Why was Europe more advanced than most of other civilizations during
history? Q2 19 9 23 Mr G
KR The author says that it is historical facts so do not discuss; a
contradiction; if true history, yes; if not then?
What are the Yardsticks of Advance continent? Commercially,
economically advanced is th only thing as other yardsticks may not be a
common factor. The top 10 richest countries in Europe are Luxembourg,
Ireland, Switzerland, Norway, Iceland, Denmark, Sweden, Netherlands,
Austria and Finland. However what are the richest in the world?:
No w1,2,3,5,9, and 10 60% are not in Europe. Then how come the 40% be the
advanced nation of the earth? Even in Europe, the 10 nations who are
advanced are those who did not invade any nation and small spaced nations,
then England. Hence historically also Europe who were savages when Bharatha
varsham was advanced, culturally cannot be the most advanced even
historically.
Xxx
*The idea that there were *once “pure” populations of ancestral Europeans,
there since the days of woolly mammoths, has inspired ideologues since well
before the Nazis. It has long nourished white racism, and in recent years
it has stoked fears about the impact of immigrants: fears that have
threatened to rip apart the European Union and roiled politics in the
United States.
Now scientists are delivering new answers to the question of who Europeans
really are and where they came from. Their findings suggest that the
continent has been a melting pot since the Ice Age. Europeans living today,
in whatever country, are a varying mix of ancient bloodlines hailing from
Africa, the Middle East,{Never the Algeria, Bahrain, Egypt, Iran, Iraq,
Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia,
Syria, Tunisia, United Arab Emirates and Yemen.; but only TURKEY} and the
Russian steppe.{In short AFRICA AND RUSSIA ALONE. They are not from west
Asia or Asia or even middle east in toto. The evidence comes from
archaeological artifacts, from the analysis of ancient teeth and bones, and
from linguistics. But above all it comes from the new field of paleo
genetics. During the past decade it has become possible to sequence the
entire genome of humans who lived tens of millennia ago. THIS IS HISTORICAL
FACTS.
Analysis of ancient genomes provides the equivalent of the personal DNA
testing kits available today, but for people who died long before humans
invented writing, the wheel, or pottery. The genetic information is
startlingly complete: Everything from hair and eye color to the inability
to digest milk can be determined from a thousandth of an ounce of bone or
tooth. And like personal DNA tests, the results reveal clues to the
identities and origins of ancient humans’ ancestors—and thus to ancient
migrations.
The horsemanship the Yamnaya brought to Europe lives on in their native
region. A rider at the Zaporizhzhya Cossack Museum on Ukraine’s Khortytsya
Island demonstrates the acrobatic skills that made the Cossacks such feared
warriors from the 1400s on.
Three major movements of people, it now seems clear, shaped the course of
European prehistory. Immigrants brought art and music, farming and cities,
domesticated horses and the wheel. They introduced the Indo-European
languages spoken across much of the continent today. They may have even
brought the plague. The last major contributors to western and central
Europe’s genetic makeup—the last of the first Europeans, so to speak—arrived
from the Russian steppe as Stonehenge was being built, nearly 5,000 years
ago. They finished the job.
In an era of debate over migration and borders, the science shows that
Europe is a continent of immigrants and always has been. “The people who
live in a place today are not the descendants of people who lived there
long ago,” says Harvard University paleogeneticist David Reich. “There are
no indigenous people—anyone who hearkens back to racial purity is
confronted with the meaninglessness of the concept.”
*Thirty-two years ago *the study of the DNA of living humans helped
establish that we all share a family tree and a primordial migration story: All
people outside Africa are descended from ancestors who left that continent
more than 60,000 years ago. About 45,000 years ago, those first modern
humans ventured into Europe, having made their way up through the Middle
East. Their own DNA suggests they had dark skin and perhaps light eyes.
The first modern Europeans lived as hunters and gatherers in small,
nomadic bands. They followed the rivers, edging along the Danube from its
mouth on the Black Sea deep into western and central Europe. For millennia,
they made little impact. Their DNA indicates they mixed with the
Neanderthals—who, within 5,000 years, were gone. Today about 2 percent of a
typical European’s genome consists of Neanderthal DNA. A typical African
has none.
As Europe was gripped by the Ice Age, the modern humans hung on in
the ice-free south, adapting to the cold climate. Around 27,000 years ago,
there may have been as few as a thousand of them, according to some
population estimates. They subsisted on large mammals such as mammoths,
horses, reindeer, and aurochs—the ancestors of modern cattle. In the caves
where they sheltered, they left behind spectacular paintings and engravings
of their prey. DNA recovered from ancient teeth and bones lets researchers
understand population shifts over time. As the cost of sequencing DNA has
plummeted, scientists at labs like this one in Jena, Germany, have been
able to unravel patterns of past human migration.
About 14,500 years ago, as Europe began to warm, humans followed the
retreating glaciers north. In the ensuing millennia, they developed more
sophisticated stone tools and settled in small villages. Archaeologists
call this period the Mesolithic, or Middle Stone Age.
In the 1960s Serbian archaeologists uncovered a Mesolithic fishing
village nestled in steep cliffs on a bend of the Danube, near one of the
river’s narrowest points. Called Lepenski Vir, the site was an elaborate
settlement that had housed as many as a hundred people, starting roughly
9,000 years ago. Some dwellings were furnished with carved sculptures that
were half human, half fish.
Bones found at Lepenski Vir indicated that the people there depended
heavily on fish from the river. Today what remains of the village is
preserved under a canopy overlooking the Danube; sculptures of goggle-eyed
river gods still watch over ancient hearths. “Seventy percent of their diet
was fish,” says Vladimir Nojkovic, the site’s director. “They lived here
almost 2,000 years, until farmers pushed them out.”
In Sweden, ancient rock carvings (enhanced with modern red paint)
echo cultural shifts brought by migrants—starting with hunter-gatherers who
came from Africa in the Ice Age and followed retreating glaciers north.
Their DNA is still prevalent, especially in southern Baltic countries.
* The Konya Plain* in central Anatolia is modern Turkey’s
breadbasket, a fertile expanse where you can see rainstorms blotting out
mountains on the horizon long before they begin spattering the dust around
you. It has been home to farmers, says University of Liverpool
archaeologist Douglas Baird, since the first days of farming. For more than
a decade Baird has been excavating a prehistoric village here called
Boncuklu. It’s a place where people began planting small plots of emmer and
einkorn, two ancient forms of wheat, and probably herding small flocks of
sheep and goats, some 10,300 years ago, near the dawn of the Neolithic
period.
Within a thousand years the Neolithic revolution, as it’s called,
spread north through Anatolia and into southeastern Europe. By about 6,000
years ago, there were farmers and herders all across Europe.
It has long been clear that Europe acquired the practice of farming
from Turkey or the Levant, but did it acquire farmers from the same places?
The answer isn’t obvious. For decades, many archaeologists thought a whole
suite of innovations—farming, but also ceramic pottery, polished stone axes
capable of clearing forests, and complicated settlements—was carried into
Europe not by migrants but by trade and word of mouth, from one valley to
the next, as hunter-gatherers who already lived there adopted the new tools
and way of life.
But DNA evidence from Boncuklu has helped show that migration had
a lot more to do with it. The farmers of Boncuklu kept their dead close,
burying them in the fetal position under the floors of their houses.
Beginning in 2014, Baird sent samples of DNA extracted from skull fragments
and teeth from more than a dozen burials to DNA labs in Sweden, Turkey, the
U.K., and Germany.
Excavations at the 10,300-year-old site of Boncuklu in Turkey have
revealed that people were living there during the transition to farming.
The person buried here under the floor of a home likely would have farmed
small plots of domesticated wheat, and may have herded...Read More The
Boncuklu petrous bones paid off: DNA extracted from them was a match for
farmers who lived and died centuries later and hundreds of miles to the
northwest. That meant early Anatolian farmers had migrated, spreading their
genes as well as their lifestyle. They didn’t stop in southeastern Europe.
Over the centuries their descendants pushed along the Danube past Lepenski
Vir and deep into the heart of the continent. Others traveled along the
Mediterranean by boat, colonizing islands such as Sardinia and Sicily and
settling southern Europe as far as Portugal. From Boncuklu to Britain, the
Anatolian genetic signature is found wherever farming first appears. A
woman harvests wheat by hand near Konya, Turkey. Farmers from Anatolia
brought agriculture to Europe starting nearly 9,000 years ago. Within a few
millennia, farmers and herders dominated most of the continent. Bones and
artifacts some 7,700 years old found at Aktopraklik, a Neolithic village in
northwestern Turkey, offer clues to the early days of agriculture. DNA
extracted from the skulls of people buried here has helped researchers
trace the spread of early farmers into Europe. BURSA CITY MUSEUM, TURKEY:
Corded Ware burials are so recognizable, archaeologists rarely need to
bother with radiocarbon dating. Almost invariably, men were buried lying on
their right side and women lying on their left, both with their legs curled
up and their faces pointed south. In some of the Halle warehouse’s graves,
women clutch purses and bags hung with canine teeth from dozens of dogs;
men have stone battle-axes. In one grave, neatly contained in a wooden
crate on the concrete floor of the warehouse, a woman and child are buried
together.
By 2800 B.C, archaeological excavations show, the Yamnaya had begun
moving west, probably looking for greener pastures. Włodarczak’s mound near
Žabalj is the westernmost Yamnaya grave found so far. But genetic evidence,
Reich and others say, shows that many Corded Ware people were, to a large
extent, their descendants. Like those Corded Ware skeletons, the Yamnaya
shared distant kinship with Native Americans—whose ancestors hailed from
farther east, in Siberia. Within a few centuries, other people with a
significant amount of Yamnaya DNA had spread as far as the British Isles.
In Britain and some other places, hardly any of the farmers who already
lived in Europe survived the onslaught from the east. In what is now
Germany, “there’s a 70 percent to possibly 100 percent replacement of the
local population,” Reich says. “Something very dramatic happened 4,500
years ago.”
“To me, the new results from DNA are undermining the nationalist paradigm
that we have always lived here and not mixed with other people,”
Gothenburg’s Kristiansen says. “There’s no such thing as a Dane or a Swede
or a German.” Instead, “we’re all Russians, all Africans.” NOW LET ME KNOW
WHETHER I AM ARGUMENTATIVE OR FACTS PRESENTER. KR IRS 19 9 23
On Tue, 19 Sept 2023 at 10:46, 'gopala krishnan' via Thatha_Patty <
[email protected]> wrote:
> *CULTURAL QA 09-2023-19*
>
> *All the below QA are from Quora DIGEST to me on 19-09-2023.*
>
> *Quora answers need not be 100% correct answers.*
>
> *Compiled and posted by R. Gopala Krishnan, 79, on 19-09-2023.*
>
> *Q1 What is the most clever life hack you've learned?*
>
> *A1 Tahshin Rose, student at North South University
> (2021–present)Sep 10*
>
> *Put your phone in a glass jug when you want to amplify the sound and
> don’t have speakers.*
>
> *Mushrooms will survive longer if they are kept in the refrigerator in a
> paper bag. Be cautious not to wash them first.*
>
> *If you frequently need to take your pet along on trips, make sure they
> get acclimated to their carrier and feel at home so they won't get anxious.*
>
> *It goes without saying that you shouldn't share your toothbrush, but you
> also shouldn't share your water bottle, lipstick, or razor.*
>
> *Wrap a banana peel around a splinter in your skin, then tape it in place.
> In a few hours, you'll be able to quickly remove the splinter.*
>
> *Use a rubber band to keep a door from latching.*
>
> *Put old newspaper at the bottom of your trash can to absorb food juices.*
>
> *When taking a picture, squint your eyes to make your smile look more
> genuine.*
>
> *Use binder clips to fix broken keyboard feet.*
>
> *Use nail paint to identify different keys.*
>
> *My note- I use nail polish red to identify toilet light switches so that
> guests do not feel difficulty.*
>
> *Q2 Why was Europe more advanced than most of other civilizations
> during history?*
>
> *A2 Mary Louis, Updated Sun*
>
> *Well, for starters, Europeans were hunter gatherers (the most basic and
> underdeveloped way of living) up until 5,000 years ago. Meanwhile the
> people of Iran, Mesopotamia, and Anatolia had already discovered farming
> (only one level below industrialized way of living) since 12,000 years ago
> and had built designated cities and states.*
>
> *Europe does not have as many ancient sites as Asia**. In West Asia, you
> can find 12,000 and 8,000 year old villages and complex artifacts.*
>
> *When Europeans had just started to leave their hunting gathering
> lifestyle, Iranians had already developed the first form of writing in the
> Jiroft Civilization.*
>
> *And only 500 years after the Europeans had left their hunting and
> gathering lifestyle in the caves, Iranians in Kerman established the first
> flag in all of history, Derafsh Shahdad.*
>
> *All Europeans were originally from West Asia in the first place**. The
> fact that they migrated to Europe did not make them any more advanced than
> their West Asian counterparts. In fact, 40,000 years ago, Iranians had
> already built settlements in Hawraman. This was around the same time that
> humans had just started to settle in Europe.*
>
> *12,000 years after this development, Europeans were still living in
> caves. The oldest cave in Europe is only 32,000 years old. 12,000 years
> younger than the advanced settlements of Hawraman.*
>
> *Europe only started to become advanced during the 1600s and after the
> time of industrialization during the 18th and 19th centuries**. While
> Asia and the Middle East were caught up in the politics of Islam, Arabic,
> Turkic, and Mongolian wars, Europe could take advantage of the
> destabilization of the regions and start advancing to a larger extent. Much
> of this advancement was due to colonization and expansion of resources.
> They could live off of the labor of slaves and blue collar workers while
> building up their wealth and developing the lands. Search up the Great
> Divergence.*
>
> *Today, in order to keep their power, they fund terrorist organizations
> such as Taliban, the IRGC,** and ISIS in order to keep Islam flowing in
> the region, which is the main cause of the underdevelopment of the Middle
> East/Asia in these past hundreds of years. The Iraq war was a result of
> Bush and the US government creating a show for 9/11 by funding a group of
> terrorists to attack the Twin towers. They could use this as an excuse to
> bomb Iraq and deprive it of its resources, stealing millions of tons of
> gold and oil. The story for Afghanistan is about the same. When places like
> Iran and Afghanistan were diverging away from Islam, they decided to remove
> their rulers from power and start coup d’états in their countries. They put
> the rulers that they chose themselves into place and are continuing to fund
> them to fulfill their own purposes.*
>
> *They have been doing this excessively for these past hundred of years.
> They control the Middle East and many Asian countries in order to snag
> their resources and deprive the people of their own wealth.*
>
> *One example is Britain taking a major portion of** the natural oil
> produced by Iran for free, preventing the oil of Iran from becoming
> national and removing nationalist Iranians from power as they chose,
> forcing them into exile, and killing them. They started from the last
> Shah’s father, mainly because he was anti-Islamic and wanted to maintain
> neutrality during World War 2, and then Prime Minister Mossadegh and the
> Shah when they did not satisfy their desires and wanted to create
> progression in the country by raising oil prices for the west and/or make
> the oil national.*
>
> *Prior to that, Iranians had to suffer the consequences of World War I,
> the war that the west started. They used Iran as a bridge to victory and
> while there, deprived Iranians of their own food. Most of the wheat
> produced to make bread entered the stomachs of the European/American
> soldiers. There were signs on restaurants and facilities that read:
> “Entrance of dogs and Iranians prohibited”. Iranians could not even live
> peacefully in their own country. The presence of the western soldiers
> brought artificial famine as well as numerous illnesses such as cholera,
> plague, typhus, influenza, and many other illnesses. A whopping 10–20
> million Iranians died between the years of 1917–1918 due to this
> catastrophe that the westerners brought. Half the population of Iran was
> gone. And the western “Allies” became victorious from World War I from
> taking advantage of Iran and its resources, and killing its people through
> mass starvation and illness.*
>
> *While Iran owns 1/10 of the world’s wealth, its people are forced under
> the line of poverty because of the political tactics that the west uses to
> prevent the development and prosperity of the region, such as funding the
> IRGC and taking many benefits such as free oil from the same terrorists
> that they fund as a return for the means they provide the terrorists to
> remain in power.*
>
> *Because these terrorists in reality have nothing to be able to cling onto
> to remain. The only ones funding them, allowing them to stay and loot the
> region are the countries of the west.*
>
> *You may also see this use of authoritative power over countries like
> India, where much of the economy and government was controlled by Britain.*
> *And
> countries like China, where most multi-billion dollar company owners from
> the US and Europe placed their factories so that they can give very small
> wages to the impoverished workers while taking all of the benefits
> themselves and making millions and billions off of them. These countries
> are also the same countries that they forced into decline through wars and
> attacks by the US/Europe, which put their people into poverty. Now they
> must work as blue collar workers for the western countries.*
>
> *Today, they are still controlling and taking advantage of many countries
> of Asia, especially the Middle East, and preventing their development
> through the funding of terrorists/dictatorships to keep and enforce the
> politics of Islam*
>
> *. They steal and seize the natural resources of the Asian (and African)
> countries to remain prosperous and have habitable countries.*
>
> *There are countless and countless countries in Asia that they have ruined
> which forced its people into poverty and created uninhabitable conditions
> with little to no opportunity**, so that the hardworking “brains” of the
> regions are forced to move to the west, where they will work for the
> governments of the US/Europe and contribute to the development of those
> regions instead of their own countries. This is why there are large
> influxes of immigrants to the west, and they are the ones contributing to
> most of the development of the region.*
>
> *Even before that, they took slaves to America from Africa so that they
> could do labor** for them on the grounds that they stole from the Native
> Americans, and make them develop their stolen regions while they would do
> little to no work themselves.*
>
> *These are the tactics used by the US/Europe** today to keep their power
> and prevent the development of the countries of Asia.*
>
> *My note- The QA is posted for historical details and not for any
> discussions please.*
>
> *Q3 What is the most important invention that nobody talks about?*
>
> *A3 Silk Road, AI Expert Sep 11*
>
> * THE FLAT-BOTTOMED PAPER BAG*
>
> *If you're like me, you probably don't give much thought to the humble
> paper bag when you go grocery shopping.*
>
> *You just grab one, fill it with your stuff, and carry it home without
> breaking a sweat.*
>
> *But did you know that the paper bag you're holding is actually one of the
> most important inventions of all time?*
>
> *Yes, you heard me right. The flat-bottomed paper bag is a marvel of
> engineering, design, and innovation that changed the world forever.*
>
> *Before the flat-bottomed paper bag was invented, people had to use clumsy
> and inefficient containers to carry their goods, such as wooden boxes,
> barrels, baskets, or cloth sacks.*
>
> *These containers were heavy, bulky, and hard to store. They also wasted a
> lot of material and space, and were not very sanitary or eco-friendly.*
>
> *Enter Margaret E. Knight, a brilliant and fearless inventor who
> revolutionized the paper bag industry in the late 19th century.*
>
> *Knight was born in Maine in 1838, and showed a remarkable talent for
> mechanics from an early age.*
>
> *She invented a safety device for textile looms when she was only 12 years
> old, and later worked in various fields such as photography, engraving, and
> upholstery.In 1867, Knight moved to Springfield, Massachusetts, and got a
> job at the Columbia Paper Bag Company.*
>
> * Patent for her bag machine*
>
> *There, she noticed that the machine-made paper bags they produced were
> weak and narrow, and could not stand on their bases.*
>
> *She thought that there must be a better way to make paper bags that were
> stronger, wider, and more convenient.*
>
> *So she set out to invent a machine that could automatically cut, fold,
> and glue paper to form flat-bottomed bags that could hold more items and
> stand upright on their own.*
>
> *She worked tirelessly for two years, making sketches, models, and
> prototypes of her machine. She finally succeeded in creating a working
> model in 1870, and applied for a patent.*
>
> *However, her troubles were not over yet. A man named Charles Annan saw
> her machine and tried to steal her idea by filing his own patent for it.*
>
> *He claimed that he had invented it first, and that Knight was just a
> woman who could not possibly understand the complex mechanics involved.*
>
> *Knight was outraged by this blatant act of plagiarism and sexism, and
> sued him for patent infringement.*
>
> *She fought a long and hard legal battle against Annan, who hired
> expensive lawyers to discredit her.*
>
> *She had to prove that she was the original inventor of the machine** by
> presenting her sketches, models, witnesses, and testimonials.*
>
> *She also had to face the prejudice and skepticism of the male-dominated
> court system, who doubted that a woman could be capable of such an
> invention.*
>
> *But Knight was not intimidated by any of these obstacles.*
>
> *She stood up for her rights and defended her invention with confidence
> and intelligence.*
>
> *She finally won her case in 1871, and received her patent for the
> "Machine for Making Paper Bags".*
>
> *She became one of the first women to obtain a US patent, and was hailed
> as "the female Edison" by the press.*
>
> *Knight's invention was a huge success. It enabled the mass production of
> flat-bottomed paper bags that were cheaper, stronger, more convenient, and
> more veratile than any previous container.*
>
> *The paper bag became an essential item for commerce, industry, and
> everyday life. It also** paved the way for other innovations such as
> self-opening bags (patented by Charles Stilwell in 1883) and
> square-bottomed bags with handles (patented by Walter Deubener in 1912).*
>
> *The flat-bottomed paper bag is still widely used today, more than 150
> years after its invention.*
>
> *It is one of the oldest and most enduring designs in history, and has
> been recognized as such by museums such as MoMA in New York.*
>
> *It is also one of the most eco-friendly options for packaging, as it is
> made of renewable and recyclable material.*
>
> *So next time you go shopping with a paper bag in your hand, remember to
> thank Margaret E. Knight for her genius and courage. She gave us one of the
> most important inventions of all time: the flat-bottomed paper bag.*
>
> --
> You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google Groups
> "Thatha_Patty" group.
> To unsubscribe from this group and stop receiving emails from it, send an
> email to [email protected].
> To view this discussion on the web visit
> https://groups.google.com/d/msgid/thatha_patty/292920423.2208652.1695100596037%40mail.yahoo.com
> <https://groups.google.com/d/msgid/thatha_patty/292920423.2208652.1695100596037%40mail.yahoo.com?utm_medium=email&utm_source=footer>
> .
>
--
You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google Groups
"Thatha_Patty" group.
To unsubscribe from this group and stop receiving emails from it, send an email
to [email protected].
To view this discussion on the web visit
https://groups.google.com/d/msgid/thatha_patty/CAL5XZooqOSob06mXSMY1kVFhYu0HFycc5FyHcOHpCKZBrSb1%2BA%40mail.gmail.com.
