MRIGA PAKSHI SASTRA
KR This many may not know; phylum came only after Darwin. KR
Chapter 2.4 - The genesis of animals and birds in Ramayana
The genesis of birds and animals is described in the Aranyakanda fourth
sarga, in Valmiki Ramayana. As Rama and others were going to Pancavati for
his exiled life in the forest, they saw a vulture which was quite huge and
ferocious. Thinking it to be a monster of a giant, Ramalakshmana asked it,
“Who are you, sir?” The bird immediately became quite calm and friendly and
to please them, it replied, “Devotees, you should know that I am a friend
of your father.” When they came to know that the vulture was a friend of
their father, they venerated it. They further asked him (thinking it to be
a friend of their father) about his tribe and name.
In answer to the question, the vulture began to speak about the genesis of
all creatures and also about his own tribe. He told them that the
Prajapatis are Kardama, Vikrita, Shesha, Samshraya, Bahuputra, Sthanu,
Marici, Atri, Krathu, Pulastya, Angiras, Pracetas, Pulaha, Daksha,
Vivasvan, Arishtanemi, and Kashyapa.
Among the Prajapati known as Daksha had sixty daughters. Eight of them,
namely Aditi, Diti, Danu, Manu, Kalika, Tamra, Krodhavasha and Anala, were
married by Kashyapa. He was happy with them and he blessed them saying they
will have sons who will be rulers of the three worlds. Aditi had thirty
three sons. Twelve of them were Adityas, eight Vasukkal, one Rudras, two of
them Ashvani deities.
Diti’s children were Daityas. Danu got Danavas. Kalika got Naraka and
Kalikan as her sons. Tamra had five daughters. They were Kraunci, Bhasi,
Shyeni, Dhritarashtri, and Shuki. Kraunci delivered owls, Bhasi had
chicken, Shyeni had vultures, Dhritarashtri had goose, swans and ducks and
Shuki delivered Nata.
Krodhavasha had ten daughters. They were Mrigi, Mrigamanda, Hari,
Bhadramata, Matangi, Sharduli, Shveta, Surabhi, Surasa and Kadru. All kinds
of deer are the issues of Mrigi. The issues of Mrigamanda are bears, deer
known as Srimara, and camari deer. Bhadramata had a daughter called
Iravati. The Elephant Airavata is the son of Iravati and he bears the globe
on him.
Hari’s children are the lions and the monkeys. Sharduli’s children are some
special kinds of monkeys and tigers. From Matangi there came elephants
called Matangaja and Shveta got ‘Dvigajams” as sons. Surabhi had two
daughters Rohini and Gandharvi. Rohini gave birth to cows and Gandharvi to
horses.[6] Surasa became the mother of snakes and Kadru to crawling
creatures. Manu was the mother of human beings and Anala was he mother of
all trees and plants.
Vinata is the daughter of Nata whose mother was Shuki. Vinata had two
children Garuda and Aruna. Jatayu and Sampati are the sons of Aruna,
brother of Garuda.
Jatayu said to Rama“ Know that I am Jatayu. This forest is full of animals
and giants. I will give protection to you and also to Mother Sita.” Rama
embraced Jatayu and revered him. After that together with Jatayu, they
continued their journey to Pancavati.
II The origin of the flora and fauna in the Puranas
The origin of the flora and fauna in Garudamahapurana [Garudapurana]
The names of the wives of Kashyapa are: Aditi, Diti, Danu, Manu, Kala,
Simhika, Muni, Kadru, Sandhya, Ira, Krodha, Vinata, Surabhi and Khaga. Here
Tamra is not mentioned as a wife of Kashyapa. But her children are Shuki,
Shyeni, Bhasi, Sugrivi, Uluki and Gridhrika Shuki gave birth Shukas, Shyeni
was the mother of Shyenyans, Bhasi gave birth to Bhasas, Gridhri to
Gridhyans and Uluki to Ulukans. The birds that hover about water are the
issues of Sugrivi. From Tamra’s lineage come horses, camels, donkeys, etc.
Garuda and Aruna are the sons of Vinata.[5] Surasa had serpents and Kadru
had Nagas as their children. Here Surasa is not mentioned as a wife of
Kashyapa.
The origin of the flora and fauna in Matsyamahapurana [Matsyapurana]
Here the wives of Kashyapa are Aditi, Diti, Danu, Arishta, Surasa, Surabhi,
Vinata, Tamra, Krodhavasha, Ira, Kadru,Vishva and Muni. From the semen of
Kashyapa, Tamra gave birth to six virgins. They are Shuki, Shyeni, Bhasi,
Sugrivi, Gridhika, and Shuki.
>From Shyeni were born kites and from Shuki were born parrots and owls. From
Bhasi were monkeys. Vultures, doves, Brahmani goose and pigeons were born
from Gridhra. From Shuki were born birds that move about in water like
swans, ducks and love birds. Goat, horse, sheep, camel and ass were born
from Sugrivi. Vinata had Aruna and Garuda as her sons. Surasa gave birth to
serpents and Kadru to nagas
The origin of the flora and fauna in Brahmamahapurana [Brahmapurana]
Here Aditi, Diti, Danu, Arishta, Surasa, Khasa, Surabhi, Vinita, Tamra,
Krodhavasha, Ira, Kadru and Muni are mentioned as the wives of Kashyapa.[9]
Tamra’s daughters are: Kraunci, Shyeni, Bhasi, Sugrivi, Shuki and
Gridhrika. Kraunci gave birth to owls and crows, Shyeni to vultures, Bhasi
to chicken, Gridhri to kites and Shuki to birds that move on water, Sugrivi
to horses, camels and asses. Vinata’s children were Aruna and Garuda.Surasa
had serpents and Kadru had snake as their children. Surabhi gave birth to
cows and she-buffaloes.
The origin of the flora and fauna in Vishnumahapurana [Vishnupurana]
Here the wives of Kashyapa are Aditi, Diti, Danu, Surabhi, Ira, Muni,
Svasa, Arishta, Kadru, Vinata, Krodhavasha, Surasa and Tamra. Tamra’s
daughters are Shuki, Shyeni, Bhasi, Sugrivi, Shuki and Gridhrika. Shuki
gave birth to parrots, owls and crows. Shyeni produced kites, Bhasi
chicken, Gridhri vultures, Shuki water birds, Sugrivi, horses and donkeys.
Vinata had Garuda andAruna as her sons. Kadru had serpents and Surasa had
snakes as their children. Surabhi had cows and buffaloes, Krodhavasha had
water creatures and land-birds that were carnivorous.
The origin of the flora and fauna in Brahmandamahapurana [Brahmandapurana]
Here the wives of Kashyapa were Aditi, Diti, Danu, Kashta, Arishta, Anaya,
Khasa, Surabhi, Vinata, Tamra, Muni, Krodhavasha and Kadru.[18] Surabhi had
two daughters Rohini and Gandharvi. Rohini got four daughters. Among them,
Kamadukha gave birth to cows, Hamsakali to buffaloes, Bhadra to Avijatis.
Noble and high quality horses are the issues of Gandharvi.Surabhi had an
issue called ‘Prabhan’, a buffalo.
Vinata got two sons–Aruna and Garuda. Kadru had serpents as her children.
>From Krodhavasha twelve virgins were born. Of these: Mrigi had deer,
mrugas, rabbits, fallow deer, ettadiman, black deer, and spotted deer as
her sons. Mrigamanda had bears, yaks, buffaloes, camels, pigs,
hippopotamuses and gauramukhans. Haribhadra had lions, golangulas, monkeys,
Kinnaras, Mayukkal, tigers, leopards, crocodiles, cats, rats, frogs and
mongooses
Shveta had monkeys. Iravati had elephants like Airavata. Sarama had dogs.
Damshtra gave birth to lions, tigers and bears and other carnivorous
animals Risha had fives daughters. Among them Mina gave birth to whales,
and crocodiles. Amina gave birth to Madgurar, Shankukkal, Ugrar and
Shimshumarar. Parivarta had swallows, wath, and leeches. Anuvrita gave
birth to frogs.
Kashyapa children were like their mother from their birth. They were all
similar to their mother in morals, wisdom, habits, patience, strength, form
and shape. Depending on the measure of ‘satvarajastamas’ they were just or
unjust.
Tamra’s six daughters are Gridhri, Bhasi, Shuki, Kraunci, Shyeni and
Dhritarashtri. Of these Gridhri is known as the wife of Aruna and the
remaining are the wives of Garuda] Jatayu and Sampati were the sons of
Gridhri. Bhasi’s children are Bhasas, owls, crows, chicken, peacocks and
peahens, ‘kalavinkas’, pigeons, taithiris, Brahmani goose, hippopotamus,
kites, swallows and cranes. Dhritharashtri gave birth to swans, kalahamsas,
Brahmany geese, and water birds. Shuki gave birth Shukas and love birds.
Shyeni produced kites. In Mahabharata and Ramayana, Shyeni is said to be
the mother of Jatayu.
(TO BE CONTINUED) k Rajaram IRS 6 1 24
On Sat, 6 Jan 2024 at 16:37, 'gopala krishnan' via Thatha_Patty <
[email protected]> wrote:
> *CULTURAL QA 01-2024-06*
>
> Q What are the major animal phyla and the characteristics of each?
> I'm looking for 10 different phyla.
>
> A Gary Meaney, author of Zoology's Greatest Mystery (2022)6h
>
> For those who aren’t familiar with the term, we divide the animal kingdom
> into very broad groups called phyla. A single phylum can contain an
> extraordinary diversity of species - we, Homo sapiens, share ours with
> beings that look more like aliens than animals. Even still, there are a lot
> more than ten of them. Believe it or not, we currently recognise over 30
> living animal phyla! Let’s meet them all.
>
>
>
> *1. As humans, our phylum is called the **Chordates*. This group includes
> the vast majority of “familiar” animals - our fellow mammals, as well as
> reptiles, birds, and amphibians… all the large land-dwelling creatures of
> the Earth. All the fish too - both the bony variety, and those whose
> skeletons are made of cartilage, like sharks.
>
> People often use the word “vertebrates” interchangeably with “chordates”, but
> this isn’t entirely true.
>
> The animals I just mentioned represent the vertebrates, as they all have a
> backbone. However, there are other chordates which don’t! Instead, these
> creatures have a primitive rod of elastic material called a notochord.
> Think of it as a precursor to the backbone - our ancient ancestors had one,
> hundreds of millions of years ago.
>
> There are two groups of non-vertebrate chordates alive today. The former
> are incredibly strange, jelly-like animals, which root themselves to the
> seabed and siphon water through their bodies, filtering their tiny plankton
> food from it. I could never do their weirdness justice in this short
> paragraph, but I wrote a full answer on them a while ago.
>
> The latter - the lancelets - are also found in the oceans. They have a
> very simple body plan, with a sleek blade-like form, a tail fin for
> swimming, and a mouth full of little tentacles. It’s likely that the first
> ever chordates to evolve, more than half a billion years ago, resembled
> lancelets!
>
> *2 The second phylum we’ll meet is called the **Echinoderms**.* Together
> with another which I’ll mention in a moment, these guys are the closest
> cousins of the chordates, though you wouldn’t think it from looking at
> them! This group includes starfish, their more slender cousins the
> brittle stars, as well as sea urchins, sea cucumbers and the mesmerising
> feather stars, pictured third below.
>
> Echinoderms are very unique because of their symmetry. Most animals,
> including us, have what’s called bilateral symmetry - the left side of
> their body is more or less a mirror image of the right side. Think of a
> starfish, however; it instead has evolved “pentaradial” symmetry. Its body
> can be divided into five identical parts arranged around a central axis.
> The same is true for all echinoderms!
>
> 3 There is a very obscure phylum which represents the closest relatives
> of the echinoderms: the Hemichordates. Some, termed acorn worms, live
> inside burrows in sediments on the sea floor. They are rather slimy
> creatures which often bear an uncomfortable resemblance to certain human
> anatomy. An acorn worm is pictured below.
>
> Others live together in colonies, clusters of many filter-feeding
> individuals, whose tentacles sift through the water for food. Hemichordates
> get their name from the supportive rod-like structure found within them -
> it’s almost like the notochord or backbone which defines us chordates.
>
> As we continue, the animals we’ll to meet are even more genetically
> distant to us humans, and in many cases, more bizarre.
>
> 4 First, though, let’s check in with another set of familiar
> faces - the Arthropods. The diversity of arthropods cannot be understated
> - out of the 1.5 million animal species we have classified, they alone
> account for more than a million, and there are doubtless many millions more
> waiting to be discovered.
>
> With this phylum, we’re talking about insects, spiders, scorpions, crabs,
> lobsters, barnacles, millipedes, centipedes and so so much more. They’ve
> conquered every environment on Earth and range in size from utterly
> microscopic plankton to the gigantic Japanese spider crab. The exoskeleton
> - an armour plating made of tough chitin - is what defines the arthropods.
>
> 5 The famous Tardigrades are another phylum - though they might look a
> bit like arthropods, they have their own distinct group. Also known as
> water bears, they have eight legs, and typically grow to just half a
> millimetre in length. They can be found everywhere - mosses, soil, leafy
> forest floors, coastal sands, riverbeds, sediments at the bottom of the
> sea. Indeed, they are notorious for their mind-blowing ability to withstand
> just about every set of conditions scientists throw at them.
>
> Some tardigrades can survive temperatures of -273 degrees Celsius - yes,
> absolute zero. Other species have endured 150 degrees Celsius! Pressures
> that would crumple most animals like a coke can? No problem. Radiation
> sufficient to obliterate a human? That’s nothing. These water bears are
> practically indestructible!
>
> 6 Next we come to the Velvet Worms, who are the only animal phylum
> that is found only on land, never in the sea. There are “only” about two
> hundred species, all of which roam tropical or subtropical regions of the
> world. Velvet worms have loads of little stubby legs - up to 86 - each one
> tipped with a tiny pair of claws. Up close, they almost look cute!
>
> Don’t get on their bad side, though. When threatened, velvet worms spray
> twin streams of slime from their face! This sticky substance can also be
> used to trap unsuspecting prey.
>
> 7 Now, the ubiquitous Nematodes, also known as roundworms. According to
> the latest estimates, there may be a million species of nematodes wriggling
> around this planet. As is the case for the arthropods and tardigrades, it
> seems there is no environment roundworms can’t conquer - they’ve even been
> found several kilometres below the Earth’s surface!
>
> Even more incredibly, it’s thought that there are about 500 trillion of
> them alive. That accounts for about 8 in every 10 individual animals in the
> world! This leads to the unexpected factoid that the average number of legs
> for an animal is about zero. Roundworm expert Nathan Cobb put it best:
>
> * “In short, if all the matter in the universe except the nematodes
> were swept away, our world would still be dimly recognizable, and if, as
> disembodied spirits, we could then investigate it, we should find its
> mountains, hills, vales,* rivers, lakes, and oceans represented by a film
> of nematodes.”
>
> 8 The Nematomorphs, or horsehair worms, look very similar to nematodes at
> first glance, but some fundamental differences earn them a phylum of their
> own. Adult horsehair worms live in streams, puddles, ponds and the like,
> but their larvae (babies) are parasites of insects, especially
> grasshoppers. Thus, they spend the first phase of their life inside an
> insect host, before taking on their free-swimming final form and emerging.
>
> The larvae often manipulate their hosts in terrifying ways. One species,
> for example, is a parasite of praying mantises, living inside their eyes.
> Amazingly, it can alter the cells in the mantis’ eyes such that it becomes
> attracted to horizontally polarised light, a specific form of light that
> reflects off the surface of water bodies. Zombie-like, the bug makes a
> beeline for the water and drowns, allowing the nematomorph to complete its
> life cycle.
>
> 9 Now for a bunch more obscure small phyla. The Mud Dragons might have
> the coolest name of any animal phylum hands down, though admittedly it
> sells them as slightly more exciting creatures than they actually are. Mud
> dragons rarely exceed a millimetre in length, and have a segmented body
> covered in spines, but no legs. As their name suggests, they dwell in the
> mud at the bottom of the ocean.
>
> Back in the Cambrian times, about half a billion years ago, the early mud
> dragons grew far larger than their modern counterparts.
>
> We now go from a cool name to a funny name - however, I hesitate to write
> it here, lest Quora flag my answer as inappropriate! You can probably guess
> it from the picture, in any case.
>
> 10 For the time being, I will use the phylum’s more scientific name, the
> Priapulids. As another clue, this name comes from Priapus, the Greek god
> of fertility.
>
> Like their aforementioned cousins the mud dragons, priapulids live in the
> silt beneath shallow waters. They can be a lot bigger though, at up to 40
> centimetres in length.
>
> 11 Let’s now meet the most mysterious animal phylum of all: the
> Loriciferans. To date, we’ve described about 40 species, the first of
> which was only found in the ‘80s! They evaded discovery for so long due to
> their unique lifestyle: they cement themselves to grains of gravel on the
> seafloor, seldom ever coming loose from their substrate. They’re tiny,
> too, though beautiful under the microscope
>
> Just a couple years ago, a species was discovered living inside a pool of
> brine (exceptionally salty seawater) that had gathered at the bottom of a
> deep basin in the Mediterranean Sea. This environment is completely
> devoid of oxygen, and is one of the few ecosystems on Earth that is not
> based on energy from the Sun, and photosynthesis. This makes loriciferans
> the only multi-celled organisms in the world that can spend their entire
> lives without oxygen!
>
> 12 We now return to another well-known phylum, the Molluscs. Mollusc
> diversity is breathtaking - the group includes squids, octopuses,
> cuttlefish, snails, slugs, clams, and a host of other slimy wonders. *One
> of their distinguishing features is an organ called the radula -
> essentially, a long tongue covered in thousands of microscopic razor-sharp
> teeth*, which emerges from the mouth during feeding. Almost all molluscs
> have one!
>
> Among their ranks, they boast the largest invertebrate on Earth: the
> colossal squid, which may weigh up to 700 kg, and measures ten metres in
> length. Some of its relatives - octopuses, most famously - also seem to be
> the world’s most intelligent invertebrates!
>
> Molluscs are cousins to various phyla which aren’t quite as flashy or
> interesting to the layperson, so I’ll do a quick whirlwind tour of them.
>
> 13 You’ve got the Brachiopods, which look a bit like clams superficially.
> Look closely at the photo below and you’ll see the creature’s so-called
> lophophore: a U-shaped arrangement of countless hairs inside the “mouth”.
> These hairs are wiggling constantly, so as to keep water circulating
> through the body.
>
> The Horseshoe Worms also have a lophophore, but this time the crown of
> tentacle hairs is circular, and it’s out on display, not enclosed within
> any kind of shell. They use this organ to filter-feed; it’s almost like a
> fishing net, passively catching tiny morsels of food from the passing sea
> water. Some horseshoe worms have striking vivid colours!
>
> 14 Few animals look more alien than the Entoprocts. These minuscule
> beings live in the sea, but don’t swim; rather, they stay rooted to a
> stable surface. *The entoproct body is shaped like a wine glass, with a
> central stem at the base and a ring of tentacles forming a “cup*”. They
> are hermaphrodites - there are no distinct males or females, that is - and
> fascinatingly they reproduce via cloning!
>
> Most species live in vast colonies of countless individuals, which are all
> fused to each other, connected by common tubes called stolons. Truly
> bizarre creatures!
>
> 15 The closely related Bryozoans often have a similar colonial lifestyle.
> A bryozoan colony acts almost as a massive super-organism, with each
> individual acting almost as a cell. Just like cells, the colony members
> even specialise - some exist solely for feeding, others for structural
> support, others for snapping at predators, others still for reproduction.
> Animals like these really challenge our definitions of what an organism is
> - and what it isn’t.
>
> 16 The last of these mollusc-adjacent phyla is the Ribbon Worms. Among
> their defining characteristics is a rather gruesome weapon: a slimy
> proboscis, which can be launched out of the head, and inject venom into
> poor unsuspecting prey. Ribbon worms are extremely elastic - they can
> stretch out to ten times their resting size, or triple in thickness at
> will!
>
> In fact, you may be surprised to hear that the longest animal in the world
> is a ribbon worm! One specimen was recorded at an utterly gigantic 54
> metres in length, which is almost double that of the largest blue whale.
>
> 17 Continuing with our wormy theme, we arrive at the Annelids.
> A lot of the more “popular” worms, if they can be called that, belong to
> this phylum - including the iconic earthworms. Leeches also fall under
> the annelid category. They all share one crucial characteristic - a
> segmented body.
>
> 18 I myself am partial to the bristleworms, a diverse subset
> of the annelids. Each segment along their length bears a pair of paddles,
> termed parapodia, which help them get around. A lot of the bristleworm
> species you’ll find in the deep sea are shockingly beautiful, and often
> bioluminiscent. Look at this one!
>
> 19 The Cycliophores are a strong candidate for the oddest animal phylum
> out there. In 1995, zoologists discovered a microscopic marine species
> that was so utterly different from anything previously known that it had to
> be assigned to a whole new phylum of its own. To this date we only know
> of a pitiful three species, all of which are similar enough to each other
> to be in the same genus.
>
> The way cycliophores reproduce is so mind-bendingly bizarre that I’ll need
> to write a full answer about it to do it justice. *As a teaser, just know
> that at one point in its life cycle, the animal is reduced to just 47
> individual cells! There is really nothing like this phylum elsewhere in
> nature.*
>
> 19 Moving on, we have the Flatworms. These animals are extremely simple
> in anatomy compared to the ones we’ve already met: they have no real
> circulatory or respiratory system. Instead, oxygen just diffuses through
> the body from cell to cell. To facilitate this, their bodies are
> paper-thin - flatworms are, indeed, flat worms.
>
> Though many are microscopic, the larger flatworm species often have bright
> colours (advertising their poisonous nature to would-be predators), and can
> be quite pretty!
>
> 20 The Hairybellies just about beat the mud dragons for the
> title of best-named animal phylum. The title refers to the many cilia
> (hair-like projections) which line their body and allow them to swim
> through the water. Hairybellies are similar to flatworms in many respects
> and can usually only be seen with a microscope.
>
> 21 There is another flatworm-like phylum - the Mesozoans - but
> in the nicest way possible, they really just aren’t particularly remarkable
> creatures, so I will sadly omit them for brevity.
>
> 22 Instead, let’s progress to the Rotifers, also known as wheel animals.
> Like many of the phyla we’ve covered so far, they are abundant, aquatic,
> and microscopic. Thanks to the crown of tendrils which projects from their
> mouth, they’re unmistakeable.They can look pretty scary up close!
>
> Animals in some phyla related to the rotifers possess surprisingly complex
> jaws, made of chitin. Such an advanced feature is quite unexpected in
> these relatively primitive animals!
>
> 22 and 23 These two phyla are referred to as the (aptly named) Jaw
> Worms, the Arrow Worms and the Micrognathozoans. That last one is a
> mouthful! Here’s a close-up of those chitinous chompers.
>
> 24 For another mouthful of a name, take the Xenocoelamorphs.
> That’s just a few letters away from being a James Cameron movie monster!
> These creatures are far less scary, that being said. They don’t really have
> any true organs or anything, they’re almost just living blobs.
>
> That said, we’re only just beginning to get to the truly primitive and
> alien animals.
>
> 25 It’s time for the Cnidarians. The most recognisable members of this
> phylum are without doubt the jellyfish, famed for their anatomical
> simplicity. Sea anemones and corals are also part of this group. They all
> share a fundamental trait: cnidocytes, specially adapted cells which can
> release a venomous harpoon when triggered. This is what gives a jellyfish
> its sting!
>
> 26 The most interesting cnidarians, to me, are the siphonophores,
> colonial creatures which team up in their thousands to form a giant
> super-organism. Believe it or not, the iconic Portuguese man o’ war is not
> a single creature, but a colony of them working together. Some
> siphonophore colonies can grow to be over 40 metres long! They truly look
> like something from an alien world:
>
> 27 The simplest animals on Earth are the Placozoans. Really,
> they are more like amoebas than animals. They have no defined shape, no
> body parts of any kind. They multiply via budding or fission, never with
> sexual reproduction. This is animal life in its most basic form.
>
> Despite this, we still haven’t quite reached the base of the animal family
> tree. In a genetic sense, there are more phyla that are even more primitive.
>
>
> 28 Our penultimate phylum: the hauntingly beautiful Comb Jellies. Often
> confused with jellyfish, these strange beasts have a hollow, translucent
> body, lined with “combs” of cilia which flutter to propel them along.
>
> Some species have a pair of long tentacles trailing behind them, while
> others are bioluminescent. They can be up to 1.5 metres in diameter!
>
> 29 Now, we finally arrive at the most primitive and ancient of all living
> animals: the Sponges. They do not move, and have no real organ systems to
> speak of. Their survival is based on the maintenance of a constant flow
> of water through them, water which they filter for tasty plankton.
>
> It is possible that sponges have been around for well over 600 million
> years! They are old in another sense, too - the giant volcano sponge of
> Antarctica is the world’s longest-lived animal. Some living specimens are
> estimated to be a staggering 15,000 years of age!
>
> With that, we conclude our epic journey through 31 different animal realms
> . If you stuck around this long, I sincerely thank you! I know that most
> of these species aren’t as glamorous to those who aren’t animal obsessives
> the way I am, so I hope this was somewhat interesting. I hope 2024 is
> treating you well, and as always, have a great day!
>
> My note- Most of us would have studied in pre-degree or intermediate about
> different phylam. Zoology Main would have studied more. For me it was an
> interesting reading. The QA is from Quora. I could number only 29.
>
> Gopalakrishnan 6-1-2024
>
> --
> You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google Groups
> "Thatha_Patty" group.
> To unsubscribe from this group and stop receiving emails from it, send an
> email to [email protected].
> To view this discussion on the web visit
> https://groups.google.com/d/msgid/thatha_patty/1318041777.4717687.1704539215259%40mail.yahoo.com
> <https://groups.google.com/d/msgid/thatha_patty/1318041777.4717687.1704539215259%40mail.yahoo.com?utm_medium=email&utm_source=footer>
> .
>
--
You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google Groups
"Thatha_Patty" group.
To unsubscribe from this group and stop receiving emails from it, send an email
to [email protected].
To view this discussion on the web visit
https://groups.google.com/d/msgid/thatha_patty/CAL5XZoo0YS2S2cT16SK-VZi_MW1ytPXfFEKobUNWZ2rzayaB8Q%40mail.gmail.com.
