When using vfat and running rsync twice, this is the diff in the stats output:
--- log1.vfat   2019-10-08 11:43:04.381667860 -0300
+++ log2.vfat   2019-10-08 11:43:17.609728451 -0300
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 Number of files: 78 (reg: 77, dir: 1)
-Number of created files: 77 (reg: 77)
+Number of created files: 0
 Number of deleted files: 0
 Number of regular files transferred: 77
 Total file size: 3,990,531 bytes
@@ -12,6 +12,6 @@
 Total bytes sent: 3,996,271
 Total bytes received: 8,830
 
-sent 3,996,271 bytes  received 8,830 bytes  534,013.47 bytes/sec
+sent 3,996,271 bytes  received 8,830 bytes  2,670,067.33 bytes/sec
 total size is 3,990,531  speedup is 1.00
 rsync error: some files/attrs were not transferred (see previous errors) (code 
23) at main.c(1196) [sender=3.1.2]

As expected, the files are transferred again, because rsync couldn't set
the permissions or ownership. These concepts don't exist in vfat.

When using ext4, the same rsync command, the diff between the two runs shows a 
different story:
--- log1.ext4   2019-10-08 11:49:01.687411326 -0300
+++ log2.ext4   2019-10-08 11:49:11.795461543 -0300
@@ -1,16 +1,16 @@
 Number of files: 78 (reg: 77, dir: 1)
-Number of created files: 77 (reg: 77)
-Number of deleted files: 1 (dir: 1)
-Number of regular files transferred: 77
+Number of created files: 0
+Number of deleted files: 0
+Number of regular files transferred: 0
 Total file size: 3,990,531 bytes
-Total transferred file size: 3,990,531 bytes
-Literal data: 3,990,531 bytes
+Total transferred file size: 0 bytes
+Literal data: 0 bytes
 Matched data: 0 bytes
 File list size: 0
 File list generation time: 0.001 seconds
 File list transfer time: 0.000 seconds
-Total bytes sent: 3,996,271
-Total bytes received: 1,504
+Total bytes sent: 1,598
+Total bytes received: 19

-sent 3,996,271 bytes  received 1,504 bytes  7,995,550.00 bytes/sec
-total size is 3,990,531  speedup is 1.00
+sent 1,598 bytes  received 19 bytes  3,234.00 bytes/sec
+total size is 3,990,531  speedup is 2,467.86


The rsync command I used was:
rsync -v -a -r -W -p -o -g -t --delete --stats /testdata/ 
/media/andreas/dataext4/

/testdata was populated with a copy of all files in /usr/bin that start
with "b*". I don't think the --exclusion parameters you used play a
factor here.

Can you please verify the target filesystem in your test case, and if
rsync reported errors? And there are other scenarios, like outlined in
comment #2.

I guess, to summarize, we need a testcase. I showed you two cases with
pendrives (vfat, and ext4), where what you describe does NOT happen.

** Changed in: rsync (Ubuntu)
       Status: New => Incomplete

-- 
You received this bug notification because you are a member of Ubuntu
Touch seeded packages, which is subscribed to rsync in Ubuntu.
https://bugs.launchpad.net/bugs/1845652

Title:
  rsync sends everything, not just changes

Status in rsync package in Ubuntu:
  Incomplete

Bug description:
  Repeated runs of rsync from PC to USB key send everything, not just
  the changes.

  This is reproducible.

  ProblemType: Bug
  DistroRelease: Ubuntu 19.04
  Package: rsync 3.1.3-6
  ProcVersionSignature: Ubuntu 5.0.0-29.31-generic 5.0.21
  Uname: Linux 5.0.0-29-generic x86_64
  NonfreeKernelModules: nvidia_modeset nvidia
  ApportVersion: 2.20.10-0ubuntu27.1
  Architecture: amd64
  CurrentDesktop: ubuntu:GNOME
  Date: Fri Sep 27 09:18:19 2019
  InstallationDate: Installed on 2019-06-10 (109 days ago)
  InstallationMedia: Ubuntu 19.04 "Disco Dingo" - Release amd64 (20190416)
  ProcEnviron:
   TERM=xterm-256color
   PATH=(custom, no user)
   XDG_RUNTIME_DIR=<set>
   LANG=en_US.UTF-8
   SHELL=/bin/bash
  SourcePackage: rsync
  UpgradeStatus: No upgrade log present (probably fresh install)

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