Species which look like helium on a mass spec - especially when subject to variable mass interactions immediately prior to measurement. Helium - 4.002602 amu D2 - 4.028203 amu 4 protons as Rydberg matter – 4.03176 amu
Next we must consider variable mass. To understand variable mass, this article may not help most of us, but it is all there is for now – except for Noether’s theorem and other imponderables like Fock-Stueckelberg. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_shell_and_off_shell What does it take to get a Cooper pair of D to look like 4He on a mass-spec and yet decay energetically into protons and electrons, which should be endothermic ? http://www.scribd.com/doc/139182265/Theories-of-variable-mass-particles-and- low-energy-nuclear-phenomena "Theories of variable mass particles and low energy nuclear phenomena" by Mark Davidson Conclusion of Paper: "We want to emphasize that there is no direct experimental evidence yet that masses of electrons, nucleons, or nuclei can change significantly in a condensed matter setting.... Nevertheless, it is this author's opinion that Fock-Stueckelberg or other type of are a possible explanation for such variations and that all of the experiments in LENR can potentially be explained if they are occurring." Another tid-bit: Scattering experiments indicate that the 4He nuclear structure is C3v, which means that it has a tetrahedral arrangement of neutrons and protons. An alpha particle can be thought of as a pair of deuterons. However, the neutrons of the alpha particle form a pair and so do the protons. The neutron-neutron pair involves a spin pairing and a strong force bonding. The strong force between two neutrons is a repulsion which pushes the separation distance between the centers of the neutrons to the limit of spin pairing. The same thing occurs for the protons except there is an electrostatic repulsion in addition to the strong force repulsion. It is amazing that the alpha is so stable. The strong force between a neutron and a proton is an attraction and there has to be a rotation to maintain a separation between a neutron and a proton in a neutron-proton pair. This can be a complex mix of nuclear dynamics in condensed matter which is far different than in a plasma – thus leading to the suspicion that variable mass plays a role, and that real fusion to helium cannot happen except in a plasma. _____________________________________________ The basic concept is that a paired species of deuterons can form and linger in condensed matter for weeks, but actual decay can occur after a delay. When decay occurs, only protons remain plus excess energy which is below gamma intensity but much more than chemical. Thus we explain all the main details of “helium LENR” but without helium. 1) Excess heat 2) Lack of gamma radiation 3) What “appears to be” 4He on a mass-spec, but is not 4) The so-called “heat after death” phenomenon… Of course, this explanation raises as many questions as it answers, and leaves open the door that a small percentage of reactions still must proceed to tritium, since tritium is documented; but anything that removes the 24MeV millstone from the shoulders of LENR should be given full consideration.
<<attachment: winmail.dat>>
