Sanskrit holds official and constitutional recognition primarily in *India*, where it is an official language and one of the country's 22 scheduled languages. While no other national government recognizes it as an official or state language, it is highly promoted academically and culturally worldwide
- *National Level:* Recognized in the Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constitution. It holds the status of a "Classical Language," a title protected by the Ministry of Education. - *State Level:* *Uttarakhand* and *Himachal Pradesh* recognize Sanskrit as their second official language - *(Global)* - *Germany:* Germany has a long history of honoring Sanskrit, with major universities offering specialized programs to study Indo-European linguistics, Indian philosophy, and ancient texts., - ]*United Kingdom & United States:* Elite institutions (such as Oxford, mbridge, Harvard, and UC Berkeley) have prominent departments dedicated to Sanskrit and Indology. - *International Organizations:* It is celebrated globally through platforms like the World Sanskrit Conference <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Sanskrit_Conference> (supported by international linguistic bodies) and grassroots organizations like Samskrita Bharati, which operate teaching centers in dozens of countries The World Sanskrit Conference is an international conference organized at various locations globally. It has been held in North America, Europe, Asia and Australia. The Delhi International Sanskrit Conference of 1972 is considered to be the first World Sanskrit Conference. So far it has been held in India four times (1972, 1981, 1997, 2012) The World Sanskrit Conferences are held under the aegis of the International Association of Sanskrit Studies. conferences have been held as follows: *Date* *Location* June 1975 Turin <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turin>, Italy 20–25 June 1977 Paris <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris>, France 23–30 May 1979 Weimar <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weimar>, West Germany 1981 Varanasi <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varanasi>, India 1984 Philadelphia <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia>, United States 1987 Leiden <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leiden>, Netherlands 27 August–2 September 1990 Vienna <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna>, Austria January 1994 Melbourne <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne>, Australia January 1997 Bangalore <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangalore>, India April 2000 Turin <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turin>, Italy July 2003 Helsinki <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helsinki>, Finland July 2006 Edinburgh <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh>, United Kingdom 1–6 September 2009 Kyoto <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto>, Japan 5–10 January 2012 New Delhi <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Delhi>, India 28 June–2 July 2015 Bangkok <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok>, Thailand 9–13 July 2018 Vancouver <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver>, Canada 9–13 January 2023 Canberra <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canberra>, Australia (online) 26-30 June 2025 Kathmandu <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathmandu>, Nepal Pāṇini's comprehensive and scientific theory of grammar is conventionally taken to mark the start of Classical Sanskrit.[94] His systematic treatise inspired and made Sanskrit the preeminent Indian language of learning and literature for two millennia. It is unclear whether Pāṇini himself wrote his treatise or he orally created the detailed and sophisticated treatise then transmitted it through his students. Modern scholarship generally accepts that he knew of a form of writing, based on references to words such as lipi ('script') and lipikara ('scribe') in section 3.2 of the Aṣṭādhyāyī. A section of European scholars state that Sanskrit was never a spoken language. However, evidences shows that Sanskrit was a spoken language, essential for oral tradition that preserved the vast number of Sanskrit manuscripts from ancient India. The textual evidence in the works of Yaksa, Panini, and Patanajali affirms that Classical Sanskrit in their era was a spoken language (bhasha) used by the cultured and educated with some sutras expounding upon the variant forms of spoken Sanskrit versus written Sanskrit. Chinese Buddhist pilgrim Xuanzang mentioned in his memoir that official philosophical debates in India were held in Sanskrit, not in the vernacular language of that region. The Sanskrit language's historic presence is attested across a wide geography beyond South Asia. Inscriptions and literary evidence suggests that Sanskrit language was already being adopted in Southeast Asia and Central Asia in the 1st millennium CE, through monks, religious pilgrims and merchants. South Asia has been the geographic range of the largest collection of the ancient and pre-18th-century Sanskrit manuscripts and inscriptions. Beyond ancient India, significant collections of Sanskrit manuscripts and inscriptions have been found in China (particularly the Tibetan monasteries),] Myanmar, Indonesia,] Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, Thailand, and Malaysia. Sanskrit inscriptions, manuscripts or its remnants, including some of the oldest known Sanskrit written texts, have been discovered in dry high deserts and mountainous terrains such as in Nepal, Tibet, Afghanistan Mongolia, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, and Kazakhstan. Some Sanskrit texts and inscriptions have also been discovered in Korea and Japan.[ There has been a profound influence of Sanskrit on the lexical and grammatical systems of Dravidian languages. As per Dalby, India has been a single cultural area for about two millennia which has helped Sanskrit influence on all the Indic languages. Emeneau and Burrow mention the tendency "for all four of the Dravidian literary languages in South to make literary use of total Sanskrit lexicon indiscriminately". There are a large number of loanwords found in the vocabulary of the three major Dravidian languages Malayalam, Kannada and Telugu.[336] Tamil also has significant loanwords from Sanskrit. Krishnamurthi mentions that although it is not clear when the Sanskrit influence happened on the Dravidian language many words of Sanskrit found major insurgence in Tamil and later to a lesser extent tamil also got into the Sanskrit in a few words of south culture. THAMILZH had Akaththiyam written by Sage Agasthiya / Akaththiyar , referred by Tolkaappiar in his Tolkaappiam which is the first available written Thamilzh Grammar from 360 BCE till date . In that Grammar, Tholkaappiar had written Sol athikaaram , wherein he had classified words into 4 categories - Eiyarchol , Vadasol , Thirisol and .Thisai chol .He had mentioned the rules to write Vadasol in Thamilzh. In Thirukkurral (written by Thiruvalluvar 34 BCE onwards ) there were 24 THAMILZHISED words . So in Thirukkurrall , which has more than 14000 words , there are 24 Vadasol. Later in 3rd Thamilzh Sangam texts until 200 CE , we find 45 Vadasol. Later texts had 242 Vadasol and Thirisol until 6th century CE. Vadasol started entering more after 13th century CE . So another style called manippravalam came into existence in the 15th century CE. So new letters - ஷ ( sha) , ஸ ( sa) , ஹ ( ha ) ,க்ஷ (ksha), and ஸ்ரீ ( Sri) were added in the 16th century to represent Vadasol. In 1895 , Mrs. Neelambika /நீலாம்பிகை அம்மையார் ,daughter of Maraimalai Adikal and a Thamilzh Teacher , compiled a list of Vadasol in Thamilzh. It was published as a compendium under the title “ Vadasol - Thamilzh Akarathi “ in 1898 by Saiva Thamilzh Paathukaappu Kalzhakam ( priced 3 Anna). It has 25 pages - including pages for Foreword and contents. I have gone through it 3 years back ( 2020). It contains the Vadasol in 23 pages. It has 2 columns per page and 40 words per Column . So there are 80 words per page from page 3 to 24 . In the 25th page (which isthe last page), the left column has 40 words , while the right column has 33 words. So the total number of Vadasol in Thamilzh in 44 columns are 1760 + 73 = 1833 words. Thamilzh doesn't claim itself to be the oldest language on the earth. However, it is not only one of the Oldest Languages but also THE OLDEST LIVING CLASSICAL LANGUAGE. The Tolkāppiyam was originally written in Tamil-Brahmi (also known as Tamili), which was the writing system used in ancient Tamil Nadu during the Sangam period. Key Details About the Original Script: The Script: The original texts and inscriptions from this era used Tamil-Brahmi, an adapted variant of the Brahmi script designed to fit the unique phonetic sounds of the Dravidian language. The Puḷḷi (Dot): The Tolkāppiyam itself explicitly mentions the puḷḷi—a diacritical dot placed on consonants to distinguish pure consonants from those with inherent vowels. This critical writing mechanism is what helps date the original grammar rules of the text to roughly the 2nd century CE. Evolution of the Text: Because ancient writing was done on perishable palm leaves, no original manuscripts survive physically. Over the centuries, the text was transcribed into Vatteluttu (a curvilinear script derived from Tamil-Brahmi), and later into the modern Tamil script *Prof. Vaipapuri Pillai has given the following matter in Tamil in his book ‘Tamil Sudar Manikal’. So I am not giving it in Tamil in my Tamil article.* Following is an excerpt from “ History of Tamil language and Literature” by Prof. S. Vaiyapuri Pillai: “ The Tolkappiam is directly indebted to Panini is quite clear. For instance Panini II, 3,18 is followed in Tolkappiam II, 557: Panini VII,3,107 is Tamilised in Tolkappiam II, 761. In a relatively late work, a sloka has been altered in Tolkappiam II, 575 in consonance with Tamil literary usage. Even from Paniniya Siksha rendered by Tolkappiar (Tolkappiam I, 83), Patanjali’s Mahabhashya is also laid under contribution. For instance, Patanjali classified compounds (samasas) into four kinds according to the place where their sense becomes full and significant, viz., Purva padartha pradhanah, Uttara padartha pradhanah ,Anya Padartha pradhanah and Ubhaya Padartha pradhanah. This classification was adopted by Tolkappiyar and the terms are literally translated in his grammar (II,4/9) He also indicates by adding “enba” that this matter has been taken from some ancient authority. Manu has been studied and utilised by Tolkappiar in regard to certain social prescriptions (compare Manu III, 46, 47 and Tolkappiam III, 185).This will give Tolkappiar a date posterior to 200 AD Kautilya’s Arthashastra has also furnished material to Tolkappiam( e.g. enumeration of 32 uktis at the end of both the works) But as Kautilya’s date is a disputed point, we may leave this out of account. Lastly Tolkappiar is very much indebted to Bharata Natya Sastra and Vatsyayana’s Kamasutra. I need only to mention the eight rasas (Natya VI 15) and eigth meipadu (Tolkappiam III, 3) and the dasavasthas (Kama V 1= Tolkappiam III, 97). This gives us a date perhaps later than fourth century AD. Considering all the earliest Tolkappiar may be assigned is the fifth century AD. The famous Sangha of Vajranandhi was established in 470 AD and perhaps Tolkappiam was its first literary output. This accords well with the fact that its author uses (III,133) the word ‘orai’ (Sanskrit Hora) which is a Greek word borrowed in Sanskrit astrological works about third or fourth century AD. *Date of Tolkappiar* The date of Tolkappiyar has been a disputed point. But, there are very strong grounds for holding that he flourished during the second half of the 5th century A.D. EVIDENCE OF AGE OF SAMSKRITHAM {7000 BCE} अहम् हि अतितनुः चैव वनरः च विशेषतः | वाचम् च उदाहरिष्यामि मानुषीम् इह संस्कृताम् || ५-३०-१७ 5 30 17 17. aham tu = I; however; atitanushcha = am very small; visheSataH = and particularly vaanarashcha = a money; iha = and now; udaahariSyaami = can speak; samskR^itaam = Sanskrit; maanuSiim = the human; vaachumcha = langugae too. "However, I am very small in stature, particularly as a monkey and can speak now Sanskrit, the human language too." यदि वाचम् प्रदास्यामि द्विजातिः इव संस्कृताम् | रावणम् मन्यमाना माम् सीता भीता भविष्यति || ५-३०-१८ वानरस्य विशेषेण कथं स्यादभिभाषणम्म् | 18. pradaasyaami yadi = If I use; samkR^itaam vaacham = Sankrit language; dvijaatiriva = like a brahmin; siitaa = Seetha; bhiita bhaviSyati = well become frightened; masyamaanaa = thinking; maam = me; raavaNam = as Ravana; visheSeNa = especially; vaanarasya = for a monkey; katham = how; syaat = can it be; abhibhaaSaNam = spoken? "If I use Sanskrit language like a brahmin, Seetha will get frightened, thinking me as Ravana. Especially, how can a monkey speak it?" इति स बहु विधम् महाअनुभावो | जगति पतेः प्रमदाम् अवेक्षमाणः | मधुरम् अवितथम् जगाद वाक्यम् | द्रुम विटप अन्तरम् आस्थितो || ५-३०-४४ 44 44. saH hanumaan = that Hanuma; mahaanubhaavaH = of noble mind; aasthitaH = abiding; druma viTapaantaram = in the midst of the twigs of the trees; avekSamaaNaH = and seeing; pramadaam = the wife; jagatipate = of Rama; the Lord of the Earth; jagaade = spoke; iti = thus; vaakyam = the words; bahuvidham = of many kinds; avitatham = which were not futile. The noble-minded Hanuman, abiding in the midst of the twigs of the trees and seeing Seetha, spoke the following words of many kinds which were not futile. Book V : Sundara Kanda - Book Of Beauty Chapter [Sarga] 31 Verses converted to UTF-8, Nov 09 Introduction Sitting on the branch of a Simshapa tree, Hanuma began to *narrate in human language* the story of Rama from the time he was born till his sending Hanuma to Lanka in search of Seetha. Hearing the narration of Hanuman, Seetha was overjoyed and finds Hanuma perched on Simshapa tree. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- K RAJARAM IRS 1626 On Sun, 31 May 2026 at 22:11, Venkatachalam Subramanian < [email protected]> wrote: > https://youtube.com/shorts/gOTH8w2RxTs?si=_jF_GgMW8dZs6pAa > > -- > You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google Groups > "Thatha_Patty" group. > To unsubscribe from this group and stop receiving emails from it, send an > email to [email protected]. > To view this discussion visit > https://groups.google.com/d/msgid/thatha_patty/CAJgp%3DduE3%3Dz65cK%2BoUDFt%3DQvBjv7NFUa8P6Vgf_V7gBvrtBT2Q%40mail.gmail.com > <https://groups.google.com/d/msgid/thatha_patty/CAJgp%3DduE3%3Dz65cK%2BoUDFt%3DQvBjv7NFUa8P6Vgf_V7gBvrtBT2Q%40mail.gmail.com?utm_medium=email&utm_source=footer> > . > -- You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google Groups "Thatha_Patty" group. 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