Further to the above:

1. I found persisting references to earlier, now long-gone kernels in 
/var/lib/initramfs-tools, but not a complete list (there were 17, but there 
might have been many more if all the old kernel listings had been retained).
2. I manually deleted all but the newest and immediately prior references.
3. After confirming the system data via dpkg enquiries, I ran 'sudo dpkg 
--configure -a' which did not work.
4. I then ran 'sudo apt-get -f install' which allowed the new kernel extras 
installation to complete properly.

The cause of the installation failure was the attempt by the installer
to generate multiple initrd.img- files (as instructed from /var/lib
/initramfs-tools) which rapidly filled /boot leading to the software
break; these redundant initrd.img- files must be deleted from /boot for
the above steps to work (ie. to make space for the installer to proceed
within /boot).

These steps have solved this episode; it seems likely that with further
time, a new set of outdated kernel data will accumulate in /var/lib
/initramfs-tools, requiring manual deletion.

Automating this clean-up at the time of kernel updates may be entirely
inappropriate on many systems.

The above may assist others.

I look forward to more expert assessment.

CMB 06/03/2018

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You received this bug notification because you are a member of Ubuntu
Touch seeded packages, which is subscribed to initramfs-tools in Ubuntu.
https://bugs.launchpad.net/bugs/1753352

Title:
  package linux-image-extra-4.4.0-116-generic 4.4.0-116.140 failed to
  install/upgrade: run-parts: /etc/kernel/postinst.d/initramfs-tools
  exited with return code 1

Status in initramfs-tools package in Ubuntu:
  New

Bug description:
  dpkg -l | grep linux-image
  ii  linux-image-4.4.0-112-generic               4.4.0-112.135                 
               amd64        Linux kernel image for version 4.4.0 on 64 bit x86 
SMP
  ii  linux-image-4.4.0-116-generic               4.4.0-116.140                 
               amd64        Linux kernel image for version 4.4.0 on 64 bit x86 
SMP
  ii  linux-image-extra-4.4.0-112-generic         4.4.0-112.135                 
               amd64        Linux kernel extra modules for version 4.4.0 on 64 
bit x86 SMP
  iF  linux-image-extra-4.4.0-116-generic         4.4.0-116.140                 
               amd64        Linux kernel extra modules for version 4.4.0 on 64 
bit x86 SMP
  iU  linux-image-generic       

  uname -r
  4.4.0-116-generic

  The above after rebooting to *-116.
  System seems to be working; I will try to repair the failed installation soon.

  There has been a constant issue where the installer tries to recover
  long-uninstalled initram elements such as initrd.img-4.2.0-16-generic
  (and later) filling /boot, etc. I have manually removed these files
  from /boot to an "obsolete" folder to allow df -h to report enough
  space.

  The system seems to be reading outdated info from an 'initram.conf' or
  similar file and I believe this may be the fault, or part of it. I can
  manually edit out references to earlier kernels when I find the file.

  Do you have any suggestions?

  Advanced user

  CM BRADLEY
  05/03/2018
  AU CDST 13:25:00

  ProblemType: Package
  DistroRelease: Ubuntu 16.04
  Package: linux-image-extra-4.4.0-116-generic 4.4.0-116.140
  ProcVersionSignature: Ubuntu 4.4.0-116.140-generic 4.4.98
  Uname: Linux 4.4.0-116-generic x86_64
  NonfreeKernelModules: nvidia_uvm nvidia_drm nvidia_modeset nvidia
  ApportVersion: 2.20.1-0ubuntu2.15
  Architecture: amd64
  AudioDevicesInUse:
   USER        PID ACCESS COMMAND
   /dev/snd/controlC1:  administrator   2025 F.... pulseaudio
   /dev/snd/controlC0:  administrator   2025 F.... pulseaudio
   /dev/snd/seq:        timidity   1329 F.... timidity
  Date: Mon Mar  5 13:03:41 2018
  ErrorMessage: run-parts: /etc/kernel/postinst.d/initramfs-tools exited with 
return code 1
  HibernationDevice: RESUME=UUID=abf7583a-8eda-4113-a8cd-1f301a7d7f06
  InstallationDate: Installed on 2016-04-26 (677 days ago)
  InstallationMedia: Ubuntu 15.10 "Wily Werewolf" - Release amd64 (20151021)
  IwConfig:
   lo        no wireless extensions.
   
   enp4s0    no wireless extensions.
  MachineType: Gigabyte Technology Co., Ltd. EP45-UD3
  ProcFB:
   
  ProcKernelCmdLine: BOOT_IMAGE=/vmlinuz-4.4.0-116-generic 
root=/dev/mapper/ubuntu--vg-root ro quiet splash
  PulseList: Error: command ['pacmd', 'list'] failed with exit code 1: No 
PulseAudio daemon running, or not running as session daemon.
  RelatedPackageVersions: grub-pc 2.02~beta2-36ubuntu3.17
  RfKill:
   
  SourcePackage: initramfs-tools
  Title: package linux-image-extra-4.4.0-116-generic 4.4.0-116.140 failed to 
install/upgrade: run-parts: /etc/kernel/postinst.d/initramfs-tools exited with 
return code 1
  UpgradeStatus: No upgrade log present (probably fresh install)
  dmi.bios.date: 01/27/2010
  dmi.bios.vendor: Award Software International, Inc.
  dmi.bios.version: F9
  dmi.board.name: EP45-UD3
  dmi.board.vendor: Gigabyte Technology Co., Ltd.
  dmi.chassis.type: 3
  dmi.chassis.vendor: Gigabyte Technology Co., Ltd.
  dmi.modalias: 
dmi:bvnAwardSoftwareInternational,Inc.:bvrF9:bd01/27/2010:svnGigabyteTechnologyCo.,Ltd.:pnEP45-UD3:pvr:rvnGigabyteTechnologyCo.,Ltd.:rnEP45-UD3:rvr:cvnGigabyteTechnologyCo.,Ltd.:ct3:cvr:
  dmi.product.name: EP45-UD3
  dmi.sys.vendor: Gigabyte Technology Co., Ltd.

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