I refer you to David R Williams' chapter on "Biconditional Behavior: Conditioning without Constraint" in Autoshaping and Conditioning Theory, Edited by C.M. Locurto, H.S. Terrace, & John Gibbon, Academic Press (subsidiary of Harcourt Brace Jovanovich), New York , 1981, pp. 55-99. "In light of these findings, it seems appropriate to refer to key-pecking as 'biconditional' behavior, because its strength depends on both the conditional S-S link of classical conditioning, and the conditional R-S link of instrumental conditioning. A full account of its occurrence must take both soruce of conditional control into account." p. 78 Dr. Joyce Johnson Assistant Professor of Psychology Developmental/ Experimental Centenary College of Louisiana PO Box 41188 2911 Centenary Blvd. Shreveport, LA 71134-1188 <http://www.centenary.edu/~jjohnson> office 318 869 5253 FAX 318 869 5004 Attn: Dr Johnson, Psychology