I still don't have a clue what the problem is. Meanwhile I tried the same with a different application with the same result - blank page, URL pointing to http://localhost:8080/manager/html/upload?org.apache.catalina.filters.CSRF_NONCE=2..., WAR file has not been deployed, no messages about the upload in any of the log files. I haven't configured any context.xml, neither under TC/conf, nor under TC/conf/Catalina/..., nor in META-INF. The WAR file is about 30MB in size. I can deploy the WAR file by putting it under TC/webapps without any problems.
Is it possible to configure the manager application or TC itself to be a bit more verbose? Any ideas?