Physics has seven magic numbers. An atom with a magic number of protons or neutrons is super stable.
When both the protons and neutrons are magic, that's a double magic atom. There are only seven of them. The seven magic numbers are 2, 8, 20, 28, 50, 82, and 126. They are the number of nucleons - which can be either protons or neutrons - you need to fill up the shells found in the atomic nucleus. The completely filled shells cause the atomic nucleus to be more tightly bound together than simple calculations would predict, meaning the magic atoms are unusually stable. So, if both the neutrons and protons happen to be magic numbers, the atom is not only extra stable, but its nucleus is also rigidly spherical, which is very unusual and helps observers confirm the doubly magic properties of the atom. These isotopes - which include helium-4 (2 protons and 2 neutrons, and one of the most abundant isotopes in the universe), lead-208 (82 protons and 126 neutrons, and the heaviest stable atom), and the pair of calcium-48 and nickel-48 (the former has 20 protons and 28 neutrons, while the latter is vice versa). The latest to be discovered is tin-132, which has 50 protons and 82 neutrons. These protons and neutrons form shells as follows The magic numbers are then • 2 • 8=2+6 • 20=2+6+12 • 28=2+6+12+8 • 50=2+6+12+8+22 • 82=2+6+12+8+22+32 • 126=2+6+12+8+22+32+44 • 184=2+6+12+8+22+32+44+58 Miley and Hora identified that nuclei undergoing a LENR reaction want to stabilize at the highly stable double magic number configuration. This is because neutrons want to be paired with protons to form a spherical nucleus with perfectly shaped shells. . Elements with lots of unpaired neutrons like Th232 and U238 would make for great LENR metals. These metals would stabilize at lead 208. Some nuclides are double-magic, in that the number of protons and neutrons are both magic, such as helium-4, oxygen-16, calcium-40, calcium-48, nickel-48, and lead-208. These isotopes are particularly stable and this is where LENR wants to go. Hora who is Miley’s collaborator, makes a convincing case that the nucleus conforms to a R (n) (n = 1, 2, 3…) of the Boltzmann probabilities, namely R (n) = 3n. This suggests a threefold property of stable configurations at magic numbers in Nuclei, consistent with a quark property. Now, we can use this nuclear engineering background to predict what the LENR ash content will look like. In LENR two concurrent processes are occurring simultaneously: fusion and fission. The strength of these two reactions will reflect the amount of screening that the reactor can produce. Elements built up by the fusion process will be subsequently disassembled by a fission process. But you can expect to see proton magic number elements like helium, calcium, oxygen, nickel, tin and lead appear in the LENR ash because they are proton magic number elements. Also, you can expect to see Neutron magic number isotopes favored in LENR. It is a well-known fact that screening can increase the radiation levels of alpha emitters. When screening intensity is increased, it is reasonable to expect that other light elements besides Helium(Z=2) will be expelled(aka fission) from the nucleus. These are Lithium(Z=3) , Beryllium(Z=4), and Boron(Z=5). Also intermediate elements will form that result from the emissions of these light elements like iron, chromium vanadium, titanium, and scandium. Sulfur(Z=16) will form from the beryllium(Z=4) emission from calcium(Z=20). On Thu, Mar 28, 2013 at 9:52 AM, DJ Cravens <djcrav...@hotmail.com> wrote: > > > ------------------------------ > Date: Wed, 27 Mar 2013 22:21:44 -0400 > From: janap...@gmail.com > To: vortex-l@eskimo.com > Subject: [Vo]:thoughts on LENR energy > > > In LENR, the delicate balance within the nucleus between nuclear > attraction and the electrical repulsion between protons is disturbed in the > opposite fashion. > In the light of LENR fusion, a nucleus with many unbalanced neutrons like > Ni64 will be elongated and energetic due to asymmetry neutron energy. > > > > cheers: axil > > --------------------------- > > You may want to check George Miley's analysis in: Miley, G.H., Name, G., > Williams, M.J., Patterson, J.A., Nix, J., Cravens, D., and Hora, H. 1996,. > “Quantitative Observation of Transmutation Products Occurring in Thin-Film > Coated Microscopheres During. Electrolysis,” Progress in New hydrogen, pp. > 629-644, ( 1997). 36. > you can find a good clear graph of products here: > > http://www.alienscientist.com/forum/showthread.php?699-Ni-H2-ECat-Project/page33 > > The thing that you said that I notice is the "elongated" nuclei. I > remember looking at George's graph upside down - not to see products but to > see what could be "fuel" and noticed that most are things with a > significant quadrapole moment. That is one reason I use rare earths in my > "pixie dust" additions to electrolysis systems. (along with a ferro > magnetic for polarization of reactions, and something with a significant > neutron cross sections - Gd, Th, or U) > > OK, OK, people make fun of my "pixie dust" (name due to Gene Mallove) but > it works some times. > > D2 > > > >
