Am 29.12.2016 um 10:33 schrieb Peter Murray-Rust:
I have tried to find out from the PDF specification what a bead is, but I
haven't foudn a clear account. (That may be my fault or it may be the size
of the spec!). My understanding is that beads give the reading order of
chunks of the document (independently of the coordinate system).

Yes


Here are some questions. If they are wildly ignorant please correct me
gently.

* Where and how are beads created? Are they only created by authoring
software or can readers deduce them?

Authoring software. Deduce them would be almost impossible.

* where is bead information stored in a PDF and how can it be extracted?

See PDF specification or DrawPrintTextLocations.java example program

* are PDF readers expected to implement bead-aware software? What is the
abstract model of a bead in a reader?

Don't know

* are there other ways of transmitting "chunks" other than beads?

Don't know

tthe best is that you take the DrawPrintTextLocations.java example program and run it on a PDF with beads. The output will show you where they are; the source code will show you how to find them.

See files with beads here:
https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/PDFBOX-3110

Tilman

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