On Feb 22, 2011, at 2:11 PM, Jed Rothwell wrote:
Horace Heffner wrote:
The above chart is merely a very approximate visual aid to show
feasible reaction product probabilities by a rule of thumb
estimate. Copper is visualized as a most likely product.
Izzatso? So you think the reports of copper can be explained by
your theory?
- Jed
Not 30% of *actual* copper from Ni, as I posted earlier. The
predominant element from "ordinary" LENR is copper, but only from the
lesser abundance Ni isotopes. If a 30% conversion to copper is
actually observed (which seems questionable at this point), then 58Ni
and/or 60Ni must be involved. This and an alternative explanation
(however tenuously speculative) for high *apparent* copper
percentages were posted here earlier and appended below. I should
also note the feasibility of deflation fusion reactions with
hypernuclei, which could have unanticipated outcomes. It is known
hypernuclei can support (bind to) up to two sigma+ or lambdas. A
sigma+ can decay into an ordinary proton (plus other stuff), so this
could provide a direct pathway to ordinary copper.
On Jan 25, 2011, at 1:40 PM, Horace Heffner wrote:
If the experiment is not a boondoggle, and there was actually
observed by Rossi a 30% conversion of *all* the Ni to Cu, then it
could simply be the copper is not really copper. It would then
seem necessary 58Ni must be involved.
I showed some potential strange reactions earlier:
http://www.mail-archive.com/vortex-l@eskimo.com/msg41755.html
You can see that one of them, as a subreaction:
p (938.27 MeV/c2) + e -> sigma+ (1189.3 MeV/c2) + K0 ( 497.6 MeV/
c2) + e
would replace a proton in the new copper with a sigma+. The
resulting hyperon copper [copper hypernuclei] would be chemically
indistinguishable from copper. I have no idea how long such
material might be stable, or what the trigger energy would be to
force decay kinetically if it is otherwise stable. Trigger
energies for light hyperons [hypernuclei], like helium, are very
low, on the order of 20 kEv.
As I noted earlier, the following reactions work fine creating
ordinary Ni in the deflation fusion process:
62Ni28 + p* --> 63Cu29 + 6.122 MeV [-1.984 MeV] (B_Ni:28)
64Ni28 + p* --> 65Cu29 + 7.453 MeV [-0.569 MeV] (B_Ni:60)
However, if 30% quantities of Cu are actually found, then some 58Ni
must be transmuted to non-radioactive copper. We know 59Cu is
radioactive. We don't know if 59Cu with a sigma+ replacing a proton
is stable, or quasi-stable.
Note also, that the neutral lambda0 reactions can both create
transmuted Ni which appears to have added neutrons . This could
happen numerous times per Ni. In this way 59Ni , 60Ni, 61Ni, and
62Ni hyperons [hypernuclei] containing lambda0 particles could be
created. These could then be transmuted by an ordinary
transmutation, or a sigma+ creating transmutation, to produce what
appears to the eye to be normal Cu, but which is not. A sample
from Rossi's device showing in mass spectroscopy an unusual amount
of 59Ni, and no signs of EC, would be an indictor this is happening.
All this is extremely speculative, especially given that we know
almost nothing about Rossi's device.
I do find it worrisome that the gamma counts were irregular as the
counter was moved about by hand. If strange quark reactions are
taking place in the device, then the signature would be K0_long
particles, which in part decay into positrons. They would act like
neutral neutrons close to experiment, and then can decay a meter or
more away from the experiment, endangering the operators. The
gamma counts might actually increase with distance up to a meter
away from the experiment, if the K0's are normal, further if their
low excitation energy permits a longer half-life.
One thing I do now feel fairly confidant is possible, that
apparently no else believes is possible, is that strange pairs
exist, are created from the vacuum, within protons and neutrons,
and that high mass deflated electrons, if they exist, can catalyze
virtual strange quark separation into real independent quarks
resident in separate fissioned particles. If this is truly
feasible and safely engineerable, then infinite Isp drives are
feasible, as is light speed travel, as well as an infinite source
of energy.
On Jan 21, 2011, at 4:23 PM, Horace Heffner wrote:
On Jan 21, 2011, at 8:31 AM, Peter Gluck wrote:
That device working for 6 months has produced approx. 50,000
kWhours heat.
Can this be explained by the reaction of transmutation of Ni to Cu?
Considering first 300 grams of nichel...? Rossi can tell how much
Ni is uesd - if he will. Am important rough energy balance anyway.
Peter
There are some very fundamental issues, and mysteries involved.
The fundamental questions relate to exactly what reactions are
involved. Some do not produce copper, so the new copper content
only establishes a lower bound on energy at best. Further, the
mechanisms involved may not be fixed or even energy conservative,
so there is difficulty establishing even a lower bound based on
copper production.
Generally, LENR has not been found to produce detectable high
energy signatures. It also has not been found to produce
radioactive products, especially neutrons. If weak reactions are
eliminated, especially signature creating weak reactions that have
more than femtosecond order, half lives, then what is left as
feasible are strong force reactions without radiative products.
Such reactions for nickel can be found starting on page 16 of:
http://www.mtaonline.net/~hheffner/RptB.pdf
which is described in
http://www.mtaonline.net/~hheffner/dfRpt
as noted earlier.
Note that a lot more output possibilities are feasible than just
copper, but let's get on with assuming copper is the only output.
Those aneutronic strong force copper producing reactions involving
4 or fewer proton fusions with Ni are:
62Ni28 + p* --> 63Cu29 + 6.122 MeV [-1.984 MeV] (B_Ni:28)
62Ni28 + 2 p* --> 63Cu29 + 1H1 + 6.122 MeV [-10.582 MeV] (B_Ni:33)
64Ni28 + p* --> 65Cu29 + 7.453 MeV [-0.569 MeV] (B_Ni:60)
64Ni28 + 2 p* --> 65Cu29 + 1H1 + 7.453 MeV [-9.080 MeV] (B_Ni:65)
64Ni28 + 3 p* --> 63Cu29 + 4He2 + 17.922 MeV [-7.605 MeV] (B_Ni:83)
Note that equations (B_Ni:83) and (B_Ni:65) the extra proton
involved merely plays a catalytic role, holding the nucleus
together for a longer period and in an initially much more de-
energized state. So, excluding weak reactions, and reactions
involving large clusters of protons, the most likely candidate
reactions producing CU are:
62Ni28 + p* --> 63Cu29 + 6.122 MeV [-1.984 MeV] (B_Ni:28)
64Ni28 + p* --> 65Cu29 + 7.453 MeV [-0.569 MeV] (B_Ni:60)
64Ni28 + 3 p* --> 63Cu29 + 4He2 + 17.922 MeV [-7.605 MeV] (B_Ni:83)
Looking at the first two reactions as likely candidates, with mean
atomic weight near 63.6, and mean reaction energy about 7.2, we
have an estimated energy density of
E = (1/(63.6 gm/mol))*Na*7.2 MeV = 1.09x10^10 J/gm
The production of 50,000 kWh then produces, using the above two
reactions and considering Ni abundances, roughly produces a mass of
copper M:
M = (50,000 kWh)/(1.09x10^10 J/gm) = 16.5 gm
We are left with some obvious questions. What about the other
isotopes of nickel? Shouldn't they be involved? What prohibits
radioactive nuclei from forming?
We have involved the naturally occurring 58Ni, 60Ni, 61Ni 62Ni, and
64Ni, as well as trace amounts of 59Ni, as well as the other
unknown and intentionally not disclosed ingredients. Given that
58Ni has 68% natural abundance, it is of interest as to why we do
not see:
58Ni28 + p* -> 59Cu29
which normally decays into 59Ni38 quickly, or possibly, given the
deflation fusion scenario, the involvement of an apparently
instantaneous electron capture:
58Ni28 + p* -> 59Ni28
which has a 76000 y half life. Apparently, neither this nor any
other radioactive material shows up in the output, however. Not a
surprise, as few, or at least no confirmed, heavy LENR reactions
produce radiative byproducts, except possibly tritium. Tritium
production, is from a different process, tunneling of hydrogen to a
cloaked hydrogen location, not tunneling of cloaked hydrogen to
lattice nuclei locations which is responsible for heavy
transmutation LENR. It seems a reasonable premise then that no
radioactive material is *ever* produced in Rossi's experiment.
Why this happens in general in LENR needs an answer. Nothing will
be fully understood until why this happens is answered.
A clue as to what might be happening is offered in pp 20-24 of:
http://www.mtaonline.net/~hheffner/CFnuclearReactions.pdf
n ( 939.57 MeV/c2) + e -> lambda0 (1115.7 MeV/c2) + K0 ( 497.6
MeV/c2) + e
p (938.27 MeV/c2) + e -> lambda0 (1115.7 MeV/c2) + K0 ( 497.6
MeV/c2) + antineutrino
p (938.27 MeV/c2) + e -> sigma+ (1189.3 MeV/c2) + K0 ( 497.6 MeV/
c2) + e
These are sub-reactions, that are confined within the boundaries of
the new heavy composite nucleus, except possibly for the escape of
the K0. Given the extended stay of the electron in the de-energized
nucleus, the probability of strange quark pairs in the vicinity
increases, as does the above three reactions. These reactions, due
to the catalytic effect of the nuclear electron, produce mass from
the vacuum. The energy actually released from the reactions
immediately to the environment is similar to that released by
ordinary deflation fusion, and due to zero pint energy transactions
while the nuclear electron is present. The product, however,
differs. Strange quarks remain. The K0 particle created by such
kinetically de-energized reactions may be itself de-energized, thus
stable and neutral, similar to a neutron, except not capable of
activation like the neutron. On the other hand, the lambda0 and
sigma+ are known to be able to bind in nuclei, replacing their non-
strange counterparts, the neutron and proton respectively. Due to
the highly de-energized state of the creating nucleus, the lambda0
and sigma+ that result in heavy LENR may be initially highly de-
energized themselves, but should eventually pick up thermal energy
from the ZPF, the hot nuclear environment, for reasons I describe
here:
http://mtaonline.net/~hheffner/NuclearZPEtapping.pdf
Nuclei with strange hadron replacements can be called hyperons
[hypernuclei] . The presence of hyperons [hypernuclei] may be
difficult to pick up in mass spectroscopy. The masses of lambda0
and sigma+ do not differ much from protons and neutrons, so have
little effect in heavy element spectroscopy. They would act
similar to ordinary matter, until highly perturbed, possibly in a
chain reaction. The key signature, and the enormous extra mass, is
in the form of the K0 particles, or nuclear additives. These may
act like light neutrons in heavy nuclei.
The ability to catalyze the long term existence of hyperons from
the vacuum would have an enormous impact on space travel
cabilities, as well as free energy capabilities. It means infinite
Isp drives, and faster than light speed travel, as well as large
amounts of on board energy. The mass imbalance of the above
reactions, plus the ability to recover the original electrons and
protons from the decay of the hyperons, is of great practical
importance.
Assuming the Rossi-Focardi experiments are not a fraud, it may be
that these experiments produce something that looks like copper,
but is not. The copper-like material may not readily decay, even
though ordinary nuclei with similar mass would. Mass spectrometry
may produce some surprises, including possibly unexpected decay of
the nuclei when they hit a target. This is all speculation, but
speculation with a logical basis, as established on pp 20-24 of:
http://www.mtaonline.net/~hheffner/CFnuclearReactions.pdf
Most everything regarding the Rossi experiments and patent
applications are highly speculative, so what is one more speculation.
Best regards,
Horace Heffner
http://www.mtaonline.net/~hheffner/
