Role of ethics in human behaviour: KR: There was a Q&A and followed by a number of factors as science. Truly science is not a fact so acceptable. But many conclusions drawn under the banner of science are by certain groups, rendered in the media going around the earth and absolutely untrue. Here I am not to explain each and every one but the real ethics is one of my old articles based on B G which is dharma and therefore the science. KR IRS 19423
Nītiśāstra (नीतिशास्त्र). —the science of ethics or of politics; morality. The word ‘ethics has been derived from Greek word ‘ethos’ which means character, and from the Latin word ‘mores’ which means customs. When we combine them together, it means how an individual interacts with each other. In philosophy, ethics defines what is good for the individual and for the society as a whole. Ethics determine how an individual will make decisions and lead their life. 2 Though there have been diverse opinions on Ethics and conduct in every age but this can be said very clearly that deontology is the study and analysis of the general principles of the human activities and objectives. Most writers and philosophers have expressed consensus that deontology is focused more on values and standards and it is obviously not a study of any conditions but it is more about analysis of individuals and also that of society at the macro level. 3 In Rigveda, dharma has been used in the sense of duty or action which contributes to the sustenance of the world. According to Brihadaranyakopanishad, Dharma is the subtle effect of action performed as per the directions of the scriptures, which will produce suitable results later. In Taitriya Upanishad, the word dharma has been clearly used in the sense of obligatory works. In Bhagavadgita lord Shrikrishna says to Arjuna that dharma is righteousness, the basis of all purusharthas. In Ramayana sage Valmiki describes Srirama as dharma personified, who followed dharma in each and every path of his life setting wonderful examples. The Mahabharatha is a veritable encyclopaedia of dharma. The epic gives a detailed delineation of the varnashrama dharmas. The dharmic virtues like Satya and Ahimsa are highly extolled. 4 Dharma is the one which uplifts the social structure, promotes the welfare of the society and helps an individual to become progressive. In the story of greedy pigeons, pigeon king Chitragreeva seeks the help of his friend Hiranyaka-the mice king. Hiranyaka says that since he is very old he can only release his close friend from the net. But pigeon king says that Rajadharma lies in the welfare of the society and my followers bear an quality to me as regards kiRole of ethics in human behaviour: KR: There was a Q&A and followed by a number of factors as science. Truly science is not a fact so acceptable. But many conclusions drawn under the banner of science are by certain groups, rendered in the media going around the earth and absolutely untrue. Here I am not to explain each and every one but the real ethics is one of my old articles based on B G which is dharma and therefore the science. KR IRS 19423 Nītiśāstra (नीतिशास्त्र). —the science of ethics or of politics; morality. The word ‘ethics has been derived from Greek word ‘ethos’ which means character, and from the Latin word ‘mores’ which means customs. When we combine them together, it means how an individual interact with each other. In philosophy, ethics defines what is good for the individual and for the society as a whole. Ethics determine how an individual will make decisions and lead their life. 2 Though there have been diverse opinions on Ethics and conduct in every age but this can be said very clearly that deontology is the study and analysis of the general principles of the human activities and objectives. Most writers and philosophers have expressed consensus that deontology is focused more on values and standards and it is obviously not a study of any conditions but it is more about analysis of individuals and also that of society at the macro level. 3 In Rigveda, dharma has been used in the sense of duty or action which contributes to the sustenance of the world. According to Brihadaranyakopanishad, Dharma is the subtle effect of action performed as per the directions of the scriptures, which will produce suitable results later. In Taittiriya Upanishad, the word dharma has been clearly used in the sense of obligatory works. In Bhagavadgita lord Shrikrishna says to Arjuna that dharma is righteousness, the basis of all purusharthas. In Ramayana sage Valmiki describes Srirama as dharma personified, who followed dharma in each and every path of his life setting wonderful examples. The Mahabharatha is a veritable encyclopaedia of dharma. The epic gives a detailed delineation of the varnashrama dharmas. The dharmic virtues like Satya and Ahimsa are highly extolled. 4 Dharma is the one which uplifts the social structure, promotes the welfare of the society and helps an individual to become progressive. In the story of greedy pigeons, pigeon king Chitragreeva seeks the help of his friend Hiranyaka-the mice king. Hiranyaka says that since he is very old he can only release his close friend from the net. But pigeon king says that Rajadharma lies in the welfare of the society and my followers bear an quality to me as regards kind, substance and qualities; say then, when and what will be the fruit of my being their lord? It is my duty to release my followers first inspite of my difficulty”. Here we can observe the duty of a sincere administrator. Dharma is the foundation which leads the path towards political, economic, cultural and ethical progression. Dharma is capable of uplifting human beings. In the story of jackal and deer, since the deer was dharmic he escaped from the clutches of the wicked jackal and the jackal being adharmic it perished due to his own wicked desire to harm others 5 Good and honest people will live their life by following ethical norms whereas bad and evil natured people will not follow ethics and lead an unethical life. So, we have to think about how we have to lead our life ethically or unethically. When a person repeatedly indulges in such activities which are in contravention to norms without applying God given intelligence to discriminate between right and wrong, rather than performing actions that are boosting ego, he may get away from ethical conduct. In Bhagavad Gita, Krishna tells Arjuna the major cause of ethical failure and how an individual can stay away from it. It happens because of unlimited desires which come in the mind and to fulfil them all with limited resources and energy is not possible, resulting in unethical practices. To be ethical one has to fight with his significant desires. Desire means not only physical and material requirement; it also includes greed. In Bhagavad Gita, it is said by Krishna that a person should have control on his desires by regulating his mind. All desires are not meant to be fulfilled; only relevant desires need to be taken into consideration. Lord Krishna focused in the Gita on performing karma without bothering about the results. When a person starts considering results, he diffuses his energy and is unable to focus totally on efforts thus it may lead to failure or a bad feeling that further have a negative effect on his future performance. How Gunas influence behaviour The concept of Gunas originated from Samkhya philosophy. There are three major Gunas which are called sattva, rajas and tamas. The three Gunas are related with creation (rajas), preservation (sattva) and destruction (tamas) All the three Gunas are present in human beings according to their spirituality level. Culprit minded person will predominate with tamas Guna, religious people will predominate with the sattva Guna and materialistic minded people predominate with rajas Guna. 6 Chapter 14 is almost dedicated to the Gunas in which Lord Krishna explained the three Gunas which is summarized below:- · Sattva is the positive attribute, influence toward good, truth, purity, spirituality, wisdom. · Rajas the neutral attribute is the activating quality, working on sattva to suppress tamas or on tamas to suppress sattva. It creates constant activity and motion. Greed, restlessness and desire. · Tamas evil, the negative attribute, influence toward darkness or evil, untruth, inertia, ignorance and delusion . Every person has a predominant guna, as well as a smaller dose of the other two Gunas. One Guna may be transferred into another Guna but it is very difficult to move from tamas to sattva directly. Rajas are used as a mediator. For example if tamas is dominating in our mind (like tiredness, depression etc.) we will first get rid of tamas and move to rajas. We can do this by raising our energy levels through various activities such as physical exercise, socializing with positive people, reading motivational books or travelling to a new place. >From rajas it becomes easier to move towards sattva by balancing out the excitement, meditation and self-reflection. 7 How to know which quality is predominating in a person at a particular time? According to Bhagavad Gita when sattva predominates, there would be happiness, joy, self-control, cheerfulness and enlightenment (14.11). When rajas predominate, there would be greed, anger, stress, fear and materialism (14.12). With the increase of tamas, one can see the prosperity of depression, helplessness, thoughtlessness and confusion (14.13). A good understanding of the Gunas helps us in framing wise decisions. Ethical behaviour adopts Sattva Guna. Every individual can consciously check by using his intelligence to discriminate in evolving such thoughts in the mind that are positive (satvic) and thus enable not to be left with any time and space for negative (tamas) forces to emerge in the thoughts and finally in action. 8 According to Gita, there are two entities which are individual consciousness and the universal Supreme consciousness. The main purpose of Yoga is to connect the individual entity with the universal entity. In modern times, yoga is misunderstood as a process of gaining good health by practicing physical postures. The original purpose of yoga is to connect oneself with the Supreme power by controlling our body, mind and senses. In Bhagavad Gita, Lord Krishna explains to Arjuna three paths of Yogas. All paths are different but destination is the same. The three paths of Yogas are:- gyana (knowledge), karma (action) and bhakti (devotion). The aim of performing yoga is to win over the immoral world and relieve it from the continuous process of birth and death. 9 Three Yogas are described below: · Gyana yoga: Krishna describes it as a process which involves separation between the real and the unreal, realizing what everlasting, immortal is and what is not. He says, this type of yoga is a path to enlightenment through the realization of the difference between the temporal body and the immortal soul (Atman). In chapter 2, Krishna explains to Arjuna about the indestructible aspect of the soul. Soul is never affected by fire, water and other elements; it is above all and closely connected to the Paramatma. · 10 Karma yoga: karma means ‘action’. It means doing our work with full dedication without thinking about the results.. In chapter 3, Krishna says one should complete his task without considering the end result. A person who engages himself in his work in terms of as if he is working for the God not for the self, results will definitely be superior. Therefore, he need not have to focus on the results rather his 100% energy should be focused on work dedicatedly and sincerely. Following this path will avoid distraction of mind and automatically guarantee good results when we put our best of our efforts. Krishna advises us to do our karma, dedicating that action as a prayer to God. Involving oneself totally in one’s activities, dedicating all actions to God is itself a way to moksha. · 11 Bhakti yoga: In chapter 12, Krishna describes principles of bhakti yoga as a path to attain him. He says that constant faith in the ultimate, without giving it to material pitfalls, places their minds exclusively on him and his worship are deemed to be superior. Complete dedication and surrender is the best form of yoga and is the easiest path of attaining complete salvation. Slowly and gradually when we lose our self-identity and become one with God, this is the state of self-realization. How to apply Gita in Daily Life 12 A person should be a good listener along with speaker. Listening is equally important as speaking. · Seek first to understand then to be understood: In 1st chapter of Gita there is not even a single shloka by Krishna. Arjuna was leading in this chapter by saying that I will not be able to fight whatever the case may be. Krishna wanted Arjuna to clarify what is there in his mind. Krishna is a good listener as he knew that if I will interrupt Arjuna then the problem will become more complex instead of solving. As Arjuna will speak something else, I will say something else, we might get confused. When people interact with each other, they don’t try to understand each other. Everyone wants to give an explanation first, nobody wants to hear. So the 1st chapter teaches that during interaction, wait, listen and then speak when you get an opportunity. Even if you know the solutions don’t give it in between. Krishna tried to connect first by developing a deep sense of relationship. This is what Krishna did, first of all he patiently listened to what was there in Arjun’s mind. It created faith in Arjuna and he got connected to him, now Krishna can convince him properly. · 13 Change your mentality situation will change automatically: In life, sometimes, we face a difficult situation. There are two types of people: - circumstantial and substantial. Circumstantial people are those whose performance is based on circumstances around them and substantial people are those whose performance is not driven by circumstances. They are self-driven. Circumstances are dependent on circumstances to improve their performance but for substantial no matter what is going around them they will continue to do what they are supposed to do. In chapter 2, Krishna says summer, winter, happiness, sorrow all are temporary in nature. Tough time will come and go away. Make an action plan in tough times; convert the tough time into the good time; convert the adversity into an opportunity. Instead of becoming strongly mental men, become mentally strong men. · 14 Clearly defined and focused goals: A large number of people in this world have no clearly defined focused goal. They are just running around and there is no use of running in the wrong direction at a high speed. And even if you are running in the right lane but direction is wrong no matter what speed you are running, it will take you away from your destination. So, we should have a clearly defined path to achieve our goals. There are a lot of things which are unfavourable for the goal attainment, reject them. Don’t get emotional about them. Accept favourable and reject unfavourable. · Focus on action not on results: Most popular shlok of Gita and most misunderstood shlok of Bhagavad Gita “karmanyeyvaadhikaaratey maa phaleshu kadaachana maa karma phala hetur bhurmatey sangostna akarmani. So, to get results just focus on your work and when we do it sincerely we will definitely get good results. · 15 Take the ownership and responsibility: In the Mahabharata battle, Krishna was on Arjun’s side but even then the battle was fought by Arjuna himself. So a person should take risks in his life, take responsibility for his work to get successful. A person has to take steps himself; others can only provide assistance. It is truly said that even God helps only those who help themselves. · Control your mind and action: in our mind different types of thoughts arrive but a person will get peace only when he considers the favourable thoughts and rejects the unfavorable ones. A person might have different types of desires but he should know that all desires are not meant to be fulfilled. I will fulfill only those which are necessary for attaining goals in my life. Just as the water flowing from all directions into the oceans does not affect the changeless vastness, so does the “streams of desires” get “absorbed in the changeless oceanic self.” Mind has the fastest speed even from light, sound, and air. A million thoughts may come in it. But it must be regulated. As it is said that the mind is our best friend if we control it and it is the best enemy if it controls you. Control your mind, control your body and control your senses. A man will naturally get attracted towards every distraction that comes in his way. So, a person must have control over his senses. A man by his actions must elevate himself and not degrade. Don’t follow what the mind says, in fact give instructions to it. Krishna says who has control on his mind has attained Paramatma already. Regulation of mind is very important. If we regulate the mind we can do great wonders in our life. · Proper guidance: who is guiding you, whose advice you are following also matters a lot. Like in Mahabharata, Kauravas were following their uncle Sakuni who was wicked and Pandavas were following the guidance of Krishna. Thus Krishna and Sakuni are not outside, they are within us. It depends on us to whom we will follow either Sakuni or Krishna. Every person knows in their life what is right and what is wrong. 16 Conclusion Bhagavad Gita provides incredible wisdom which helps in solving fundamental human problems. Gita helps in improving our relations with family, society, organizational and international. Minor issues may be resolved easily. When we focus our mind on teachings of Gita our productivity will also increase as we will perform our karma without considering its outcomes.nd, substance and qualities; say then, when and what will be the fruit of my being their lord? It is my duty to release my followers first in spite of my difficulty”. Here we can observe the duty of a sincere administrator. Dharma is the foundation which leads the path towards political, economic, cultural and ethical progression. Dharma is capable of uplifting human beings. In the story of jackal and deer, since the deer was dharmic he escaped from the clutches of the wicked jackal and the jackal being adharmic it perished due to his own wicked desire to harm others 5 Good and honest people will live their life by following ethical norms whereas bad and evil natured people will not follow ethics and leads an unethical life. So, we have to think about how we have to lead our life ethically or unethically. When a person repeatedly indulge in such activities which are in contravention to norms without applying God given intelligence to discriminate between right and wrong, rather perform actions that are boosting ego, he may get away from ethical conduct. In Bhagavad Gita, Krishna tells Arjuna the major cause of ethical failure and how an individual can stay away from it. It happens because of unlimited desires which come in the mind and to fulfil them all with limited resources and energy is not possible, resulting into unethical practices. To be ethical one has to fight with his significant desires. Desire means not only physical and material requirement; it also includes greed. In Bhagavad Gita, it is said by Krishna that a person should have control on his desires by regulating his mind. All desires are not meant to be fulfilled; only relevant desires need to be taken into consideration. Lord Krishna focused in the Gita on performing karma without bothering about the results. When a person starts considering results, he diffuses his energy and is unable to focus totally on efforts thus it may lead to failure or a bad feeling that further have a negative effect on his future performance. How Gunas influence behaviour The concept of Gunas originated from Samkhya philosophy. There are three major Gunas which are called sattva, rajas and tamas. The three Gunas are related with creation (rajas), preservation (sattva) and destruction (tamas) All the three Gunas are present in human beings according to their spirituality level. Culprit minded people will predominate with tamas Guna, religious people will predominate with the sattva Guna and materialistic minded people predominate with rajas Guna. 6 Chapter 14 is almost dedicated to the Gunas in which Lord Krishna explained the three Gunas which is summarized below:- · Sattva is the positive attribute, influence toward good, truth, purity, spirituality, wisdom. · Rajas the neutral attribute is the activating quality, working on sattva to suppress tamas or on tamas to suppress sattva. It creates constant activity and motion. Greed, restlessness and desire. · Tamas evil, the negative attribute, influence toward darkness or evil, untruth, inertia, ignorance and delusion . Every person has a predominant guna, as well as a smaller dose of the other two Gunas. One Guna may be transferred into another Guna but it is very difficult to move from tamas to sattva directly. Rajas are used as a mediator. For example if tamas are dominating in our mind (like tiredness, depression etc.) we will first get rid of tamas and move to rajas. We can do this by raising our energy levels through various activities such as physical exercise, socializing with positive people, reading motivational books or travelling to a new place. >From rajas it becomes easier to move towards sattva by balancing out the excitement, meditation and self-reflection. 7 How to know which quality is predominating in a person at a particular time? According to Bhagavad Gita when sattva predominates, there would be happiness, joy, self-control, cheerfulness and enlightenment (14.11). When rajas predominate, there would be greed, anger, stress, fear and materialism (14.12). With the increase of tamas, one can see the prosperity of depression, helplessness, thoughtlessness and confusion (14.13). A good understanding of the Gunas helps us in framing wise decisions. Ethical behaviour adopts Sattva Guna. Every individual can consciously check by using his intelligence to discriminate in evolving such thoughts in the mind that are positive (satvic) and thus enable not to be left with any time and space for negative (tamas) forces to emerge in the thoughts and finally in action. 8 According to the Gita, there are two entities which are individual consciousness and the universal Supreme consciousness. The main purpose of Yoga is to connect the individual entity with the universal entity. In modern times, yoga is misunderstood as a process of gaining good health by practicing physical postures. The original purpose of yoga is to connect oneself with the Supreme power by controlling our body, mind and senses. In Bhagavad Gita, Lord Krishna explains to Arjuna three paths of Yogas. All paths are different but the destination is the same. The three paths of Yogas are:- gyana (knowledge), karma (action) and bhakti (devotion). The aim of performing yoga is to win over the immoral world and relieve it from the continuous process of birth and death. 9 Three Yogas are described below: · Gyana yoga: Krishna describes it as a process which involves separation between the real and the unreal, realizing what everlasting, immortal is and what is not. He says, this type of yoga is a path to enlightenment through the realization of the difference between the temporal body and the immortal soul (Atman). In chapter 2, Krishna explains to Arjuna about the indestructible aspect of the soul. Soul is never affected by fire, water and other elements; it is above all and closely connected to the Paramatma. · 10 Karma yoga: karma means ‘action’. It means doing our work with full dedication without thinking about the results.. In chapter 3, Krishna says one should complete his task without considering the end result. A person who engages himself in his work in terms of as if he is working for the God not for the self, results will definitely be superior. Therefore, he need not have to focus on the results rather his 100% energy should be focused on work dedicatedly and sincerely. Following this path will avoid distraction of mind and automatically guarantee good results when we put our best efforts. Krishna advises us to do our karma, dedicating that action as a prayer to God. Involving oneself totally in one’s activities, dedicating all actions to God is itself a way to moksha. · 11 Bhakti yoga: In chapter 12, Krishna describes principles of bhakti yoga as a path to attain him. He says that constant faith in the ultimate, without giving it to material pitfalls, places their minds exclusively on him and his worship are deemed to be superior. Complete dedication and surrender is the best form of yoga and is the easiest path of attaining complete salvation. Slowly and gradually when we lose our self-identity and become one with God, this is the state of self-realization. How to apply Gita in Daily Life 12 A person should be a good listener along with speaker. Listening is equally important as speaking. · Seek first to understand then to be understood: In 1st chapter of Gita there is not even a single shloka by Krishna. Arjuna was leading in this chapter by saying that I will not be able to fight whatever the case may be. Krishna wanted Arjuna to clarify what is there in his mind. Krishna is a good listener as he knew that if I will interrupt Arjuna then the problem will become more complex instead of solving. As Arjuna will speak something else, I will say something else, we might get confused. When people interact with each other, they don’t try to understand each other. Everyone wants to give an explanation first, nobody wants to hear. So the 1st chapter teaches that during interaction, wait, listen and then speak when you get an opportunity. Even if you know the solutions don’t give it in between. Krishna tried to connect first by developing a deep sense of relationship. This is what Krishna did, first of all he patiently listened to what is there in Arjun’s mind. It created faith in Arjuna and he got connected to him, now Krishna can convince him properly. · 13 Change your mentality situation will change automatically: In life, sometimes, we face a difficult situation. There are two types of people: - circumstantial and substantial. Circumstantial people are those whose performance is based on circumstances around them and substantial people are those whose performance is not driven by circumstances. They are self-driven. Circumstances are dependent on circumstances to improve their performance but for substantial no matter what is going around them they will continue to do what they are supposed to do. In chapter 2, Krishna says summer, winter, happiness, sorrow all are temporary in nature. Tough time will come and go away. Make an action plan in tough times; convert the tough time into the good time; convert the adversity into an opportunity. Instead of becoming strongly mental men, become mentally strong men. · 14 Clearly defined and focused goals: A large number of people in this world have no clearly defined focused goal. They are just running around and there is no use of running in the wrong direction at a high speed. And even if you are running in the right lane but direction is wrong no matter what speed you are running, it will take you away from your destination. So, we should have a clearly defined path to achieve our goals. There are a lot of things which are unfavourable for the goal attainment, reject them. Don’t get emotional about them. Accept favourable and reject unfavourable. · Focus on action not on results: Most popular shlok of Gita and most misunderstood shlok of Bhagavad Gita “karmanyeyvaadhikaaratey maa phaleshu kadaachana maa karma phala hetur bhurmatey sangostna akarmani. So, to get results just focus on your work and when we do it sincerely we will definitely get good results. · 15 Take the ownership and responsibility: In the Mahabharata battle, Krishna was on Arjun’s side but even then the battle was fought by Arjuna himself. So a person should take risks in his life, take responsibility for his work to get successful. A person has to take steps himself; others can only provide assistance. It is truly said that even God helps only those who help themselves. · Control your mind and action: in our mind different types of thoughts arrive but a person will get peace only when he considers the favourable thoughts and rejects the unfavorable ones. A person might have different types of desires but he should know that all desires are not meant to be fulfilled. I will fulfill only those which are necessary for attaining goals in my life. Just as the water flowing from all directions into the oceans does not affect the changeless vastness, so does the “streams of desires” get “absorbed in the changeless oceanic self.” Mind has the fastest speed even from light, sound, and air. A million thoughts may come in it. But it must be regulated. As it is said that the mind is our best friend if we control it and it is the best enemy if it controls you. Control your mind, control your body and control your senses. A man will naturally get attracted towards every distraction that comes in his way. So, a person must have control over his senses. A man by his actions must elevate himself and not degrade. Don’t follow what the mind says, in fact give instructions to it. Krishna says who has control on his mind has attained Paramatma already. Regulation of mind is very important. If we regulate the mind we can do great wonders in our life. · Proper guidance: who is guiding you, whose advice you are following also matters a lot. Like in Mahabharata, Kauravas were following their uncle Sakuni who was wicked and Pandavas were following the guidance of Krishna. Thus Krishna and Sakuni are not outside, they are within us. It depends on us to whom we will follow either Sakuni or Krishna. Every person knows in their life what is right and what is wrong. 16 Conclusion Bhagavad Gita provides incredible wisdom which helps in solving fundamental human problems. Gita helps in improving our relations with family, society, organizational and international. Minor issues may be resolved easily. When we focus our mind on teachings of Gita our productivity will also increase as we will perform our karma without considering its outcomes. On Tue, 18 Apr 2023 at 13:17, 'venkat giri' via iyer123 < [email protected]> wrote: > *CULTURAL QA 04-2023-19* > > *Respected Sir/s, Q1: What are the most interesting facts about human > behaviour? The human behaviour changes as the environment does. As we > change our world, our behaviours change with it. The way our mind functions > has a lot to do with the way WE are, and the things WE do. It’s amazing how > every ‘unique’ mind, at some level, functions similarly. · If you > announce GOALS to others, you less likely to succeed. Studies confirm this > is due to losing motivation. · While money can buy HAPPINESS but > only to certain extent, beyond which enhanced income does little to boost > HAPPINESS. · Spending LIFE with POSITIVE people; keeps one HAPPIER. > · The MORE one spends on OTHERS, HAPPIER one will feel. · > SMARTER people underestimate themselves. IGNORANT people think they are > BRILLAINT. · SINGING reduces feelings of depression and anxiety. > · It takes only 4 minutes to fall in LOVE. Psychologically proven. > · The harder you hide your feelings for someone, the harder you > fall for that person. · COMEDIANS or FUNNY people are more > depressed than others. · When someone cries of JOY, the FIRST drop > would always come from the RIGHT eye; while tears of PAIN start from the > LEFT. · CLOSING EYES HELPS TO REMEMBER THINGS. Q5: What are some > amazing and unknown facts about the human heart? 1. The heart beats about > 100,000 times per day (about three billion beats in a lifetime). 2. An > adult heart beats about 60 to 80 times per minute. 3. New-borns hearts > beat faster than adult hearts, about 70 -190 beats per minute. 4. The > heart pumps about 6 quarts (5.7 litres) of blood throughout the body. 5. > The heart is located in the centre of the chest, usually pointing slightly > left,and is well protected by rib cage. 6. Every day, the heart creates > enough energy to drive a truck 20 miles. In a lifetime, that is equivalent > to driving to the moon and back. 7. Because the heart has its own > electrical impulse, it can continue to beat even when separated from the > body, as long as it has an adequate supply of oxygen. 8. The “thump-thump” > of a heartbeat is the sound made by the four valves of the heart closing. > 9. The heart begins beating at four weeks after conception and does not > stop until death. 10. A woman’s heart typically beats faster than a > man’s. The heart of an average man beats approximately 70 times a minute, > whereas the average woman has a heart rate of 78 beats per minute. 11. Grab > a tennis ball and squeeze it tightly: that’s how hard the beating heart > works to pump blood. During an average lifetime, the heart will pump nearly > 1.5 million barrels of blood—enough to fill 200 train tank cars. · > French physician Rene Laennec (1781-1826) invented the stethoscope when he > felt it was inappropriate to place his ear on his large-buxomed female > patients' chests. · In 1903, physiologist Willem Einthoven > (1860-1927) invented the electrocardiograph, which measures electric > current in the heart. · In 1929, German surgeon Werner Forssmann > (1904-1979) examined the inside of his own heart by threading a catheter > into his arm vein and pushing it 20 inches and into his heart, inventing > cardiac catheterization, a now common procedure. · On December 3, > 1967, Dr. Christiaan Barnard (1922-2001) of South Africa transplanted a > human heart into the body of Louis Washansky. Although the recipient lived > only 18 days, it is considered the first successful heart transplant. > · “Atrium” is Latin for “entrance hall,” and “ventricle” is Latin > for “little belly”. Q6: ( What) Which is the capital of Tamil Nadu? > MADRAS/CHENNAI. Called the “Gateway of South India”, Chennai is located in > Tamil Nadu in South India and is one of the largest cities in the country. > Previously called Madras, Chennai is the biggest cultural and economic > centre in southern India. It is the country’s biggest automotive > manufacturing hub which is how it got its nickname The Detroit of India. > Here are some of the most interesting facts about Chennai. · It is > situated on the Coromandel Coast of the Bay of Bengal. The metropolitan > area of Chennai has an estimated population of 11,981,478 (as of 2022). > According to the UN Mega Cities 2016 report, Chennai is ranked at No. 30 in > the most populous urban agglomerations in the world. It is India’s > fourth-largest city after Delhi, Mumbai and Kolkata. · Chennai has > been an important administrative, military and economic centre since the > 1st-century. Throughout its long history, many South Indian kingdoms, for > instance, the Pallava Dynasty, the Chola Dynasty, the Pandya Dynasty and > Vijayanagara Empire, have ruled over the area. In 1522, the Portuguese > first arrived in the area and built a port called São Tomé. Then, in 1612, > the Dutch arrived and settled near Pulicat which is just north of Chennai. > Then, in 1639, Francis Day of the East India Company leased a strip of land > in the small fishing village of Madraspatnam. A year later, the East > India Company built Fort St. George, which was the first major English > settlement in India. · CHENNAI was once a fishing village called > Madraspatnam. The British then shorted the name to Madras. Madras was the > capital of the Madras Presidency which was established in 1652 and > dissolved in 1947. It then became the capital city of the Madras State > which existed from 1950 until 1968. In 1968, officials renamed Madras State > to Tamil Nadu. In 1996, officials changed the city’s name from Madras to > Chennai. Today, Chennai is the capital city of the Indian state of Tamil > Nadu. · Madras High Court is one of the largest in the world .The > Court campus covers a massive 107 acres and is the second-largest court > complex in the world after the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom in > London. The Madras High Court campus has a four-storey administrative > building and 12 court halls. · In 1914, the Germans attacked Madras > City. It was the only city in India to be attacked during World War One. A > German light cruiser shelled an oil depot as it raided shipping lanes in > the Bay of Bengal. This caused a major disruption to shipping. · > Chennai has one of the world’s longest urban beaches. Marina Beach in > Chennai along the Bay of Bengal is a natural sandy urban beach. With a > length of 13km (8 miles), including a 6km promenade, and a total width of > 437 metres. It is the longest natural urban beach in India and the > second-longest natural urban beach in the world. · Chennai is the > Detroit of India · India is the world’s fifth-largest producer of > automobiles in terms of volume and value. Chennai is a major hub of > automobile manufacturing which has earned it the nickname “The Detroit of > India”. Major automotive manufacturers in Chennai include Ashok Leyland, > Renault, Hyundai, Mitsubishi, Yamaha, BMW, Hindustan Motors, Daimler, TAFE > Tractors, Ford, and Royal Enfield. The city also has a Heavy Vehicles > factory that manufactures military-related vehicles and lots of tyre > manufacturing factories too. Chennai accounts for 60 per cent of the > country’s automotive exports. Regards V.Sridharan Trichy * > > -- > You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google Groups > "iyer123" group. > To unsubscribe from this group and stop receiving emails from it, send an > email to [email protected]. > To view this discussion on the web visit > https://groups.google.com/d/msgid/iyer123/546543752.3613892.1681849036233%40mail.yahoo.com > <https://groups.google.com/d/msgid/iyer123/546543752.3613892.1681849036233%40mail.yahoo.com?utm_medium=email&utm_source=footer> > . > -- You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google Groups "Thatha_Patty" group. To unsubscribe from this group and stop receiving emails from it, send an email to [email protected]. To view this discussion on the web visit https://groups.google.com/d/msgid/thatha_patty/CAL5XZorR1hTtdx5vNJ4v1Mji6vZe02KcLhkX-VXHRyKcMFaJdw%40mail.gmail.com.
