CULTURAL QA 11202316A
Q3 Is there another force other than gravity that is keeping our solar
system together, including Earth and everything else in it?
KR Centripetal force is the component of force acting on an object
in curvilinear motion which is directed towards the axis of rotation or
centre of curvature. Centrifugal force is a pseudo force in a circular
motion which acts along the radius and is directed away from the centre of
the circle. Some common examples of centrifugal force at work are mud
flying off a tire and children feeling a force pushing them outwards while
spinning on a roundabout. A major example of centripetal force is the
rotation of satellites around a planet. A satellite orbiting the planet by
applying the centripetal force. Centripetal forces are those that tend to
unify and bring people together, while centrifugal forces are those that
tend to divide and push people apart. Nationality, ethnicity, and race can
all play a role in both centripetal and centrifugal forces. So, both forces
are operative in space, wherever there is motion. But GRAVITY IS DIFFERENT.
Centripetal force is real; centrifugal force is just an apparent force. For
the rotating Earth, centripetal force is supplied by the gravitational
force towards Earth's center.) If Earth was a perfect, rigid sphere, the
ocean would be 20 km deeper at the equator than at the poles.
Q4 Where do rivers form in deserts?
KR Deserts are arid regions, generally receiving less than 25
centimeters (10 inches) of precipitation a year, or regions where the
potential evaporation rate is significantly greater than the precipitation.
In most cases, deserts possess a high average temperature with large
differences between daytime and nighttime temperatures. Arid regions can
also be defined as environments in which water is the limiting factor for
biosystems. This means that survival
The world's deserts are divided into four categories.
Subtropical deserts are the hottest, with parched terrain and rapid
evaporation. Although cool coastal deserts are located within the same
latitudes as subtropical deserts, the average temperature is much cooler
because of frigid offshore ocean currents. Cold winter deserts are marked
by stark temperature differences from season to season, ranging from 38°C
(100°F) in the summer to minus 12°C (10°F) in the winter. Polar regions are
also considered to be deserts because nearly all moisture in these areas is
locked up in the form of ice.
Several basic conditions distinguish between desert regions and
others from a hydrological point of view.
A few, often intensive, rain events with a low amount of overall
precipitation, which causes most of the small rivers to be active only a
few months every year, and sometimes only once every few years.
A thick vadose zone (the zone between the water table and the land
surface) resulting in a deep water table.
The salinization problems of both groundwater and soils.
Vast areas of bare soils, low annual precipitation, and few high
intensity rainfall events with high kinetic energy characterize arid zones.
Bare soils exposed to rainfall are subjected to physical and chemical
processes that change the hydraulic properties of the soil near the
surface. When dried, a hard layer is formed in the soil surface that is
often called "desert crust,"commonly enriched in calcite or silica.
Desert crust decreases the infiltration rate of soils, thereby
increasing runoff and soil erosion, reducing the availability of water to
the root zone, and impeding seedling and plant growth. Understanding the
formation and properties of such a crust, as well as developing engineering
methods to break it, are essential to control the runoff-infiltration
(recharge) ratio and to maintain successful agricultural activities.
Vegetation may be the most important control on water movement in
desert soils. Because vegetation in arid regions is opportunistic, when the
water application rate is increased, plant growth increases as it uses up
the excess water.
The opportunistic nature of desert vegetation is shown by a
significantly higher concentration of vegetation in areas of increased
water flow, such as in ephemeral streams and in fissured sediments . Where
the water supply is limited, plant activity decreases until the
water-supply rate increases. The importance of vegetation on a local scale
has been shown in several field studies. For instance, it was found that
the presence of plants greatly reduced deep drainage in comparison to bare
soils.
Vadose Zone Studies. In the past, studies of the unsaturated zone, or
vadose zone, in arid settings were conducted primarily for water resources
evaluation. In the last two decades of the twentieth century, however,
emphasis shifted from water resources to waste disposal and the transport
of contaminants .
Arid areas are being proposed for low-level and high-level
radioactive waste disposal. Most of the studies related to the vadose zone
in arid settings were conducted in the western United States in regions
that are designated as waste facilities. Some of these sites include
Hanford, Washington; Sandia, New Mexico; Ward Valley, California; Eagle
Flat, Texas; and Nevada test site and Yucca Mountain, Nevada.
The increasing interest in the desert environment for waste
facilities, in general, and radioactive waste, in particular, raises the
need to understand the practical importance of preferential flow in the
subsurface. One could assume that a thick vadose zone combined with low
precipitation promotes the safest possible environment for waste disposal.
However, fast flow via fractures, cracks, and macropores had been suggested
as a major mechanism leading to contaminant transport much faster than
anticipated by models that predicted transport based on average soil
properties.
Salt Accumulation. A significant issue to consider in an
arid environment is the salinization of both soils and groundwater. The low
precipitation, combined with high evapotranspiration and often-slow flow
rates in the subsurface , result in higher concentrations of salts.
Human-induced salinization has a long history. A major source of salts
accumulating in the upper vadose zone is irrigation water, which is
essential for sustaining agriculture in arid lands.
Desalinization. Desalination of either deep saline
groundwater or sea water is an important alternative source for water in
arid regions. However, the cost of desalination remains higher than most
other alternatives. A complex infrastructure is required, and the need for
a close source of saline water makes this alternative impractical in many
arid environments. The world's largest desalination projects are in the
Arabian Gulf (Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Kuwait), United States,
and Japan; all which are wealthy countries with long seashores.
Q5 Can we build a 300 km long Tunnel? My note-Mr G Viswanath was a
member of Thatha Patti yahoo groups. He is a structural Engineer, Mtech
from Bits Pilani.
KR 1 300 Kms? The Atal tunnel longest in the world is the
9.02 km (5.6 mi) long tunnel and is presently the world's longest single
tube highway tunnel at an altitude above 3,000 m(10,000 ft).
2 The Laerdal Tunnel in western Norway is the longest
road tunnel in the world. It takes about 20 minutes to pass through the
tunnel. Brightly coloured lights placed every six kilometres help drivers
stay alert. There is also a rest area where weddings can be held
3 Dr. Syama Road Tunnel in Jammu is the longest highway
tunnel in India. This tunnel was earlier known as Chenani Nashri Tunnel. It
is the nine km long tunnel that connects Udhampur to Ramban in Jammu.
4 Water supply Delaware Aqueduct United States New
York State, United States 137,000 m (85.128 mi) 1945 4.1 m in diameter
(13.2 m2). New York City's main water supply tunnel.
5 Metro Chengdu Metro Line 6 China Chengdu, China
68,223 m (42.392 mi) 2020 Longest metro/rapid transit tunnel
6 Water supply Tibet Xinjiang Tunnel China
Tibet/Xinjiang, China 1,000,000 m (621.4 mi) China preparing
world's longest tunnel to divert Tibet river to desert
7 There are two approaches based on the open cuts on the either
ends of a slope. They are short approach and long approach. The approach is
said to be short, when the hill slope is very steep in nature, as shown in
figure.1. The approach is said to be very long, when the slope of the hill
is very flat, as shown in figure.2. The cost of this mainly depends upon
the topography of the considered area. In high altitudes, these approaches
will be bounded with snow or may be blocked by the heavy landslides. These
are the factors that would cause the decision of open cut or tunnel method.
Certain factors that must be kept in mind in the tunneling
procedures are: The best and economical alignment chosen must be straight
in nature Tunnel should have a grade, which is less than the outside. It
is observed that in the railway tunnels, constant slipping of the wheels
takes place due to the wetness of the rails. This reduces the hauling
capacity of the locomotives. 0.2% gradient must be provided to ensure
proper drainage. When it comes to long tunnels, two grades at the either
ends must be provided. If the grade is provided on one side, instead of
either side, the effectiveness of ventilation can be increased. METHODS
OF TUNNELLING:
Cut-and-Cover method This technique is used in shallow
tunnels. First, the soil/rock mass is excavated. The tunnel is constructed
inside the excavation which is later covered with the backfill material.
Jacked box The Jacked tunnel is a special category of shallow
tunneling that is usually constructed where the ground cannot be excavated
(e.g. roadways that cross major highways). Their length is relatively
small. In this tunnel type, a prefabricated rectangular structure is
inserted through the soil mass using hydraulic jacks. The soil mass inside
the tunnel is excavated afterward and the ground outside the tunnel remains
undisturbed. The technique was inspired by pipe jacking.
Bored method The tunnel is constructed inside the earth
using excavating techniques that either involve: i) blasting, ii)
mechanical excavators (conventional method), or iii) mechanized excavation
using Tunnel Boring Machines (TBM's).
In a bored tunnel, the ground is usually supported to avoid large
displacements or failure. The type of support depends on the ground
conditions and the project’s requirements (e.g. maximum settlements at the
ground surface).
In conventional methods, temporary support is applied at a small distance
from the face of the excavation and consists of shotcrete, steel ribs, and
anchors/bolts if necessary. A final lining is implemented at a subsequent
phase.
In mechanized tunnel excavation, as the cutter head rotates, the TBM moves
forward and the excavated ground is supported by a precast liner that
consists of concrete segments. Once the liner is finished, a grout mixture
is injected between the excavated ground and the liner to cover the
over-excavation spaces.
8 Without anything non sensitive to the Quora works of Mr GV is
being a structural engg BITS Pilani Durgapur steel plant and own business
executive is one among so many or something like Abdul kalam? And he did
not say anything about 300 km except it is not impossible. So structurally
possible , might be impossible at one stretch as in the world there are
continuous underground bridges with gaps but never the attempt to connect
and closely held WHY? KR IRS 171123
---------- Forwarded message ---------
From: 'gopala krishnan' via Thatha_Patty <[email protected]>
Date: Thu, 16 Nov 2023 at 19:25
Subject: CULTURAL QA 11-2023-16A
To: Patty Thatha <[email protected]>, Iyer <
[email protected]>, Kerala Iyer <[email protected]>
CULTURAL QA 11-2023-16A
Q1 What are the details of Ahmed Hamdi Tunnel across SuezCanal?
A1 Location Suez Canal
Start Sinai Peninsula End Suez
Operation-Constructed Tarmac Construction
Opened 1981,Reopened 1992
Technical
Length 1.63 km (1.01 mi)
No. of lanes 2
Location of Ahmed Hamdi Tunnel that goes under the Suez canal
The Ahmed Hamdi Tunnel is a 1.63-kilometre-long (1.01 mi) car tunnel under
the Suez Canal at Shallufa. The tunnel is named after Ahmed Hamdi, an
Egyptian engineer and general killed in action during the Yom Kippur War.
It has two lanes of traffic, one in each direction, and it connects the
Asian Sinai Peninsula to the town of Suez on the African mainland.
Construction
It was originally constructed as a shield tunnel by Tarmac Construction in
November 1981. In 1992, the Japanese government granted aid to a project
aimed at rehabilitating the tunnel which had developed leaks. It is 1.63
kilometres (1.01 mi) long and has an outside diameter of 11.6 metres (38
ft).[3] The tunnel reaches a maximum depth of 51 metres (167 ft) below
ground level.[4][5]
Significant developments in the region
The tunnel was part of a major drive to develop the areas surrounding the
Suez Canal, including other projects such as the Suez Canal overhead line
crossing (completed in 1998), the El Ferdan Railway Bridge, and the Suez
Canal Bridge (completed in 2001).
The above Answer is copied from wikipedia
All the BELOW QA are from Quora DIGEST to me on 16-11-2023.
QUORA ANSWERS NEED NOT BE 100% CORRECT ANSWERS.
Q2 Is drinking water right before sleeping good or bad?
A2 Mia Delacroix,Senior Nutritionist at Clinics (2013–present)Sep 30
Drinking water right before sleeping can have both advantages and
disadvantages, depending on individual factors and preferences. Here's a
detailed explanation, along with scientific insights:
Drinking Water Before Sleeping:
Advantages:
Hydration: Staying adequately hydrated is important for overall health.
Drinking water before bed can help ensure that you are properly hydrated,
especially if you haven't consumed enough fluids during the day.Scientific
Study: Proper hydration is essential for various bodily functions,
including circulation, temperature regulation, and waste removal.
Reduced Morning Dehydration: Drinking water before bedtime may reduce the
risk of waking up with a dry mouth or feeling excessively thirsty in the
morning.
Scientific Study: Research in the "Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine"
(2007) discussed the effects of dehydration on sleep quality and morning
discomfort.
Disadvantages:
Night time Waking: Consuming a large amount of water shortly before bed may
lead to night time waking to use the bathroom, disrupting your sleep
pattern. Scientific Study: Research in the "Journal of Urology" (2012)
explored the impact of nighttime urinary frequency on sleep quality.
Heartburn: For some individuals, drinking water before lying down can
increase the risk of acid reflux or heartburn, particularly if the stomach
is still digesting a late dinner. Scientific Study: A study published in
"Gut" (2015) discussed the relationship between nighttime reflux and fluid
consumption.
Best Practices:
Moderation: If you choose to drink water before bed, do so in moderation.
Sip a small amount to quench thirst without overloading your bladder.
Timing: Aim to drink water at least an hour before bedtime to reduce the
likelihood of night time waking.
Consider Individual Factors: Your personal preferences, habits, and any
existing medical conditions can influence whether drinking water before bed
is beneficial or not. Consider what works best for you.
In conclusion, whether drinking water before sleeping is good or bad
depends on various factors, including your hydration status, sleep habits,
and tolerance to nighttime waking. It's important to strike a balance
between staying hydrated and avoiding disruptions to your sleep.
Q3 Is there another force other than gravity that is keeping our solar
system together, including Earth and everything else in it?
A3 Rudi Widiyanto, Lives in Jakarta (2015–present)8h
Yes, there is another force other than gravity that is keeping our solar
system together, including Earth and everything else in it.
That force is called centripetal force
1. Centripetal force is the force that makes an object move in a circular
path. It is always directed towards the center of the circle. In our solar
system, the centripetal force that keeps the planets in orbit around the
Sun is provided by the Sun’s gravity
2The Sun’s gravity is very strong because the Sun is very massive and has a
lot of matter. The more matter an object has, the stronger its gravity is.
The Sun’s gravity pulls the planets towards it, but the planets also have
their own speed and direction, called velocity. The planets’ velocity makes
them want to move in a straight line, away from the Sun. This is called
inertia. Inertia is the tendency of an object to resist any change in its
motion.
The balance between the Sun’s gravity and the planets’ inertia creates a
curved path, or an orbit, around the Sun1
The shape of the orbit is not a perfect circle, but an ellipse, which is
like a stretched-out circle. The orbits of the planets are slightly
elliptical, meaning that they are closer to the Sun at some points and
farther away at others. The orbits of some objects, like comets, are very
elliptical, meaning that they have a very long and narrow shape. The orbits
of the planets and other objects in our solar system are also affected by
the gravity of other planets and objects.
Sometimes, these gravitational interactions can cause small changes in the
orbits, called perturbations. For example, the orbit of Mercury, the
closest planet to the Sun, is slightly perturbed by the gravity of Venus,
the second closest planet. These perturbations are very small and do not
affect the stability of the solar system, but they can be measured by
precise observations1
I hope this answer helps you understand the forces that keep our solar
system together.
REF
1: Gravity And Centripetal Force In Our Solar System
2: The Two Forces That Keep the Planets in Motion Around the Sun
Q4 Where do rivers form in deserts?
A4 Steven Haddock, Lives in Toronto, ON (1959–present)16h
Usually in nearby mountains where snow falls heavily in the winter and
melts throughout the year.
The literal cradle of civilization, Mesopotamia (literally the land between
the rivers) has the Tigris and Euphrates, which start in different places
but meet near the coast. They flow from mountains in modern Turkey
southwards to the Persian Gulf through modern Iraq. Most of the way they
flow through very dry areas that get very little rain (Baghdad averages 6
inches a year, which is just above “desert”) but so much snow falls in the
mountains that the river flows pretty much uninterrupted all year.
Since the Dead Sea is in the picture…..
The source of the Jordan River, one of the main water sources for both
Israel and Jordan, starts way up in the mountains that largely form the
border between Lebanon and Syria.
See, snow. That snow melts and feed the river, which eventually winds up in
a basin unconnected from the ocean called the Dead Sea which gets between
2–3 inches of rain a year, but is still full of water (although it’s
getting progressively saltier). However, the northern parts of Galilee,
which also drains into this watershed, do get about 40 inches of rain a
year, although the southern parts might only get a single inch.
Q5 Can we build a 300 km long Tunnel?
A5 Gopalkrishna Vishwanath, Retired Structural Engineer & language and
internet/social media enthusiast.6h
It would be challenging. It would be horribly expensive. It would take
decades to build. It would need a reason to be built. There should be two
places that need such a tunnel connection.
But It is not impossible. The longest tunnel built so far is this one.
This is the Gotthard Base Tunnel in Switzerland. It is 57.1 kilometers
(35.5 miles) long.
It was opened in 2016.
The tunnel is part of the AlpTransit project, which is a major
infrastructure project to improve rail transport across the Alps.
The Gotthard Base Tunnel is a key part of this project, as it provides a
direct route between northern and southern Switzerland, bypassing the
winding mountain roads that were previously used.
So if this was possible in 17 years, all it needs is some more years, some
more money and a reason for spending it.
The tunnel should be economically viable. Finding a reason and a place to
build such a tunnel is more challenging than building it.
My note-Mr G Viswanath was a member of Thatha Patti yahoo groups. He is a
structural Engineer, Mtech from Bits Pilani.
Compiled and posted by R. Gopala Krishnan, 80, on 16-11-2023.
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