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One Foreigner's Appreciation of Gus Dur
Written by Philip Bowring
Sunday, 03 January 2010
ImageNot just Indonesia but the Islamic world lost an irreplaceable figure
Symbolism matters. By most measures Abdurrahman Wahid - known universally as
Gus Dur - was a disaster as Indonesia's president. Even Megawati's years of
doing nothing appear an achievement in comparison with Gus Dur's chaotic 21
months in power as Indonesia's fourth leader.
Yet is it possible to argue that the almost blind head of the Nahdlatul
Ulama, who died on Dec. 30, contributed not just more than anyone to
Indonesia's nearly peaceful transition from the Suharto era, of which he was
a part, to plural democracy. Even more important, he embodied a tradition of
tolerance which is as essential as a common language to the survival of
Indonesia, a nation which is not merely multi-religious but harbours a wide
variety of interpretations of the religion of the majority.
His most obvious contribution as president to inclusiveness and tolerance
was his ending of overt discrimination against Chinese people and language.
But that was only one aspect of a career built on a profound belief in the
importance of common values transcending religious divisions. Despite an
unprepossessing physique, he was an effective leader because he combined
several elements. He inherited leadership of the NU from his father and
grandfather, and hence the quasi-feudal authority that went with the grass
roots Muslim organisation.
But he added to that true intellectual weight, a profound knowledge not only
of Islam but of other religions and philosophies combined with an ability,
learned through his years in journalism, to express himself simply and
directly. And to those he added an earthiness to which people at large, be
they peasants from east Java or politicians in Jakarta could easily relate.
The Gus Dur who loved retailing gossip about the sex lives of the first
family was the same Gus Dur who was treated with reverence both by his
fellow kiai - the religious leaders of Indonesian Muslims - and by attendees
at international gatherings.
His failings were obvious too and rather typical of one born to high office.
To those were added physical decline in the wake of his stroke and what
amounted to almost an addiction to politicking which left friends and allies
exasperated. If he had been directly elected as president, things might have
been different. But he proved temperamentally incapable of the managing the
coalition of entrenched interests necessary when the presidency was the gift
of the MPR, the country's fractured House of Representatives. His liberal
views on separatist issues such as Aceh and Irian Jaya also contributed to
his downfall - though in the case of Aceh they paved the way to post-tsunami
peace.
His failures do not undermine his importance as religious leader and
politician in keeping religion and politics separate and ensuring that
mainstream Islam in Indonesia remained tolerant and plural, where religion
was a matter of private conscience and where the secular state kept out of
religious affairs - and vice versa. He also reconciled Islamic teachings
with pancasila, Indonesia's amorphous, five-sided state philosophy of belief
in one god, humanitarianism, national unity, popular sovereignty and social
justice.
It was this belief in pluralism which enabled him to be a moderating
influence in the latter Suharto years and play a central role in the
democratic transition. That a nearly blind cleric who had already suffered
strokes was elected president at all was a reflection of his symbolic role
in a nation searching for a new basis for harmony.
Many Muslim-majority countries (not least Malaysia) could learn much from
the liberal intellectual traditions which Gus Dur embodied. Indeed, the
physical infirmity of his later years largely prevented him from playing an
international role, providing a coherent and good-humored counter to the
exclusivism and extremism displayed by religious and political authorities
in countries as diverse as Iran, Malaysia and Pakistan.
The world, not just Indonesia, needs more Gus Durs.
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