I got this fixed by manually downgrading packages libsystemd0 and
systemd to versions 229-4ubuntu21.10. I just downloaded those from here:
https://launchpad.net/~ubuntu-security-
proposed/+archive/ubuntu/ppa/+build/15710450

After rebooting the server, the system works again fine. Anyway, now I
have to take care, that I don't upgrade my other VPS servers before this
bug has been corrected.

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https://bugs.launchpad.net/bugs/1818814

Title:
  systemd-tmpfiles-setup.services fails to create /var/run directories

Status in systemd package in Ubuntu:
  New

Bug description:
  1) The release of Ubuntu you are using, via 'lsb_release -rd' or System -> 
About Ubuntu
  Description:    Ubuntu 16.04.6 LTS                                            
                               
  Release:        16.04                                                         
                               

  2) The version of the package you are using, via 'apt-cache policy pkgname' 
or by checking in Software Center
  systemd:                                                                      
                               
    Installed: 229-4ubuntu21.16                                                 
                               
    Candidate: 229-4ubuntu21.16                                                 
                               
    Version table:                                                              
                               
   *** 229-4ubuntu21.16 500                                                     
                               
          500 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial-updates/main amd64 
Packages                              
          500 http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial-security/main amd64 
Packages                            
          100 /var/lib/dpkg/status                                              
                               
       229-4ubuntu4 500                                                         
                               
          500 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial/main amd64 Packages       
     

  3) What you expected to happen
  4) What happened instead

  Ubuntu server (running in OpenVZ VPS farm, thus the old kernel
  version) has been up and running happily, until I performed apt-get
  upgrade and rebooted the server. After reboot, I could not establish
  SSH connection to server, port 22 connection was refused.

  I opened a HTML console to my server instance and checked logs. From
  the logs, it was shown, that SSH server could not start, as it did not
  have the /var/run/sshd directory. After scrolling back the
  /var/log/syslog, I noticed that there were lots of other /var/run
  subdirectories, which were not created. Here is cut&paste from
  /var/log/syslog, related to systemd-tmpfiles:

  ---8<---8<---
  Mar  6 12:32:54 vspk systemd-tmpfiles[81]: 
[/usr/lib/tmpfiles.d/00rsyslog.conf:6] Duplicate line for path "/v
  ar/log", ignoring.                                                            
                               
  Mar  6 12:32:54 vspk systemd[1]: Starting Raise network interfaces...         
                               
  Mar  6 12:32:54 vspk systemd-tmpfiles[81]: fchownat() of /run/named failed: 
Invalid argument                 
  Mar  6 12:32:54 vspk systemd-tmpfiles[81]: Failed to validate path 
/var/run/fail2ban: Too many levels of symb
  olic links                                                                    
                               
  Mar  6 12:32:54 vspk systemd-tmpfiles[81]: Failed to validate path 
/var/run/screen: Too many levels of symbol
  ic links                                                                      
                               
  Mar  6 12:32:54 vspk systemd-tmpfiles[81]: Failed to validate path 
/var/run/sshd: Too many levels of symbolic
   links                                                                        
                               
  Mar  6 12:32:54 vspk systemd-tmpfiles[81]: Failed to validate path 
/var/run/sudo: Too many levels of symbolic
   links                                                                        
                               
  Mar  6 12:32:54 vspk systemd-tmpfiles[81]: Failed to validate path 
/var/run/sudo/ts: Too many levels of symbo
  lic links                                                                     
                               
  Mar  6 12:32:54 vspk systemd-tmpfiles[81]: fchownat() of /run/utmp failed: 
Invalid argument                  
  Mar  6 12:32:54 vspk systemd-tmpfiles[81]: fchownat() of /run/systemd/netif 
failed: Invalid argument         
  Mar  6 12:32:54 vspk systemd-tmpfiles[81]: fchownat() of 
/run/systemd/netif/links failed: Invalid argument   
  Mar  6 12:32:54 vspk systemd-tmpfiles[81]: fchownat() of 
/run/systemd/netif/leases failed: Invalid argument  
  Mar  6 12:32:54 vspk systemd-tmpfiles[81]: Failed to validate path 
/var/run/zabbix: Too many levels of symbol
  ic links                                                                      
                               
  Mar  6 12:32:54 vspk systemd-tmpfiles[81]: fchownat() of /run/log/journal 
failed: Invalid argument           
  Mar  6 12:32:54 vspk systemd-tmpfiles[81]: fchownat() of 
/run/log/journal/6d9c7cc322ee4c48af7c0ec3b492b5cc fa
  iled: Invalid argument                                                        
                               
  Mar  6 12:32:54 vspk systemd-tmpfiles[81]: fchownat() of 
/run/log/journal/6d9c7cc322ee4c48af7c0ec3b492b5cc/sy
  stem.journal failed: Invalid argument                                         
                               
  Mar  6 12:32:54 vspk systemd[1]: systemd-tmpfiles-setup.service: Main process 
exited, code=exited, status=1/F
  AILURE                                                                        
                               
  Mar  6 12:32:54 vspk systemd[1]: Failed to start Create Volatile Files and 
Directories.                      
  Mar  6 12:32:54 vspk systemd[1]: systemd-tmpfiles-setup.service: Unit entered 
failed state.                  
  Mar  6 12:32:54 vspk systemd[1]: systemd-tmpfiles-setup.service: Failed with 
result 'exit-code'.             
  ---8<---8<---

  My first idea was, that for some reason, systemd-tmpfiles was not able
  to create the /var directory properly, so I renamed
  /usr/lib/tmpfiles.d/var.conf to 0000var.conf, but it was no help. The
  only difference was the first line on the above log, complaining about
  duplicate line for path /var/log.

  As I created this error using the "ubuntu-bug" command, I assume
  necessary background information is automatically attached. I'll check
  those and add more, if necessary.

  ProblemType: Bug
  DistroRelease: Ubuntu 16.04
  Package: systemd 229-4ubuntu21.16
  Uname: Linux 2.6.32-042stab128.2 x86_64
  ApportVersion: 2.20.1-0ubuntu2.18
  Architecture: amd64
  CurrentDmesg:
   
  Date: Wed Mar  6 12:43:51 2019
  Lsusb: Error: command ['lsusb'] failed with exit code 1:
  ProcEnviron:
   TERM=vt220
   PATH=(custom, no user)
  ProcInterrupts: Error: [Errno 2] No such file or directory: '/proc/interrupts'
  ProcKernelCmdLine: quiet
  ProcModules:
   
  SourcePackage: systemd
  UpgradeStatus: No upgrade log present (probably fresh install)

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