Pure water is not all that conductive, and water falling
> directly from the sky is pretty close to pure (as far as its conductivity
> is concerned). One need ions in water for the latter to conduct
> electricity, which rainwater generally lacks, so rainwater causing short
> circuits is a rare occurrence to begin with. Moreover,
> electrical insulators are put in place to keep circuits separated, i.e., to
> prevent them from coming in contact. These electrical insulators are
> materials that allow no or very little electrical current to flow through
> them when they are brought under the influence of an electric field. The
> insulators they use on power transmission towers are made of ceramic, which
> is a poor conductor of electricity. In other high-power systems, they also
> use other insulation materials, such as glass wire holders, vacuum, gas
> etc. These insulators not only prevent short circuits, but
> also offer another advantage. They have multiple bell-shaped grooves on
> them, which prevent rainwater from reaching the inside surfaces, and
> therefore can prevent the formation of a complete coat of water (a complete
> coat of water could potentially provide an unintended path in a circuit).
> Power companies do space the power lines far apart, so that
> rainwater cannot cause an arc between phases. Lastly, power companies run
> regular maintenance activities on these towers: they clean those electrical
> insulators by spraying them with deionized water, which ensures that they
> remain electrically non-conductive.-----RegardsV.SridharanTrichy*
>
>
> On Thursday, 15 July, 2021, 09:05:14 am IST, 'gopala krishnan' via
> Thatha_Patty <thatha_patty@googlegroups.com> wrote:
>
>
> *CULTURAL QA 2-2021-15*
>
> *Being a compilation there may be errors *
>
> Q1 Who is an unknown person who has changed the world in the most
> significant way?
>
> A1 Nagarajan Srinivas We dance round in a ring and suppose,but
> the truth sits in April 18
>
> *Who is an unknown person who has changed the world in the most
> significant way?*
>
> The fact is, in the evolution of the human race from the stone age to the
> present sophisticated civilization, most of the biggest changes have been
> brought about only by the unknown persons.
>
> Some such unknown persons go on to achieve fame and a celebrity status,
> many just remain in the background and fadeout and a vast majority still
> remain what they always were - unknown and unsung.
>
> *One such person is Dr. Dilip Mahalanobis, a* paediatrician from the
> Indian state of West Bengal, whose intuitive application of Oral
> Rehydration Solution (ORS) helped save millions of lives of poor East
> Pakistani refugees up rooted from their motherland and dying of a cholera
> epidemic and continues to save millions of life, especially of children in
> less developed countries of the world.
>
> * As everyone celebrates the 50th anniversary of the Bangladesh
> Liberation War, there is a lesser* known Indian achievement from 1971
> that is saving lives even today — and not just in India. A humble Bengali
> doctor who worked tirelessly in the refugee camps along the
> India-Bangladesh border created one of the greatest health innovations
> that has saved over 70 million lives globally so far, most of them children.
>
> Adversity is the mother of all inventions, and the adversity in the
> refugee camps during the 1971 war was that they had run out of intravenous
> fluid saline during a cholera epidemic. *So Dr Dilip Mahalanabis, a
> paediatrician and a clinical scientist, relied on jugaad and with the help
> of Johns Hopkins International Center* for Medical Research and Training
> created oral rehydration salt sachets or ORS.
>
> * He is 86 today and lives in Kolkata, and still has* not got due
> recognition from the Centre or state governments for pioneering the use of
> ORS for diarrhoeal diseases.
>
> And even though everyone knows ORS, which Lancet called “potentially
> the most important medical advance” of the 20th century, not many remember
> Dr Dilip Mahalanabis.
>
> Now, how I wonder many people know, leave alone remember Dr.Dilip
> Mahalanobis in India or at least his native state West Bengal - even I
> didn’t know about him until his name was brought to my notice by a a fellow
> Quoran and friend Adhiraj Ghosh (অধিরাজ ঘোষ) which led to my further
> research on the matter and resulted in this post. My thanks to Mr.Adhiraj
> Ghosh.
>
> *When celebrating 50 yrs of 1971 War, don’t forget this life-saving sachet
> and Bengali doctor*
>
> Miracle cure for an old scourge. An interview with Dr Dilip Mahalanabis.
>
> Dilip Mahalanabis: The man who saved millions with his crucial Oral
> Rehydration Solution
>
> The Indian scientist that saved the world: Out of a devastating war came
> the 'solution' that revolutionised the treatment of international diseases
>
> Q2 How can I clean a greasy chimney at home?
>
> A2 TTK Prestige India’s most trusted kitchen & home solutions
> brand since 55June 25
>
> The aesthetics of Indian kitchens have evolved to a more minimal sleek
> finish over the years and with that shift the chimneys in kitchens have
> changed a lot too. This previously overlooked fitting is now a statement.
> *However,
> it does need a little love and care when it comes to cleaning*.
>
> It is no secret how messy Indian cooking can be, oil & masala splatters
> are a norm. The clean-up is often more cumbersome than the actual cooking,
> and cleaning these modular kitchen chimneys should be part of the post
> cooking cleaning routine.
>
> *Some of the best chimneys in the country are made with care at Prestige,
> like the Provo 600 and 900* Chimneys. These are modern and stylish with
> an auto clean feature plus a stainless-steel oil collector making it easy
> to clean, maintain, and last longer.
>
> Here are the most efficient methods to keep these best kitchen chimneys
> routinely clean:
>
> Vinegar Water Mix: Mix a small amount of vinegar in a tub of water, take
> a soft scrub, and rub down the chimney with this mix. The oil collector and
> steel filters can also be soaked in this mix and then gently wiped with a
> warm cloth. This mix can be made in a big batch and poured into spray
> bottles for easy storage and use.
>
> Dishwashing Liquid Mix: Mix a small amount of preferred dishwater liquid
> into a tub of water, take a soft scrub, and rub down the chimney with this
> mix. This mix is easier to make especially if vinegar is not readily
> available. The oil-collector and steel filters can be soaked in this mix as
> well and then cleaned with warm water after. Like with the vinegar mix,
> this mix can also be stored for easy access.
>
> Baking Soda Magic: This most multi-purpose agent does wonders on greasy
> stubborn stains. Make a thick paste of water and 1-2 tablespoons of baking
> soda and apply evenly all over the stubborn stains. Additionally, take a
> soft scrub, dab it in the mix and gently rub it down the chimney and let it
> sit for a few minutes before wiping it off with a damp cloth.
>
> Baking Soda – Vinegar Mix: Another solid cleaning solution is a mix of
> vinegar, baking soda, in a large tub of water. The filter and oil-collector
> can be emersed in this mix for a squeaky-clean finish. Wipe down the
> attachments and dry-out completely before putting them back into the
> chimney.
>
> The Oscar 600 & 900 and Tampa 600 & 900 models by Prestige also have an
> in-built cleaning feature with stainless steel filters which can be
> detached and cleaned. Maintaining a clean chimney ensures that it lasts
> longer, and ensures a hygienic cooking environment.
>
> My note- Most companies send their technicians on calling to clean the
> chimney. Most use baking soda. They would charge above 500-00 depend on the
> cleaning. One should not attend cleaning by himself is my opinion.
>
> Q3 Why do Indian families traditionally engrave their family
> names on utensils?
>
> A3 Bhuvana Rameshwar South Indian culture July 6
>
> When we get married our parents give us new vessels of all shapes and
> sizes in stainless steel, pure silver and brass ware.
>
> Since most people lived in joint families the new vessels were engraved
> with names or initials. Mine are B. R. This helps to differentiate who
> brought what and also easy to take away when going on a nuclear set up like
> us going away to Kodai and later Ooty from our inlaws’ house in Chennai.
>
> It also helps when property divisions happen and the current house is
> handed over to one of the children. Then each dil takes hers and moves to
> their new home. Usually the eldest keeps the house, parents’vessels,
> furniture, appliances etc. Besides they are too old. Some give away too to
> siblings in remembrance of parents and their childhood days.
>
> Q4 Why do high tension power lines not leak (or short) to earth
> when it rains (or maybe they do)? Surely the insulators get soaking wet and
> allow current to flow to earth? Is such leakage, if it occurs, dangerous?
>
> A4 Alexander Mathey Former Chemical Engineer, retired, lives in
> Athens, GR July 9
>
> Normally they don’t leak because their shape is such as to render long
> enough the path of a possible creeping discharge.
>
> *Rain water is almost distilled water, so it is very little conducting*.
> Rain is actually welcomed because it washes away possible dirt which would
> reduce the insulation power of the insulator.
>
> *If some discharge occurs, it is not dangerous for people on the ground,
> since the pylons are very well earthed.*
>
> Still, especially near the sea, if it has not rained thoroughly for a
> while, salt deposits brought by the wind may reduce the insulation power of
> the insulators, so that the electric company has to temporarily cut off the
> current and send special teams to wash the insulators with water.
>
> Q5 Why are there people who are always hungry even after eating
> meals? What do you think about it?
>
> A5 Bhuvana Rameshwar Observe humans Sat
>
> I'm one of those type of people who seem always hungry . It is just that
> the regular breakfast, lunch and dinners do not fascinate me. Even a
> biryani or the best of sambaar rice is eaten by me only in moderation or
> lesser . I would rather pay attention on the salads and pickle.
>
> I prefer desserts, even two helpings. That's why immediately after a quick
> meal, I go to the snack cupboard or the fridge for something with the final
> warm water I drink. Usually it is peppered potato wafers.
>
> *If nothing I have to eat atleast a little raisins or few salt biscuits or
> pieces of chocolate.*
>
> This is more to do with mental satisfaction than to do with hunger.
>
> Q6 Is train spotting still a hobby? What makes it different now
> compared to the past?
>
> A6 Prasanna BhaleraoKnows about trains.Sat
>
> As far as I know, train spotting is still quite a hobby. For the early
> days of just watching, to still photography and now to video. There are so
> many YouTube channels that show many trains running up and down and not
> just passenger trains, even freight trains. A train running at top speed,
> or even a gentle canter across serene surroundings is a treat to watch for
> many.
>
> Q7 Is too much rain bad for plants?
>
> A7 Steven Haddock, studied at York UniversityAnswered 16h ago
>
> It depends on the plant, of course, but yes, some plants do not do well
> when it’s too wet.
>
> One of the ones that does the worst are this class of plants - succulents
>
> Or more commonly, cactuses. Cactuses do fine in hot dry climates that get
> irregular rain. One good rainstorm every couple of years is just perfect.
> However, put a cactus in a place which gets regular rain and it just
> perishes. They don’t even do well next to rivers. If you find a creek
> running through a desert, there won’t be a succulent within several dozen
> yards of it.
>
> It’s one of the reasons why cactuses are so hard to raise in your home.
> It’s very easy to overwater them. Succulents can absorb massive amounts of
> water, but they will try to absorb it even when they’re pretty much full.
> Other plants won’t. When a cactus absorbs too much water, the roots rot and
> the rest of the plant just bursts open. In other plants, water will be
> evaporated from the leaves, but cactuses don’t do that either. There’s no
> way for the water to get out. A dying cactus that can still be saved.
>
> Q8 What are some extremely strange things that Indians carry in
> their wallets?
>
> A8 Bhuvana Rameshwar South Indian culture Updated Mon
>
> Strange by western standards, not by Indian standards
>
> Pictures of their favourite gods, Ash or kumkum given by the temple priest
>
> Pictures of favourite film hero or heroineAn old ten rupees from their
> first salary
>
> Their first salary slip now ten years old, as a sentiment
>
> Rudraksh, a holy seed in a pouch or handbag
>
> Keeping wife or gf ‘s photo is common but Indians keep their childhood
> crush or a an ex ‘s photo somewhere hidden in the inner compartments, not
> able to let go
>
> Sticker bindi sheet kept only by only Hindus.
>
> when going out in threes for an important occasion they carry a stone as a
> fourth person. They believe threes bring ill luck.
>
> Some carry their ATM card pin number in a secret corner
>
> I carry a quick- fix adhesive because my slippers always get cut enroute.
>
> Q9 Is the water from a well rich in vitamin B12?
>
> A9 Govinda Reddy Chaikam , Graduated in Agricultural
> Sciences,A.P.A.U.Hyd.Answered May 13
>
> If we'll water is rich in vitamin B12,how millions of people purchasing
> theB12 tablets and injections with the prescription of Doctors.
>
> In India crore of people living in villages and still so many peoples are
> drinking well water. How they are deficiency in Vitamin B12? They have no
> protected water like towns and cities. According your question well water
> is rich in vitamin B12.
>
> For example my school age story I will tell to all our quorans .In my
> school age in the year 1958 I attacked mild paralysis stroke. My father
> took me and approached near a town doctor. He prescribed the vitamin B12
> injections weekly once for three months. I have taken three months coarse
> and I perfectly recovered.
>
> Coming to our question at that time my father and all my family members
> are drinking “WELL" water. Not only my father and my family all the peoples
> in my villagers were drinking well water. My fathers and fore fathers were
> drank well water,only drinking water source is well water.But at that time
> 1958 year and there after well water is the source to my family and all the
> villagers, but if we'll water got vitamin B12 ,why people were suffered
> with deficiency of vitamin B12.
>
> At that time not only in my State Andhrapradesh, but also in the States of
> Karnataka, Tamilnadu, Telangana and oddissa were depend on well water .How
> people suffered with vitamin B12 at that time even continuously drinking
> well waters?
>
> Mostly well water contains sodium salts in most areas inalmost all the
> States in India. Further in most of States well waters contains fluorine.
> And it damages teeth, very severely bones in human beings. In Andhrapradesh
> some parts of Guntur and Prakasam Districts people suffered very lot. This
> fluorine content in well water in many States in India. I request our
> quorans where in well waters having Vitamin B12?
>
> 2nd answer- Gopala Krishnan, former Assistant General Manager 1996-2004
> at Department of Telecom (1966-2004)Answered 1h ago
>
> In certain places river water is better than river water filtered. In my
> home even now well water is used. Whether it is rich in vitam B12 , I am
> not sure.
>
> Q10 How is water purified for a community supply?
>
> A10 Gopala Krishnan , former Assistant General Manager 1996-2004 at
> Department of Telecom (1966-2004) Answered 1h ago
>
> Large size RO systems are installed and purified water is served to public
> one pot full once in three days or so to a family in Chennai (Tambaram)
> where river water supply is not there in Municipality taps . So community
> supply is possible.
>
> Q11 What are the technological advancements in the water
> purifiers market?
>
> A11 Gopala Krishnan, former Retired Assistant General Manager
> 1996-2004 at Department of Telecom (1966-2004)Answered 1h ago
>
> Earlier water systems had parts assembled on a frame. Connections were zig
> zag. Container was not there. Separate container had to be used.
>
> It was fully manual to connect water, connect water supply, disconnect
> them.
>
> Now systems come in compact system, container is associated, automatic
> water cut off is provided and EB supply cut off. Earlier systems were
> costlier than modern compact systems However water outlet to soak pit
> creates problems
>
> All the above QA are based on Quora digest to me on 14-7-2021. *Quora
> answers need not be 100% correct answer*s
>
> *Compiled and posted by R. Gopala krishnan on 15-7-2021*
>
>
>
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