CULTURAL QA 11202313A

Q1      During a Hindu ritual, will the Tamil people chant in Tamil or
Sanskrit? Which language has a higher priority and why? Please provide the
theological basis in the scriptures.

KR        I am surprised even Balaji Viswanathan might be like Stalin! Or
DMK party worker Kamala Hassan.  Every one on this earth might chant only
in a language known to him; in TN even the Sanskrit absentee might do so,
if prompted by vadhyars; or else might use only their mother tongue; or any
language he knows; what a stupid question ?

Q2      We haven't even reached the bottom of the ocean yet, but how the
hell do we find out that the earth has a core?

KR     The answer is incomplete and contains unverified and untrue
elements. This is science. And at the bottom of the article the science had
stated no one can find out so easily without seismic wave pattern and
Newton did not have it. It is tough and those interested may read slowly.

KR  “Earth’s core is the very hot, very dense center of our planet. The
ball-shaped core lies beneath the cool, brittle crust and the mostly solid
mantle. The core is found about 2,900 kilometers (1,802 miles) below
Earth’s surface, and has a radius of about 3,485 kilometers (2,165 miles).



Planet Earth is older than the core. When Earth was formed about 4.5
billion years ago, it was a uniform ball of hot rock. Radioactive decay and
leftover heat from planetary formation (the collision, accretion, and
compression of space rocks) caused the ball to get even hotter. Eventually,
after about 500 million years, our young planet’s temperature heated to the
melting point of iron—about 1,538° Celsius (2,800° Fahrenheit). This
pivotal moment in Earth’s history is called the iron catastrophe.



The iron catastrophe allowed greater, more rapid movement of Earth’s
molten, rocky material. Relatively buoyant material, such as silicates,
water, and even air, stayed close to the planet’s exterior. These materials
became the early mantle and crust. Droplets of iron, nickel, and other
heavy metals gravitated to the center of Earth, becoming the early core.
This important process is called planetary differentiation.



Earth’s core is the furnace of the geothermal gradient. The geothermal
gradient measures the increase of heat and pressure in Earth’s interior.
The geothermal gradient is about 25° Celsius per kilometer of depth (1°
Fahrenheit per 70 feet). The primary contributors to heat in the core are
the decay of radioactive elements, leftover heat from planetary formation,
and heat released as the liquid outer core solidifies near its boundary
with the inner core.



Unlike the mineral-rich crust and mantle, the core is made almost entirely
of metal—specifically, iron (Fe) and nickel (Ni). The shorthand used for
the core’s iron-nickel alloys is simply the elements’ chemical symbols—NiFe.



Elements that dissolve in iron, called siderophiles, are also found in the
core. Because these elements are found much more rarely on Earth’s crust,
many siderophiles are classified as “precious metals.” Siderophile elements
include gold, platinum, and cobalt.



Another key element in Earth’s core is sulfur—in fact 90 percent of the
sulfur on Earth is found in the core. The confirmed discovery of such vast
amounts of sulfur helped explain a geologic mystery: If the core was
primarily NiFe, why wasn’t it heavier? Geoscientists speculated that
lighter elements such as oxygen or silicon might have been present. The
abundance of sulfur, another relatively light element, explained the
conundrum.



Although we know that the core is the hottest part of our planet, its
precise temperatures are difficult to determine. The fluctuating
temperatures in the core depend on pressure, Earth's rotation, and the
varying composition of core elements. In general, temperatures range from
about 4,400° Celsius (7,952° Fahrenheit) to about 6,000° Celsius (10,800°
Fahrenheit).



The core is made of two layers: the outer core, which borders the mantle,
and the inner core. The boundary separating these regions is called the
Bullen discontinuity.



Outer Core



The outer core, about 2,200 kilometers (1,367 miles) thick, is mostly
composed of liquid iron and nickel. The NiFe alloy of the outer core is
very hot, between 4,500° and 5,500° Celsius (8,132° and 9,932° Fahrenheit).



The liquid metal of the outer core has very low viscosity, meaning it is
easily deformed and malleable. It is the site of violent convection. The
churning metal of the outer core creates and sustains Earth’s magnetic
field.



The hottest part of the core is actually the Bullen discontinuity, where
temperatures reach 6,000° Celsius (10,800° Fahrenheit)—as hot as the
surface of the sun.



Inner Core



The inner core is a hot, dense ball of (mostly) iron. It has a radius of
about 1,220 kilometers (758 miles). Temperature in the inner core is about
5,200° Celsius (9,392° Fahrenheit). The pressure is nearly 3.6 million
atmosphere (atm).



The temperature of the inner core is far above the melting point of iron.
However, unlike the outer core, the inner core is not liquid or even
molten. The inner core’s intense pressure—the entire rest of the planet and
its atmosphere—prevents the iron from melting. The pressure and density are
simply too great for the iron atoms to move into a liquid state. Because of
this unusual set of circumstances, some geophysicists prefer to interpret
the inner core not as a solid, but as a plasma behaving as a solid.



The liquid outer core separates the inner core from the rest of Earth, and
as a result, the inner core rotates a little differently than the rest of
the planet. It rotates eastward, like the surface, but it’s a little
faster, making an extra rotation about every 1,000 years.



Geoscientists think that the iron crystals in the inner core are arranged
in an “hcp” (hexagonal close-packed) pattern. The crystals align
north-south, along with Earth’s axis of rotation and magnetic field.



The orientation of the crystal structure means that seismic waves—the most
reliable way to study the core—travel faster when going north-south than
when going east-west. Seismic waves travel four seconds faster pole-to-pole
than through the Equator.



Growth in the Inner Core



As the entire Earth slowly cools, the inner core grows by about a
millimeter every year. The inner core grows as bits of the liquid outer
core solidify or crystallize. Another word for this is “freezing,” although
it’s important to remember that iron’s freezing point is more than 1,000°
Celsius (1,832° Fahrenheit).



The growth of the inner core is not uniform. It occurs in lumps and
bunches, and is influenced by activity in the mantle.



Growth is more concentrated around subduction zones—regions where tectonic
plates are slipping from the lithosphere into the mantle, thousands of
kilometers above the core. Subducted plates draw heat from the core and
cool the surrounding area, causing increased instances of solidification.



Growth is less concentrated around “superplumes” or LLSVPs. These
ballooning masses of superheated mantle rock likely influence “hot spot”
volcanism in the lithosphere, and contribute to a more liquid outer core.



The core will never “freeze over.” The crystallization process is very
slow, and the constant radioactive decay of Earth’s interior slows it even
further. Scientists estimate it would take about 91 billion years for the
core to completely solidify—but the sun will burn out in a fraction of that
time (about 5 billion years).



Core Hemispheres



Just like the lithosphere, the inner core is divided into eastern and
western hemispheres. These hemispheres don’t melt evenly, and have distinct
crystalline structures.



The western hemisphere seems to be crystallizing more quickly than the
eastern hemisphere. In fact, the eastern hemisphere of the inner core may
actually be melting.



Inner Inner Core



Geoscientists recently discovered that the inner core itself has a core—the
inner inner core. This strange feature differs from the inner core in much
the same way the inner core differs from the outer core. Scientists think
that a radical geologic change about 500 million years ago caused this
inner inner core to develop.



The crystals of the inner inner core are oriented east-west instead of
north-south. This orientation is not aligned with either Earth’s rotational
axis or magnetic field. Scientists think the iron crystals may even have a
completely different structure (not hcp), or exist at a different phase.



Magnetism



Earth’s magnetic field is created in the swirling outer core. Magnetism in
the outer core is about 50 times stronger than it is on the surface.



It might be easy to think that Earth’s magnetism is caused by the big ball
of solid iron in the middle. But in the inner core, the temperature is so
high the magnetism of iron is altered. Once this temperature, called the
Curie point, is reached, the atoms of a substance can no longer align to a
magnetic point.



Dynamo Theory



Some geoscientists describe the outer core as Earth’s “geodynamo.” For a
planet to have a geodynamo, it must rotate, it must have a fluid medium in
its interior, the fluid must be able to conduct electricity, and it must
have an internal energy supply that drives convection in the liquid.



Variations in rotation, conductivity, and heat impact the magnetic field of
a geodynamo. Mars, for instance, has a totally solid core and a weak
magnetic field. Venus has a liquid core, but rotates too slowly to churn
significant convection currents. It, too, has a weak magnetic field.
Jupiter, on the other hand, has a liquid core that is constantly swirling
due to the planet’s rapid rotation.



Earth is the “Goldilocks” geodynamo. It rotates steadily, at a brisk 1,675
kilometers per hour (1,040 miles per hour) at the Equator. Coriolis forces,
an artifact of Earth’s rotation, cause convection currents to be spiral.
The liquid iron in the outer core is an excellent electrical conductor, and
creates the electrical currents that drive the magnetic field.



The energy supply that drives convection in the outer core is provided as
droplets of liquid iron freeze onto the solid inner core. Solidification
releases heat energy. This heat, in turn, makes the remaining liquid iron
more buoyant. Warmer liquids spiral upward, while cooler solids spiral
downward under intense pressure: convection.



Earth’s Magnetic Field



Earth’s magnetic field is crucial to life on our planet. It protects the
planet from the charged particles of the solar wind. Without the shield of
the magnetic field, the solar wind would strip Earth’s atmosphere of the
ozone layer that protects life from harmful ultraviolet radiation.



Although Earth’s magnetic field is generally stable, it fluctuates
constantly. As the liquid outer core moves, for instance, it can change the
location of the magnetic North and South Poles. The magnetic North Pole
moves up to 64 kilometers (40 miles) every year.



Fluctuations in the core can cause Earth’s magnetic field to change even
more dramatically. Geomagnetic pole reversals, for instance, happen about
every 200,000 to 300,000 years. Geomagnetic pole reversals are just what
they sound like: a change in the planet’s magnetic poles, so that the
magnetic North and South Poles are reversed. These “pole flips” are not
catastrophic—scientists have noted no real changes in plant or animal life,
glacial activity, or volcanic eruptions during previous geomagnetic pole
reversals.



Studying the Core



Geoscientists cannot study the core directly. All information about the
core has come from sophisticated reading of seismic data, analysis of
meteorites, lab experiments with temperature and pressure, and computer
modeling.



Most core research has been conducted by measuring seismic waves, the shock
waves released by earthquakes at or near the surface. The velocity and
frequency of seismic body waves changes with pressure, temperature, and
rock composition.



In fact, seismic waves helped geoscientists identify the structure of the
core itself. In the late 19th century, scientists noted a “shadow zone”
deep in the planet, where a type of body wave called an s-wave either
stopped entirely or was altered. S-waves are unable to transmit through
fluids or gases. The sudden “shadow” where s-waves disappeared indicated
that Earth had a liquid layer.



In the 20th century, geoscientists discovered an increase in the velocity
of p-waves, another type of body wave, at about 5,150 kilometers (3,200
miles) below the surface. The increase in velocity corresponded to a change
from a liquid or molten medium to a solid. This proved the existence of a
solid inner core.



Meteorites, space rocks that crash to Earth, also provide clues about
Earth’s core. Most meteorites are fragments of asteroids, rocky bodies that
orbit the sun between Mars and Jupiter. Asteroids formed about the same
time, and from about the same material, as Earth. By studying iron-rich
chondrite meteorites, geoscientists can get a peek into the early formation
of our solar system and Earth’s early core.



In the lab, the most valuable tool for studying forces and reactions at the
core is the diamond anvil cell. Diamond anvil cells use the hardest
substance on Earth (diamonds) to simulate the incredibly high pressure at
the core. The device uses an x-ray laser to simulate the core’s
temperature. The laser is beamed through two diamonds squeezing a sample
between them.



Complex computer modeling has also allowed scientists to study the core. In
the 1990s, for instance, modeling beautifully illustrated the
geodynamic—complete with pole flips.”

Unless the secret is revealed by the inner core , density cannot be so
easily ascertained so as to get an answer why there is a variation; and the
bottom of the sea and the inner core of the earth so many other planets had
been studied by seismic graphs, which theory is used in the submarines
also.  K R IRS  131123

xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Q3      What are some places inaccessible to humans on our planet?

KR        Like Tepui there are 12 places which were not explored fully;
while narrating Tepui, are we not doing injustice such places are also in
India including the silent valley.

Palmerston Island in the South Pacific is one of several mostly unexplored
spots in the world. Wolfgang Kaehler/LightRocket via Getty Images

There are a handful of places around the world that are largely untouched
or uninhabited.

Although researchers have explored some parts of Antarctica, only aerial
photos reveal what the rest of the continent and remote region is like.

Several mountains in Himalayan country Bhutan are believed to be
unconquered, namely the world's largest unclimbed mountain: Gangkhar
Puensum.

Unexplored areas around the world also include small islands, such as
Pitcairn Island off of New Zealand, and Palmerston Island in the South
Pacific.

KR IRS   131123

---------- Forwarded message ---------
From: 'gopala krishnan' via iyer123 <iyer...@googlegroups.com>
Date: Mon, 13 Nov 2023 at 19:04
Subject: [iyer123] CULTURAL QA 11-2023-13A
To: Patty Thatha <thatha_patty@googlegroups.com>, Iyer <
iyer...@googlegroups.com>, Kerala Iyer <keralaiy...@googlegroups.com>


*CULTURAL QA 11-2023-13A*

*All the BELOW    QA are from Quora DIGEST to me  on   13-11-2023.*

*QUORA ANSWERS NEED NOT BE 100% CORRECT ANSWERS.*

*Compiled and posted by R. Gopala Krishnan, 80,  on 13-11-2023.*

*Q1      During a Hindu ritual, will the Tamil people chant in Tamil or
Sanskrit? Which language has a higher priority and why? Please provide the
theological basis in the scriptures.*

*A1      Dr. Balaji Viswanathan, Native speaker of தமிழ்.18h*

*Hindu rituals are made of 3 layers and the language used depends on the
layer.*

*Yajna: The grand fire ceremonies, direct descendants of Vedic tradition,
form the core of ancient scripture and practice. They are elaborate
affairs, the domain of learned high priests versed in the sacred utterances
of Vedic Sanskrit.*

*Puja: These intimate worship rituals treat deities as honored guests
gracing the earthly abodes of temples. A daily practice, pujas are a
universal thread in the Hindu world, weaving Sanskrit mantras with the
vibrant hues of regional dialects, all performed by dedicated temple
priests.*

*Bhajan: The heartfelt hymns of devotion, where the divine is serenaded in
the common tongue. Bhajans, requiring no priestly intermediary, are the
soulful expressions of the everyday devotee, often echoing through the air
during festive or reflective weekend gatherings.*

*At the Yajna level across India there is the common layer and doesn’t vary
a lot. At the Puja level, a lot of regional elements get in while still
maintaining a common structure. At the Bhajan level it is completely a
commoner thing with substantial level of regional elements. This allows
Hinduism to maintain the unity in diversity.*

*Imagine the stone-carved corridors of Tamil Nadu's majestic temples, a
symphony of devotion unfolds: the resonant chants of a Yajna emanate from
the Yagasala, led by venerated priests; concurrently, the sanctum's heart
beats to the rhythm of pujas, with priests orchestrating a divine welcome.
And, enveloping it all, the melodic strains of bhajans rise, as devotees
sing verses from cherished Tamil scriptures like Thevaram and Thiruvasagam.*

*Herein lies Hinduism's essence, a harmonious blend of the sublime and the
simple, resonating through every corner of India.*

*Q2      We haven't even reached the bottom of the ocean yet, but how the
hell we find out that the earth has a core?*

*A2      John Turner, Aug 14*

*Sir Isaac Newton is the first scientist known to have rationally deduced
the existence of a core.*

*The same year that he published his Principia Mathematica, he wrote in a
letter to colleagues that he’d calculated the mass of Earth from its radius
and its surface gravity, and then noticed that the average density (5.5
grams per cubic centimeter) of Earth was much higher than that of the
average stone (3.0–3.5 g/cc). Reasoning that the simplest explanation was
that Earth’s surface floats above a denser material  like the slag on a
crucible of molten metal, Newton then suggested Earth must have a center of
molten iron.*

*Not everyone liked this idea, but by the late 19th century most geologists
believed Earth had “three layers” consisting of a metal core, a stony crust
and a stony mantle in between them. They just couldn’t agree on the
dimensions and they lacked much in the way of proof.*

*Along came Richard Oldham.*

*Oldham was a bureaucrat geologist, a member of the Royal Survey of India.
He excelled at seismology, and India obliged him with a number of major
quakes to study during his career. He worked with immense tables of numbers
and often studied hundreds of paper recordings made by seismometers when
analyzing a particular earthquake. He was the first geologist to prove that
earthquakes are caused by crustal movement along faults.*

*By 1897 Oldham had noticed from his studies that earthquakes make two
kinds of vibrational energy, which he dubbed ‘P’ Primary waves and ‘S’
Secondary waves, terminology still used today.*

*In 1906 he published a paper with this diagram:*

*When teaching himself to read the “first phase” P wave and “second phase”
S wave signals on paper seismometer charts, Oldham had noticed they could
lag or lead one another in ways that varied with how far around the Earth
the seismometer was from the earthquake (measured in degrees of arc).*

*In 1906 he delivered a logically impeccable paper explaining that Earth
had to have a dense liquid core approximately 40% its own diameter in order
to explain a pattern he was seeing in seismometer charts.*

*The dimensions and masses calculated from this closely matched Newton’s
prediction for a molten iron core, so the best explanation was that Earth
indeed had a center made of molten iron. It had now been “seen” by mankind.*

*It would be a woman however, who would spot the oddest detail.*

*In 1936 a Danish-born actuarial turned geophysicist named Inge Lehmann
published a paper analyzing seismometer data from the 1929 Murcheson
earthquake, in which she revealed that what Oldham had interpreted as P
waves refracting inside an all liquid core were actually refracting off a
solid object centered within that core — an inner core:*

*It took another three decades to prove that core iron could even form a
solid when surrounded by molten iron. Chemists first had to devise
laser-heated presses inside which tiny samples of metal could be crushed
between flawless gem diamonds to recreate the conditions deep within Earth.*

*But Lehmann stuck by her numbers, refining and republishing them several
times as new earthquakes provided data. And by the time the solidification
of core material was experimentally confirmed it was seen as a foregone
conclusion more than a radical discovery.*

*We can “see” quite a bit of detail inside Earth now, thanks to computer
analysis of the same numbers that Oldham and Lehmann crunched by hand:*

*But it was human minds alone, working with slide rules and fountain pens,
who first peered into the data to perceive what no human eye has yet seen.*

*Q3      What are some places inaccessible to humans on our planet?*

*A3      Davide Fiore,10mo*

*Tepuyes of Canaima National Park (Venezuela).*

*These are rocky plateaus with walls up to 1,000 meters high. This
characteristic makes them virtually inaccessible; it is estimated that 90
percent of them have not been trampled by humans. Because of this, the
flora and fauna in the highlands are pristine and most likely full of
unknown species.*

*Q4      What is something most people don't know about Africa?*

*A4      Innocent Masengo, Lecturer Language and Communication at Makerere
University (2008–present)Updated 3y*

*That most Africans are poor, not because they really are poor, but because
someone decides to describe them as such.*

*My grandfather is ‘poor’. He certainly lives on “less than a dollar a
day”. He is now 95 years old. In his nine and a half decades on earth, he
has never lacked, and he has never begged. He only attended one year at a
mission school in the 1930s and learnt how to read and write. This is how
he pulls it off:*

*When he wants food, he goes to the banana plantation, looks at tens of
bunches of matooke (banana) and decides which to harvest for the day’s
dinner. Adjacent to the plantation is a sweet potato garden, cassava
garden, yams and finger millet. To the south of the banana plantation are
beans, cow peas or peanuts gardens. Down the valley is grazing land with
tens of Frisian and cross-breed cattle. They provide him with milk daily,
365 days a year.*

*He also has about 20 goats. In Uganda, goat milk was generally not
considered palatable, possibly due to the abundance of cow milk, so we
never milked goats. He would sell a couple of them to supplement income
from other produce to send his children to school. He also reared a couple
of chickens, more as a hobby.*

*The farm produces more than he can consume. He sells the surplus to afford
such essential services as kerosene (recently upgraded to solar), soap,
sugar (at his age he no longer takes sugar, he uses honey — doctor’s
orders).*

*Scattered across the farm are sugarcane (for eating, not for making sugar)
and fruit trees (guava, mango, pawpaw, avocado, orange, passion fruit,
pineapple). He drinks fresh juice from mangoes and passion fruit. As is
evident, everything here is on a subsistence basis, but very organic. He
has done this for the past 75 years.*

*He had eleven children, my mother being his first born. He sent all of
them to school, saw eight of them through college. He sold at least two
cows, some goats and some produce each school term to send his children to
school.*

*I went to live at grandfather’s place when I was 5 years old. I left when
I was 14 (my family lived in an urban area). I learnt how to farm, milk
cows, tether goats, harvest fruits (by climbing the fruit tree) and
harvesting honey (at night using smoke).*

*Why the long story?*

*My grandfather, just like millions of other Africans that live like him,
is considered poor. He rarely holds money, and he rarely needs it. He
produces most of what he needs. But using the standard World Bank/IMF
description of ‘poor’, my grandfather is poor.*

*I live in the city and earn about USD 12,000 a year after tax, which in
Uganda is a decent salary. But I can hardly match my grandfather in terms
of providing for my family with fresh milk, fresh food and fresh fruits.*

*This is one thing most people that watch International media do not know
about Africa: not all Africans are poor, many simply live differently than
you.*

*Ugandan farmer riding bananas from his farm to the market. Most people
from other backgrounds would pity him, and consider him ‘poor’.*

*Edit 1: Thank you John Kim for the edit suggestions. Much appreciated.*

*Edit 2: I have added a picture I took with my grandfather and grandmother
on 2/6/2020. I visited them as soon as the Covid-19 lockdown was eased in
my country. They live 350km from the city where I live. I enjoyed tons of
stories and experiences from as far back as the late 1930s. They are such a
loving and jolly couple.*

*My note- I have posted this QA as refreshing. I have posted this QA
earlier.*

*Q5      What invention or discovery most advanced humanity?*

*A5      Jake Mawson, Constantly extended in Maths and Problem-Solving1y*

*Think about what separates us from people thousands of years ago, hundreds
of years ago, in the 1500s. What have we achieved?*

*Surprisingly, nobody has mentioned the invention which we probably rely on
near to the most these days.*

*Think about this, what inventions were necessary for you to be reading
this right now?*

*Now, did anybody consider the battery?*

*These odd devices power our phones, our laptops…. and none of this
technology would even be possible if it weren’t for the battery.*

*Let’s go back a couple of hundred years to the pre-1800s, when the battery
had not yet been invented. Since we didn’t have a way to store electricity,
we could not analyse its behaviours - and, therefore, we could not explain
electrical properties - which would lead to the invention of new
electrical/electronic devices. We wouldn’t have electric
inter-communication, wireless well- anything, this would be a much older
time to live.*

*In the year 1799, Alessandro Volta invented what he called the “Voltaic
Pile”:*

*This led to a greater widespread interest in harnessing the power
electrons, which would inevitably lead to the first invention of a device
to harness this newly found power.*

*In 1821, Michael Farraday set on a journey to understand the works of
Ørsted and Ampère, and through the process, he invented the world’s first
electric motor.*

*The motor used a bath of mercury with a ball suspended on the surface. The
metal ball was connected via wire to an electrical energy source (a
battery) and it started to rotate in a circle over the mercury. This was
due to the movement of electrical charge creating magnetic fields, which
together interact to apply an unbalanced force on the sphere.*

*The first electromagnet was soon after invented by William Sturgeon in
1825, where he then proceeded to improve Farraday’s motor design:*

*This motor design was then improved upon until it was discovered that the
process was reversible. Rather than sending in electrical charge to get
movement, movement could generate the electrical charge, leading to
Farraday’s (and the first) electromagnetic generator, the Faraday disk,
being invented in 1831.*

*To keep this answer concise, I will quickly summarise the remaining major
inventions:*

*In 1833, Farraday invented the thermistor and the laws of electrolysis.*

*Moritz von Jacobi created the first ‘real’ rotating electric motor in May
1834, providing substantial output power.*

*1836 - Nicholas Callan invented the electric transformer.*

*1837 - Edward Davy invented the electric relay*

*1844 - The first electrical generator used in industrial processes*

*1845 - Kirchoff developed -non-other-than- Kirchoff’s laws*

*1855 - First utilisation of AC*

*1873 - Zenobe Gramme discovered that his DC generator could be used as a
DC motor (developing the first modern DC motor)*

*1877 - Thomas Alva Edison invented the phonograph (an electric
communication device)*

*1877 - Werner von Siemens invented the loudspeaker*

*1879 - Thomas Edison patented his first electric lightbulb*

*Most modern electrical inventions, such as semi-conductor usage and
components were developed in the 1900s.*

*And that is a brief summary of what the invention of a battery led to.*

*My note- Nostalgic memories goes to the study of voltaic cells, lechlanche
cells and dry cells studied in middle school in 1958-1959. *

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