The difference is that on Debian, I can always resume an upgrade done
with apt-get (or aptitude) dist-upgrade. Even though  the dpkg process
had gotten wedged in state D, the (first) reboot was a normal one; after
I rebooted, I fully expected 'dpkg --configure -a' to resume where it
left off, as it did.

Now although it turns out that I can do that on Ubuntu too, I had no way
of knowing that; all I had to go on was that the upgrade was started
from a mysterious icon in the notification area that no longer appears;
after some research I found out that this was update-manager, but since
that requires pygtk and X, I was not able to run it. For all I knew,
this upgrade script did important things in addition to a dist-upgrade,
things that wouldn't be done if the script was not used...

The problem here is basically the fragility of the upgrade process caused by 
relying on the update-manager script. From the PoV of an experienced Debian 
user, it seems like a pretty, but fragile front-end to running 'aptitude 
dist-upgrade'. And since it does not present any upgrade documentation to the 
user, the user is powerless to fix their system when an upgrade is aborted for 
whatever reaso.
I have now got the system to a working state by doing the old 'dpkg --configure 
--pending' followed by a few invocations of 'aptitude dist-upgrade' punctuated 
by fixing the issues I listed above. Working enough to download an install CD, 
anyway, and do a fresh install. :)

As for /usr/shareFeisty, I assumed that was an artifact of buggy
maintainer scripts, rather than filesystem corruption; although, since I
didn't run fsck before re-installing, I can't rule that out.

-- 
Aborted upgrade process left laptop in totally fucked state
https://bugs.launchpad.net/bugs/365485
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