Electron traps
Some fun speculations follow that consider possible use of the Heisenberg
principle to design devices that continuously borrow free energy from the
vacuum.
Uncertainty of momentum for a particle (electron) constrained by distance
delta x is given by:
delta mv = h/(2 Pi delta x)
but since
KE = 1/2 m v^2 = 1/(2 m) {delta mv)^2
delta KE = 1/(2 m) (h/(2 Pi delta x))^2
delta KE = h^2 /(8 Pi^2 m) (delta x)^2
the more you can confine the POSITION of an electron the more energy you
can potentially observe when you sample that energy. If an electron can be
confined to a 1 angstrom range then there is an uncertainty of 1.06x10^-24
kg-m/s on the momentum and thus 6.1x10^-19 J or 3.8 eV uncertainty on
energy.
This could be an explanation in part for "heat after death", excess heat in
the Szpak cell (where electrons are concentrated on one end of the
cathode), as well as other excess heat observations not occurring until the
gamma phase of loading. Conductivity of the cathode is reduced in the
gamma phase of loading. The necessary condition for heat creation in Pd
type CF experiments is filling of (and therefore eliminating) the Pd
conduction bands - in addition to basic loading. This has to happen
without cracking the lattice, which is apparently the difficult part. When
the lattice cracks the gas in the vicinity leaks and confinement is ended.
Large parts of an electrode volume have cracks and thus there is a steady
flow of hydrogen intoi and out of a cathode, which precludes electron
trapping in those volumes.
Adsorbed protons are ionically bound to the lattice. A paired electron
moves along with the adsorbed proton as it moves through the lattice. THe
paired electron moves within the conduction bands. Once loading reaches
the point where the conduction bands become filled, the electrons trapped
along with their paired hydrogen nuclei lose all degrees of freedom and are
thus trapped by the confines of the interstitial site in which the paired
nucleus is trapped. The electron location is thus known and fixed, and
there must be a corresponding range increase on uncertainty of the trapped
electron's momentum, and thus the average momentum observed when sampling
the electron's energy. This increase in momentum is not temporary - it is
permanent for the duration of confinement.
The lattice samples the trapped electron's energy via Brownian like
collisions. Sampling the electron's energy by collision does not release
the electron's confinement, or change its energy uncertainty. This means
that, as the lattice bleeds off energy from the electron, in the form of
phonons, that energy gets replaced to the electron from the zero point
field (ZPF). The result is continual and permanent energy output with no
observable input.
The key to practical free energy is permanently trapping electrons in small
volumes. This may or may not require trapping them with associated
hydrogen nuclei, as is done in CF cells, but it is clear that having net
charge be neutral, as it is in the lattice, is a useful advantage.
The key to building successful CF electrodes is likely in engineering
lattice material in which the conduction bands exist in only one or two
axes, thus are easily filled and blocked, leaving a confined one
dimensional degree of freedom. The object is to load the lattice with
protons in spaces too confined to form atoms, and then shut off all the
conduction paths so as to fix the location of and thereby trap free
electrons associated with trapped (but covalently unbound) nuclei.
One possibility for doing this might be to use a semiconducting material
used for making FET's. If protons (not in the form of atoms) can be
injected or built into the lattice, the associated electrons can be frozen
in place by imposition of an electrostatic field gradient that removes
conductivity from the lattice. There are the problems of keeping the
interstitial spaces intact and small enough and strong enough to prevent
hydrogen atom formation. Perhaps a similar strategy can be implemented
using powerful magnetic fields - imposed on proton doped semiconductor
lattices to eliminate conductivity.
It is possible that geometry is more important than composition for
trapping electrons, i.e. confining many electrons in a small volume. The
ideal location for doing so is at the tips of dendrites on a cathode. The
formation of long thin dendrites takes time, and this may help explain in
part the long run times before excess heat is observed. The use of
platinum anodes may in fact inhibit the dendrite formation or limit the
duration of dendrite activity due to dendrite erosion.
Perhaps energy generating solids can be built using epitaxy, crystal
growing techniques, electrodeposition, or other means. All that is
required is the trapping of free electrons in the lattice and confinement
of their range. Knowing the objective should make the materials science
much easier.
Regards,
Horace Heffner
