>From man ssh:
     -i identity_file
      Selects a file from which the identity (private key) for public key 
authentication is read.  The default is ~/.ssh/id_dsa, ~/.ssh/id_ecdsa, 
~/.ssh/id_ed25519 and ~/.ssh/id_rsa.  Identity files may also be specified on a 
per-host basis in the configuration file. It is possible to have multiple -i 
options (and multiple identities specified in configuration files).  If no 
certificates have been explicitly specified by the CertificateFile directive, 
ssh will also try to load certificate information from the filename obtained by 
appending -cert.pub to identity filenames.

Accodring to that the above reported behavior is correct.

I tried your case and found Fedora and Centos work the same way as Ubuntu.
Note: filename is id_rsa not id-rsa
Didn't work with "localhost" nor with a real hostname set in /etc/hosts


This doesn't seem "SSH not honoring use of ~/.ssh/authorized_keys" to me.
What you want seems to me more like "Try target hostname as -i argument 
~/.ssh/<hostname>.pub" is that right?


You might also have an ssh-agent set up, that will pick up the key on first use 
and might try it.

Maybe you happen to have that in your own ssh config?
What you (seem to) want can be achieved by this entry in /etc/ssh/ssh_config:
   IdentityFile ~/.ssh/%h
But that would just be a local config and not a bug.
It might be discussed as default config, but people don't want to use keys by 
default too easily.
All tested systems have no difference in their default configs in regard to 
IdentityFile.
Do the systems that you report as working better have anything in 
/etc/ssh/ssh_config for it?

** Changed in: openssh (Ubuntu)
       Status: New => Incomplete

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https://bugs.launchpad.net/bugs/1858285

Title:
  SSH not honoring use of ~/.ssh/authorized_keys

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