I speak only with the certainty KR Group members a couple always present versions of untruth, without the application of the mind; they do not even have a jihadi as an Indian would like to be patriotic as Quora west writers presented themselves as; or sides in unparliamentary style, the minor negative ethics , any nations possess; and even after I tell them; they are adamant so address them as LKG . Now read for yourself where a couple of days back I wrote about African theory as wrong. @nd one would also show the predators existing parallel to human as in first article, establishing our time calendar has semblance of truth. Will they change? 22 3 23
1 *Madelaine Böhme, the paleontologist who challenged long-held tenets about the cradle of humanity* The German scientist’s research on the European hominid sparked controversy by theorizing that the human race may not have originated in Africa MAR 21, 2023 - 13:57 EDT <https://english.elpais.com/archive/2023-03-21/> Madeleine Bohme.*LUIS GRAÑENA* If Charles Darwin were alive, he’d be pulling his hair out over German palaeontologist Madelaine Böhme’s controversial theories. Böhme is challenging two centuries of scientific orthodoxy that identifies Africa as the cradle of humanity. Instead, she points to Europe, a continent that resembled the African savannah millions of years ago. Her story is populated with hitherto unknown apes that could walk on two legs and a fascinating Indiana Jones-style tale complete with Nazis and a hidden treasure. <https://english.elpais.com/culture/2023-03-18/gods-tombs-and-nazis-the-third-reichs-bad-relationship-with-egyptology.html> The prevailing scientific theory <https://english.elpais.com/science-tech/2022-09-21/how-prehistoric-dna-is-helping-to-unlock-the-secrets-of-human-evolution.html> is that the great apes and humans diverged seven million years ago in Africa. Our closest relative is the chimpanzee, with which we share 99% of our genes. No one knows exactly how this transition happened or how bipedalism evolved, whether from orangutans hanging from trees or gorillas resting on their knuckles. Böhme believes she has found one of the missing pieces of the human evolution puzzle — a missing link. The crucial clue to solving the mystery came from a Nazi: geologist Bruno von Freyberg. While building bunkers around Athens during World War II <https://english.elpais.com/international/2023-03-07/the-world-war-ii-battle-where-german-and-us-soldiers-joined-forces-against-the-waffen-ss.html>, he found a jawbone that looked like it belonged to an ape. Years later, a study conducted in the 1970s determined that the jawbone belonged to a new hominid — *Graecopithecus*. In 2009, Böhme was busy studying the evolution of the environment and fauna, unaware that life had a big surprise in store when she found a molar of a great ape in Azmaka, Bulgaria. She had heard the story of Von Freyberg as a young girl and suddenly found herself thrust into the puzzle she had always dreamed of solving. Böhme’s interest in paleontology <https://english.elpais.com/science-tech/2022-04-07/the-limping-dinosaur-who-roamed-spain-129-million-years-ago.html>began as a child when someone gave her a sea stone. She was six when she participated in her first excavation and 12 when she organized her own exploration. At 19, she found a fossil of a prehistoric elephant. Böhme was born to a Bulgarian mother and German father in Plovdiv, Bulgaria’s second-largest city and the oldest uninterrupted human settlement in Europe, more than six millennia old. Wandering around Plovdiv is like standing on a giant Napoleon pastry with thousands of enigmatic layers. “Madelaine is one of those rare researchers with the determination and courage to pursue the unpopular theory that human lineage originates in Europe. Some people have unusual ideas but are never able to substantiate them. But Madelaine found her evidence in primate fossils and the sediment that covered them,” said Swedish palaeontologist Per Ahlberg. A professor at Uppsala University (Sweden), Alhberg is collaborating with Böhme in a study of the origin of a fossilized footprint on a beach in Crete (Greece). The human-like footprint is six million years old, *predating almost all African fossils.* Böhme, a professor at the University of Tübingen (Germany), has just completed a paper for *Nature *describing a new species of great ape in Europe. She does not believe that our ancestor resembled a chimpanzee but rather an extinct species of great ape called *Danuvius guggenmosi* found in a Bavarian forest that could walk on two legs and swing between trees. Lucy is the African hominid from 3.2 million years ago <https://english.elpais.com/science-tech/2022-06-23/yves-coppens-one-of-the-discoverers-of-famous-fossil-lucy-dies-at-87.html> that many scientists point to as one of mankind’s earliest mothers. But Udo, as the Danuvius guggenmosi ape has been baptized, dates from 11.6 million years ago. Its existence was first identified in 2019 in a study that upended Darwin’s *Origin of Species* theory that bipedalism began in the African savannah. Questions about Africa were always on Böhme’s mind. Why did it all happen on the same continent? An expert in paleoclimatology, she explained that seven million years ago, Europe was different. It was more like the savannah described by Darwin, with elephants and giraffes. “Camels evolved in North America, but no one associates them with that continent. Genetics tells us that the chimpanzee-human divergence happened 7-13 million years ago. We have to look further back, even if it means rethinking paradigms and scenarios,” said Böhme. Her critics point to the scarcity of evidence but not to the authenticity and rigor of Böhme’s research. When Böhme discovered the long-forgotten Nazi jawbone in a picnic basket, she promptly conducted a dating procedure: 7.2 million years old. Like the molar, it belonged to hominids <https://english.elpais.com/usa/2021-07-06/why-are-we-the-only-human-species-left-on-the-planet.html>. Then a great-great-grandfather named Udo turned up. “Madelaine is not just a research machine — she has another side. She loves beauty and is something of a bohemian who smiles a lot and finds joy in conversations with friends or a trip to some mysterious place. Without a love of nature and life, scientific puzzles cannot be solved,” said Nikolai Spassov, a paleontologist at the Natural History Museum of Bulgaria. Böhme’s findings also suggest bipedalism could have developed in other parts of the world, which again begs the question — what makes us human? “The soul,” smiled the scientist. “That’s what makes us unique. xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx 2 A group of researchers has analyzed a trail of six dinosaur footprints at the archeological site of Las Hoyas <https://english.elpais.com/elpais/2014/07/23/inenglish/1406129762_766844.html?rel=listapoyo> in Cuenca, east-central Spain, and that dates back 129 million years. These impressions correspond to a dinosaur from the theropod group <https://english.elpais.com/elpais/2016/10/11/inenglish/1476182878_044332.html> that had not been identified until now. What’s special about these tracks is that, while those of the right foot are completely normal with the three characteristic toes, those of the left foot were deformed and one of the toes was dislocated. What’s more, the tracks are spaced out when compared to other trails found from the subgroup, at around 1.10 meters, according to the authors of a study on the find. This could suggest that the individual adjusted their walk due to the injured foot. This is backed up by certain deformations in the right tracks, which suggest that the animal was putting more weight on that side. The dinosaur stepped over other trails left by fish. The results of this study were published on Wednesday on *Plos One* <https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0264406> *,* a website for the publication of scientific articles. The footprints on the trackway are 45 centimeters apart, prompting the scientists to calculate that the animal’s hip height would have been 190 centimeters, and it would have had a body length of six to seven meters. “It’s one of the biggest animals that we have discovered or that we interpret to have had the biggest size of everything that has been discovered in Las Hoyas,” explains Ángela D. Buscalioni, a paleontologist and director of the Center for Integration in Paleobiology (CIPb-UAM), and one of the authors of the study. The researcher explains that much was already known about the diversity of animals <https://english.elpais.com/science-tech/2022-03-03/researchers-say-tyrannosaurus-may-have-been-three-species-instead-of-just-one.html> that lived in this wetland via their fossils, but that in this case, they have been able to discover more about the site due to the animals that passed through there on a seasonal basis. Despite the first tracks being discovered more than a decade ago, the trail has particularities that have taken “considerable time and work to interpret and determine what happened to the dinosaur when it crossed that wetland,” she explains. They have not ruled out finding more footprints on the same track. The conclusions of the study have found that the dinosaur left a trail when it crossed an area of shallow water while it was walking toward the main source of water. Analysis also showed that the trail was left on a microbial carpet. According to Buscalioni, this is formed by algae and bacteria and covered the surface or bottom of a waterlogged area, which is “exactly what was in the lower part of these pools at the site.” “The sediment in Las Hoyas is very particular because in some way it is generated by the growth of microbial carpets,” she explains. This, they assume, is very important for the preservation of so many animals and fossils at the site. This study was carried out by a group of multidisciplinary researchers. To develop it, they used a 3D scanner that provides very specific details of the surface of the tracks. It was accompanied by metric studies, as well as sedimentology analysis. The trail was also compared with samples of another 75 trackways of bipedal dinosaurs. A number of different discoveries have been made at this site, since analysis began there around 30 years ago. It is even the protagonist of a book,* Las Hoyas: A Cretaceous Wetland*, written by Buscalioni and Francisco José Poyato Ariza, in which the first work carried out at the site, directed by José Luis Sanz, is summarized. In the book, Las Hoyas is described as a laboratory of natural history <https://english.elpais.com/elpais/2012/07/15/inenglish/1342355019_909155.html>, where new questions are always arising. Sanz is part of the team of three Spanish scientists who published research in 2010 in *Nature* magazine <https://www.nature.com/articles/nature09181>, in which they discovered and gave a name to a new species of dinosaur: *Concavenator corcovatus*. Two decades before, they had already found *Pelecanimimus polyodon* at the same site. It was the first ornithomimosaur to be described in Europe, according to a study recently published in the *Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society* <https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/advance-article-abstract/doi/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab013/6271061?redirectedFrom=fulltext&login=false> . Francisco Ortega, a paleontologist who has participated in some of these discoveries and is a professor at Spain’s UNED distance-learning university, points to the fact that this place is a very relevant site given its exceptional conservation, which provides very precise details about what was happening on the Iberian peninsula 130 million years ago. “It has very specific fossilization conditions,” he explains. “That makes the site very special and allows us to identify different things from what we generally see at others.” KR IRS 22 3 23 -- You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google Groups "Thatha_Patty" group. 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