http://open-source-energy.org/forum/attachment.php?
P_V chart is an estimate based on Papp's dyno tested engine. The over unity energy might come about when the x-ray photons lower the coulomb barrier during the cluster explosion chain reaction process. “Barrier suppression ionization” changes the why charge attraction and repulsion work; that is, it modifies the vacuum energy. When the cluster explodes (a big free ride from '2' to '3') and the cluster is destroyed, the rule of electrostatic charge repulsion returns back to normal (3 to 4). The bigger the cluster that can be fabricated, the more energy is derived from the cluster explosion chain reaction process because the cluster stays together for a longer time and therefore more energy can be pulled out of the vacuum. Noble gas cluster creation and destruction must be an ongoing process in the Papp cylinder. Lowering the coulomb barrier is where the energy derived from cold fusion ultimately comes from. Cheers: Axil On Mon, Jan 14, 2013 at 3:25 PM, Axil Axil <janap...@gmail.com> wrote: > It has been proposed in recent conversations that expansion of gas > clusters by x-ray pulse radiation produces the explosive force in the Papp > reaction. > > This potentially gainful process is well known in recent experimental > physics and is a subject of extensive current ongoing research. > > A study done on this subject show that ionization of a cluster is an > exponential chain reaction type of process as described as follows: > > > http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=web&cd=13&cad=rja&ved=0CEAQFjACOAo&url=http%3A%2F%2Fextras.springer.com%2F2009%2F978-0-7354-0698-8%2Fcdr_pdfs%2Findexed%2Fstage4_copyr%2F270_1.pdf&ei=5TT0UK-jE4qx0AH964HYCw&usg=AFQjCNHwbZ6OiBKCHwc6WlxPlUZuLOvY_Q&sig2=EcuN59Z4QpUP85PY1RKaJg > > The more a cluster is ionized, the easier it is for x-ray photons to > further ionize additional electrons in that cluster. > > In detail, when the ionized cluster eventually reaches an ionization limit > where the remaining electrons cannot sustain the structural integrity of > the cluster any longer, an explosive disintegration of the cluster and > subsequent plasma expansion of the positive ions and electrons which once > formed the cluster occurs. > > Multi-electron ionization of molecules and clusters can be realized by > photoionization of strong x-ray photons. > The multi-electron ionization leads to an explosive disintegration of the > cluster together with the production of multi-charged atomic ions. > > From Multielectron Ionization of Large Rare Gas Clusters > > > http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=web&cd=14&cad=rja&ved=0CEAQFjADOAo&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tau.ac.il%2F~jortner%2FPublications%2FPub601-%2F642.pdf&ei=FV_0ULJS74XRAf6ggOAJ&usg=AFQjCNHZlJmkOPwpBj5w5OcaXuwh72dhnA&sig2=3Fe4ier8iMZf2yLGsR25Aw > > The kinetic energy of the product ions formed by this explosion is of the > order of several or tens eV in a diatomic, hundreds of eV in small van der > Waals(VDW) clusters, and 100 KeV to 1 MeV in large (n > 1000) VDW clusters. > > What causes this accelerating weakening of the structure under the > onslaught of x-ray photons radiation is “barrier suppression ionization”. > > The initial arrival of x-ray photons begin the formation of plasma that is > localized within the cluster itself. > > The electrons initially dislodged by the x-ray photons orbit around the > outside of the cluster. These electrons lower the coulomb barrier holding > the electrons that remain orbiting the cluster’s inner atoms. These > remaining electrons reside in the inner orbits closer in to the nuclei of > their atoms. > > Excess electric charge in the gas carrying the clusters will also add to > the suppression of the coulomb barrier further supporting cascading cluster > ionization. > > When enough electrons are removed, the cluster explodes. > > In order to take advantage of the energy produced by “barrier suppression > ionization”, the designers of the Papp reaction must satisfy two main > engineering goals: first, large noble gas clusters must be formulated, and > two, copious amounts of high energy x-ray photons must be produced. > > > Cheers: Axil >
