the neutron star pressure limit (1.5 to 3.0 solar masses),. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tolman%E2%80%93Oppenheimer%E2% 80%93Volkoff_limit
should read the neutron star pressure limit (1.33 solar masses) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandrasekhar_limit On Sun, Jan 28, 2018 at 5:04 PM, Axil Axil <janap...@gmail.com> wrote: > A post from can > > From the Tern Research website linked above by Ahlfors there's a press > release dated 2017-12-26; it has some interesting tidbits. It looks like > they're doing laser ablation experiments. Metals exposed to ultra-dense > hydrogen would take significantly more time to ablate. > > * * * * * > > Press Release 12-26-17 Tern Research > > A Southern Utah entrepreneur has completed a series of experiments at > Southern Utah University confirming that an unusual phase of deuterium can > exist under the right conditions. This research is based on the work of > Prof. Leif Holmlid at the University of Gothenburg in Sweden. > > Mike Taggett, who founded Chums, a sports accessories company, in 1983, is > a long time inventor and researcher. Since selling Chums in 2002, Mike has > spent most of his time working on alternative energy projects and > inventions. He has worked in two labs prior to the one in Cedar City in > attempts to verify the existence of Ultra Dense Deuterium (UDD). Deuterium > is an isotope of hydrogen, exists in sea water and contains a neutron along > with the proton in its nucleus making it heavier than hydrogen. > > He has been studying dense deuterium for the past 5 years and has visited > over 15 universities looking for a physics professor that would collaborate > with him. "Most physics departments are pretty busy and they are reluctant > to spend any time on a material they are skeptical about". He says. "I > understand they are busy but Holmlid has spent over 12 years and has > published over 30 papers; it's a significant discovery." In 2016, Mike was > able to rent lab space at the University of Idaho and looked for changes in > surface conductivity of metal samples being exposed to the catalyzed gas. > "I was able to build up a good system; vacuum chamber, fast impedance > analyzer, etc. but it turned out to be very tricky to get stable readings > so the results were not reliable." I was trying to work there a year later > in a laser lab but the project got stuck in bureaucracy." So Mike kept > looking for places to work and did odd jobs to pay the bills. > > He had sold his home and was basically a science vagabond staying in cheap > motels around the west. "I was staying in Cedar City and wandered over to > SUU. I knew it was a 4 year teaching university, rather than having much > research, but I thought I would take a look. I met Professor Ali Siahpush > while waiting to see the Engineering Dept. Chair and I mentioned research > and he said "Research? Great! If it aligns with our mission and you can use > a student to help that would be great!" "Everyone was really helpful > getting me going." Mike says. Mike was on a shoestring budget and built up > a system with a rebuilt vacuum chamber, parts from eBay and a laser he > borrowed from another university on condition he could repair it. > > Mike and his assistant Ben Thrift, an engineering student, had things up > and running in 5 weeks. The work and data collection focused on comparing > how the laser "ablates" the metal before and after deposition of the ultra > dense layer (ablation is a term for removing material) and in this case the > material evaporates directly from the solid rather than melting first. > > Mike says, "Looking into the vacuum chamber through the window, it looks > like a welding torch when running as the pulsing laser is powerful but for > very short times, about 5 nano seconds per pulse!" Mike and Ben ran over 20 > multi-day experiments on a variety of metals and saw a definite change > after the dense layer formed. "It would take 200 -300% longer to ablate > through the metal. Pretty amazing considering the invisible UDD layer is > really thin, perhaps just atoms thick!" "Of course there is always the > chance of an alternative explanation but right now the results are > positive," he says. > > Mike thinks the dense deuterium could have applications for energy storage > or space propulsion. "It's really fun and challenging to work in an > emerging field. I am one of just three groups that I know of working on > this." "Who knows what can be done with this unique material?" > > The next step he says is to further the work with different types of > particle and energy detectors to better understand UDD. Mike says, "A big > thanks to Julia Anderson, Dean Robert Eves and professors Ali Siahpush, > Matt Roberts, Scott Munro and Sangho Bok for helping me get going at SUU." > > http://www.ternresearch.com > > ------------------------------------------------------------ > ------------------------------- > > The electron spin wave on the surface of the ultra dense hydrogen protects > UDH from destruction up until the neutron star pressure limit (1.5 to 3.0 > solar masses),. > > https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tolman%E2%80%93Oppenheimer%E2% > 80%93Volkoff_limit > > Holmlid states above as seen in his experiments as follows: > > Coulomb explosions in H(0) in spin state s = 1 generate protons with > kinetic energies larger than the retaining gravitational energy at the > photosphere of the Sun. The required proton kinetic energy above 2 keV has > been directly observed in published experiments. > > 2KeV translates into a temperature of 20,000,000C. > > Eugene Wigner and Hillard Bell Huntington predicted that under an immense > pressure of around 25 GPa (250,000 atm; 3,600,000 psi) hydrogen would > display metallic properties: > > If it takes that much pressure to form metallic hydrogen, it should > require at least that much pressure to destroy it. > > When Silvera and Dias managed to turn hydrogen metallic, it was at a > pressure of 495 GPa, well beyond the 360 GPa of Earth's core. > > That is 4,950,000 atm of pressure at least to destroy it. > > But when metallic hydrogen forms, then you need to deal with degeneracy > pressure. > > View this video to understand degeneracy pressure. > > https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SRyU2spCCPk > > https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_degeneracy_pressure > > Electron degeneracy pressure will halt the gravitational collapse of a > star if its mass is below the Chandrasekhar limit (1.39 solar masses[5]). > This is the pressure that prevents a white dwarf star from collapsing. A > star exceeding this limit and without significant thermally generated > pressure will continue to collapse to form either a neutron star or black > hole, because the degeneracy pressure provided by the electrons is weaker > than the inward pull of gravity. > > This video is informative also. > > Where to Find Some Metallic Hydrogen - Ask a Spaceman! > > https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g96zG5lxa-8 > > It is all about degenerate electron pressure. >
