On Oct 15, 2009, at 8:59 AM, Jones Beene wrote:
Some actual numbers of the density @ temperatures near the maximum
Degree C kg/m3
1 ................. 999.90
2 ................. 999.94
3 ................. 999.96
4 ................. 999.97
5 ................. 999.96
6 ................. 999.94
7 ................. 999.90
The highest density is slightly below 4 degrees Celsius, but
between 1 and 3
degrees or between 5 and 7, there is a substantial variation of .06
kg/m3
which could conceivably be recycled and used. Actually between 3.98
and 4.00
degrees the variation is .03 kg (on paper) and this would likely be
the
ideal cycling range of ~ 1.5 kg/degree/m^3.
I don't immediately see how the Casimir force is involved. However,
that is certainly not meant to discount the possibility it is.
Expansion with negative energy (heat reduction) looks a bit anomalous
for sure, though I think it has been explained conventionally. Of
course conventional explanations of such things have been known to be
wrong.
Making use of this requires more data. The important thing is the
amount of pressure * area * displacement = force * displacement that
can be obtained per amount of heat transferred. The specific heat
changes with density, though typically a given mass of a given
material provides a given specific heat, especially over a small
temperature range. The nifty thing about this is, unlike Carnot
cycle devices, that water is essentially non-compressible. The data
required then is a table, a matrix of specific density vs both
temperature and pressure, as well as specific heat vs temperature and
pressure.
One way to implement a machine that could utilize such a large force
nominal expansion produced with negative heat is to cover part or all
of the interior surface of one or more thin (so heat transfer occurs
quickly) but rigid containers of water with piezoelectric
transducers, thereby utilizing the huge pressures and small
displacements that result from the above water expansions. Since the
displacement from the above expansions is small, the essential thing
is to utilize the huge pressure resulting from temperature change
such that force * displacement is maximized for each cycle. This has
to be done with minimal thermal energy supplied.
The first thought that comes to mind is some kind of liquid
equivalent to a two compartment Sterling engine, except where some
intermediate medium is used for the heat exchange between the
compartments, and the first compartment cycles between 1 and 3
degrees C while the second compartment cycles between 7 and 5 degrees
C. The compartments are not piston driven, but rather sealed rigid
compartments that take off energy using piezoelectric compression.
The objective of the design is to use the heat lost by one
compartment in a cycle in the other and vice versa, since their
cycles are out of phase. Due to the fact the combined gas law:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combined_gas_law
does not apply, it may be feasible to escape Carnot limitations and
even the Second Law of Thermodynamics. Unlikely, but maybe feasible.
One of the tricky parts of the design is utilizing the heat generated
by compressing the piezoelectric crystals. Heat exchangers don't work
well at these thermal differentials.
Best regards,
Horace Heffner
http://www.mtaonline.net/~hheffner/
