On Dec 27, 2011, at 12:22 PM, mix...@bigpond.com wrote:
In reply to Zell, Chris's message of Tue, 27 Dec 2011 11:14:56 -0600:
Hi,
[snip]
some pretend LENR can incinerate, with the produced neutrons), and
also for cleaning and recycling plants... but basically nuclear
industry will move to cleaning mode for 40-60 years.
Actually protons would be far better than neutrons, because they
can convert
unstable isotopes into stable ones. Essentially all isotopes
resulting from
fission reactions are neutron rich, so adding a proton or two tends
to convert
them to stable isotopes.
Regards,
Robin van Spaandonk
http://rvanspaa.freehostia.com/project.html
For loaded lattices, high energy electrons might be as useful,
because they are so easy to provide. Following are some very old
posts of mine and quotes which I think are relevant to this subject
(nuclear remediation):
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Pockets of compressed hydrogen at defects created by hydrogen
implantation of metals, esp. aluminum, have been shown to be fusion
sites when bombarded by either electron beams (Kamada et al), or
deuteron beams (Kasagi et al). The strong containment may be
significant at the time of fusion catalysis due to the need to give
secondary electrons time to work.
The Kasagi experiment created protons with anomalous energies of up
to 17 MeV using a beam that was less than 150 KeV. The Kasagi
experiment involved the bombardment of a deuterium loaded titanium
rod target with deuterium ions at up to 150 KeV. One possible
explanation for the above was that somehow the incident deuteron
frequently, for unexplained reasons, would interact with two target
deuterons:
D + D + D ---> p + n + alpha + 21.62 MEV
One possible explanation for such a phenomenon is that in the lattice
deuterons tend to form Bose condensates which, when struck by a
deuteron, tend to react as a single entity.
Kamada obtained high energy particles and excess heat evidence using
electron bombardment of deuterated targets. The fact fusion can be
triggered by electron beam bombardment is an indication of or
confirmation of electron catalysed fusion. The exciting thing is the
requirement for the electron catalysis to happen at highly compressed
pockets of deuterium.
The high energy electron beam used by Kamada may have been primarily
needed in order to obtain the required penetration. Perhaps this is
an indication that the best way to obtain a volume CF effect, as
opposed to a surface CF effect, is to bombard the deuterated target
with xrays. The xrays can then, at depth, provide the needed
catalytic electrons of the required energy. It would be of great
interest to correlate fusion events with x-ray energy for deuterated
targets of varying thickness.
One of the interesting results obtained by Kamada:
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Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. Vol. 35 (1996) pp. 738-747
Part 1, No. 2A, February 1996
Anomalous Heat Evolution of Deuteron-Implanted Al
upon Electron Bombardment
Kohji KAMADA, Hiroshi KINOSHITA [1] and Heishitiro TAKAHASHI [1]
National Institute for Fusion Science, Nagoya 464-01, Japan
[1] Center of Advanced Research Energy Technology, Hokkaido University,
Sapporo 062, Japan
(Received December 7, 1994; accepted for publication November 6, 1995)
Anomalous heat evolution was observed for the first time in
deuteron- implanted Al foils upon 175 keV electron bombardment.
Local regions with linear dimension of more than 100 nm showed
simultaneous transformation from single-crystalline to
polycrystalline structure within roughly one minute during the
electron bombardment, indicating a temperature rise to above the
melting point of Al from room temperature. The amount of energy
evolved was estimated to be typically 160 MeV for each transformed
region. The transformation was never observed in proton-implanted Al
foils. Micro- structures in the subsurface layer of the implanted
Al, investigated by elastic recoil detection (ERD) method and
transmission electron microscopy (TEM), were presented for numerical
discussions of the experimental results.
Possible causes of the surface melting, such as the heating effect of
the electron beam, size effect of the melting point, difference in
the implanted depth profiles between hydrogen and deuterium, and
possible chemical reactions due to the bombardment in D2 collections,
were investigated. We consider that some kind of nuclear reaction
occurring in the D2 collections is the only explanation for the
observed melting. The reaction was esti- mated to continue for only
a short time, presumably less than 10E-10 s, and the energy gain,
which is defined as the ratio between the amount of energy evolved
and the energy loss of the impinging electrons through the Al
specimen, amounts to more than 1E5.
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Kamamda also had a similar paper in 1992 regarding energetic particle
detection upon electron bombardment of a deuterated lattice. The
1992 (Kamada) results showed 1.3 MeV or greater 4He (about 80
percent) and 0.4 MeV or greater P (about 20 percent) tracks using Al
loaded with *either* H or D. The electron beam energy used was 200
and 400 keV. H3+ or D3+ ions were implanted with an energy of 90 keV
into Al films. The implantation was done at a fluence of 10^17 (H+
or D+)/cm^2 using a Cockcroft Walton type accelerator. The Al foil
used was would pass 200 keV electrons. It was bombarded in a HITACHI
HU-500 with a beam current of 300 to 400 nA with a beam size of
roughly 4x10^-5 cm^2, or (4-6)x1016 e/cm^2/s flux electron beam. The
area the beam passed through was roughly 2x10^-3 cm^2. Total
bombarding time was 40 m. The Al target was a 5 mm dia. disk 1 mm
thick, but chemically thinned. The particle detectors were 10 mm x
15 mm x 1 mm CR-39 polymer plastic detectors supplied by Tokuyama
Soda Co. Ltd. Great care was taken to avoid radon gas exposure.
Detectors were set horizontally on either side of the beam 20 mm
above the target and two were set vertically one above the other 20
mm to the side of the target but starting at the elevation of the
target and going upward (beam source upward from target). The
detectors were etched with 6N KOH at 70 deg. C for 2 h. at a rate of
2.7 um/h. Energies and species were determined by comparison of
traces by optical microscope with traces of known origin. Traces on
the backsides of the detectors were found to be at background level.
Background was determined by runing the experiment with Al films not
loaded with H or D. Four succesive repititions of the experiment at
the 200 keV level were run to confirm the reproducibiliy of the
experiment. There was a roughly 100 count above background in each
detector, or 1340 total estimated per run for the H-H reaction. A
slightly higher rate was indicated for the D-D reaction. This is a
rate of 5x10-15 events per electron, or 2x10^14 electrons per event.
However, the fusion events per hydrogen pair in the target is
2.8x10^12 events/H-H pair. The events per collision based on the
stimulation energy was calculated to be 10-12 to 10-26 times less
than the observed events.
The 1996 results (Kamada, Kinoshita, Takahashi) involved similar
procedures but bombardment was at 175 keV using a TEM which
simulataneously was used for taking images of the target.
Transformed (melted) regions with linear dimensions of about 100 nm
were observed that indicated heat evolvement of 160 MeV for each
transformed region. The (energy evolved) / (beam energy) for each
region is about 10^5. Implantation of H was done at 25 keV to a
depth of about 100 nm. at a fluence of 5x10^17 H+/cm^2. Bubbles of
"molecular coagulations" of H were formed at pressures of 7 GPa. At
a depth of 60 nm H density was measured by ERD to be 2x10^22 atoms/cm^3.
Immediately after implantation molecular density was 1x10^22 mol./
cm^3, Molar volume was 60 cm^3/mol and pressure 54.5 MPa. The
targets were 5 mm dia 0.1mm thick polished using a TENUPOLE chemical
polishing machine to a thickness of 1 uM over an area of 1 mm and a
small hole of 0.1 mm dia. in the central part. A HITACHI H-700 TEM
was used. The beam was 50 nA on an area of about 1 um dia. giving
flux of 4x10^19 e/(cm^2*s). The area is first examined with the beam
not fully focused and the spots are not there. The beam is focused
and the spots appear (photographed) within about 10 s. for D2, not at
all with H2. The experiment was repeated over 30 times!. To reliably
reproduce the result two conditions must be met: (1) The
microstructure must be optimum, meaning there must be a minimum of
tunnel structures connecting the implanted bubbles. (This is insured
by limiting the fluence of the implanting beam to 5x10^17 H+/cm^2.)
(2) The intensity of the electron beam must be roughly 1x10^19
electrons/(cm^2*s).
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Best regards,
Horace Heffner
http://www.mtaonline.net/~hheffner/
