http://www.arabnews.com/?page=5§ion=0&article=99094&d=5&m=8&y=2007
Monday, 30, July, 2007 (15, Rajab, 1428) Learning the Results of Forbidden Research Adil Salahi, Arab News Q. As doctors we have to study a wide range of areas and the results of research carried out in different countries. Research in gynaecology, sexology and human reproduction is mostly done in non-Muslim countries where experiments are carried out on volunteers. This often involves asking unmarried couples to copulate under controlled conditions. Such research is rarely found in Muslim countries where it is practically impossible to find married couples who will volunteer to go through such experiments. Thus the research involves sinful practices, including the use of prostitutes. Since it is a rule that what is forbidden for us, Muslims, is also forbidden for others, what is the position of medical students who have to study such research and its results? Should they abandon this area of their studies because the research involves committing grave sins? Z. Bakr A. What God has forbidden in His final message to mankind, i.e. Islam, is forbidden to all people. We cannot consider a sinful practice to be permissible to people who do not believe in Islam. While we understand that they will not abide by Islamic rules, we cannot condone their actions. However, we are not forbidden to learn the results of their actions and benefit by such study. Take the example of Britain where a couple of years ago public houses and other drinking places have been allowed to open 24 hours a day. A survey has been carried out recently about the effects of such relaxation of restrictions on opening hours. One of the results shown by the study was that violent crime, and crime in general, have significantly increased. Are we allowed to study the results of such a survey? To say that we are not is bound to have negative effects on us, society in general, and the demand for reinstating the restrictions. Studying these results may give us information that could be very useful in formulating public health policies. Another example is provided by a study carried out by the UN, which proved that male circumcision reduces the chances of contracting HIV/AIDS by 60 percent. When we learn the results of this survey, the least benefit we gain is to strengthen our conviction that whatever Islam legislates is beneficial to mankind. The Prophet (peace be upon him) says: "Wisdom is the object a believer always searches for. Wherever he finds it, he has the strongest claim to it." Wisdom in this Hadith includes sound knowledge, because no wisdom can be gained on the basis of flawed or incomplete knowledge. When we study the research done by others, we are only benefiting by their work. We are not encouraging sinful practices. We are gaining knowledge that we cannot otherwise achieve. Since our intention is to learn and apply our learning to what is of benefit to people in general, God will judge us on the basis of our intentions. Let me give you a different example. A student of literature, in any language, reads novels, plays and poetry. Any of these forms of literature may include descriptions of situations that are forbidden in Islam, such as adultery, theft, murder, etc. Often a novel succeeds on the strength of its characterization, i.e. drawing the characters with in-depth analysis of their feelings and the motives of their actions. Thus a writer may have to delve into the deeper feelings of the thief, murderer or adulterer. A famous novel that involves sketching such feelings is Crime and Punishment. Can anyone say that reading this novel is forbidden? To say so requires citing strong evidence in support. To argue so without evidence is to express a personal opinion, which may be valid, but the opposite opinion may be equally valid. In other words, if a scholar says that it should not be read because it could encourage committing such crimes, another scholar may find it conducive to reducing such crimes because it gives a clear message that crime is of no benefit to anyone. The same applies to studying the results of the research cited by the reader. If we were to ignore it, we will be deprived of knowledge that can be of immense benefit to our society. Moreover, medical ethics developed over the centuries. When Islamic civilization flourished, it added to these in the light of Islamic teachings. One of the rules adopted by Muslim doctors over the centuries, and endorsed by Islamic scholars, is that doctors should treat patients without discrimination on any basis, not even that of how they contracted the disease or received the injury. In other words, if an AIDS patient comes to you for treatment, you do not need to know how he contracted the disease before agreeing to treat him. You administer the treatment and help him in anyway you can, even though you are certain that he got the disease through homosexuality. Umrah for the People of Makkah Q. When I want to do the Umrah, while I am living in Makkah, do I have to go to the mosque at Taneem to start my Umrah, or could I start from home? (Name and address withheld) A. If a person staying in Makkah wishes to do the Umrah, that person should go to the nearest point outside the Haram area, which is known as Taneem, and start the ihraam there. But this is done by people coming from outside the Hil area, for whom travel is a problem. They try to take the opportunity of their presence in Makkah to do the Umrah repeatedly. While this is acceptable, it is not particularly recommended. They should do like the people of Makkah, who do not go out of the Haram area to start the Umrah. In fact the people of Makkah do not do the Umrah except on their return from travel away from Makkah. What they can and should do is to offer the tawaf as frequently as possible. This is the right way. If you analyze the Umrah, it consists of four duties, an intention, ihraam, tawaf and sa'ie. Thus, the last two are the basic ones in performing the Umrah. The sa'ie is never offered voluntarily. It is a duty of both the Umrah and the pilgrimage. Hence, residents in Makkah should not go out of it in order to start a voluntary Umrah. In the time it takes them to do it, they can perform at least three tawafs depending on how crowded the place is. Therefore, my advice to this lady is to do the tawaf voluntarily as often as possible, and not to do the Umrah, which is not recommended for the people of Makkah. Facing Fire in Prayer Q. On one occasion, there was a power cut in the mosque just before a congregational prayer. Someone placed a candle in front, but the imam, who was not from our village, refused to start the prayer until the candle was removed. He explained that it was not permissible, but he failed to provide evidence. Could you please explain whether he was right. Mahfuzoor Rahman A. The imam was right in removing the candle, although the prayer would not have been invalid if the candle remained in front of you. The ruling is that facing a fire, of any sort, in prayer is reprehensible, or makrooh. This is due to the fact that some groups of idolaters used to worship fire and always prayed facing it. Therefore, it is reprehensible to place a fire in front of us when we pray, so as to leave no chance of apparent similarity between our prayer and what idolaters did. This applies not only to fire, but to any aspect of idolatrous worship. It is also reprehensible to offer any prayer at the point of sunrise, sunset and when the sun is at the highest point in the sky. This is due to the fact that some idolater groups worshipped the sun, and prayed at these points in time. Islam is keen that our prayer should not resemble any idolatrous practice. [Non-text portions of this message have been removed]