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http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/can-a-muslim-say-happy-christmas-to-his-friends-1827628.html

Can a Muslim say happy Christmas to his friends?

Such questions are at the heart of a debate between the forces of Islamic 
intolerance and a group of scholars touring Britain with a message of moderation

By Jerome Taylor


Thursday, 26 November 2009


 

REUTERS

Muslims circle the Kaaba inside the Grand Mosque in the holy city of Mecca 
after morning prayers before this year's Haj pilgrimage

  a..  enlarge 




Suheil Azam was sitting in a coffee shop in east London last month when one his 
friends began a debate on whether it was permissible under Islamic scripture 
for Muslims to wish their non-Muslim friends happy Christmas. As a 23-year-old 
professional who socialises widely, Mr Azam had never considered the 
possibility that someone in his community might frown upon him for going round 
to his neighbours at Christmas or partying during New Year. But his friend, who 
had become increasingly devout, was adamant that such behaviour was haram 
(forbidden). 


"Personally I think he's wrong," explained Mr Azam. "But it's difficult to 
argue against him because all the information he gets is taken from the 
internet and it makes him sound very knowledgeable."

Such a debate between two young British Muslims would have been almost 
unthinkable two decades ago. But today it is frequently the internet that young 
Muslims turn to when looking for spiritual advice. And what they find in 
cyberspace is often shockingly intolerant. "Do not congratulate [the 
unbeliever] on their festivals in any way whatsoever," warns one prominent 
site. "That implies approval of their festival and not denouncing them." 

While the real world provides a vast array of interpretations from a variety of 
Islamic schools, more often than not it is the intolerant strands of Islam 
taught by Saudi Arabia's fundamentalist Wahabi scholars that dominate online. 
Backed by billions of petrodollars and an army of tech-savvy graduates who are 
more than capable of capturing the YouTube generation's imagination, the 
internet has long been a stronghold for the most intolerant forms of Islam. For 
those who wish to see the West's Muslim communities continue to integrate with 
their neighbours, the prevalence of such isolationist rhetoric is of great 
concern. Armed with quotes from Saudi scholars living thousands of miles away, 
a small number of angry young British Muslims are forgoing the inclusive Islam 
their parents were once taught in favour of an interpretation that encourages 
them to cut themselves off from mainstream society and view all non-Muslims 
with contempt. 

But now, as the Hajj gets under way in Mecca, one of the world's oldest Islamic 
institutions has come to Britain to remind young Muslims who might be tempted 
by the Wahabi rhetoric that there is an alternative way to worship. Scholars 
from Al-Azhar in Cairo have been touring Britain's mosques to launch a new 
online book of fatwas (Islamic judgements) which directly challenge the Saudi 
way of thinking. 

The second oldest university in the world, after China's Nanking University, 
Al-Azhar was generally seen as the foremost centre of learning in the Sunni 
world until Saudi Arabia began exporting its millenarian version of Islam en 
masse from the late 1970s. Critics have since accused Al-Azhar of being too 
close to the widely disliked Egyptian government, but it remains one of the few 
international schools of Islamic jurisprudence with enough historical clout to 
challenge Saudi Arabia's supremacy. 

The 200-page book, entitled The Response, has been available in the Middle East 
in Arabic for two years but this is the first time a comprehensive list of some 
of the most commonly asked questions encountered by Al-Azhar's scholars has 
been available in English, and equally importantly, Urdu, the national language 
of Pakistan. The issues answered in the book range from whether the Earth 
revolves around the Sun (Sheikh Ibn Baaz, Saudi Arabia's Grand Mufti during the 
1990s, insisted that the Sun revolved around the Earth) to whether a Muslim is 
allowed to perform magic tricks (Wahabis forbid it).

After each question, the book's authors quote a fundamentalist fatwa and then 
offer their own, centrist alternative. In reply to whether Muslims can greet 
non-believers during their festivals, for instance, Al-Azhar's scholars write: 
"There is no harm in congratulating non-Muslims with whom you have a family 
relationship, or that are neighbours of yours." They then give examples from 
the Prophet Mohamed's life that showed his tolerance toward other religions. 

Sheikh Abdel Fattah El Bezm, the Grand Mufti of Damascus, was one of two 
Al-Azhar trained scholars to tour the UK this week, visiting mosques in 
Birmingham and Manchester. An elderly cleric with a trimmed grey beard and warm 
eyes, the Islam he grew up with and went on to study was mainly concerned with 
creating a just world marked by kindness and lenience. 

In an interview with The Independent, he was keen to avoid blaming the Saudis 
directly, but it was clear that Al-Azhar's scholars want to confront the 
hardliners' rhetoric. "This is not an argument between two countries, between 
Saudi Arabia or Al-Azhar," he said. "But we do want to show that there are many 
different schools of thought. A few decades ago people began to abuse Islam and 
abuse Muslims. They took Islam out of context; they used it for their own 
personal gain and it has come back to haunt us. We are now paying the price for 
that." Richard Gauvain, a British-born academic and a specialist in Islam who 
has taught at the American University of Cairo for the past seven years, 
translated The Response into English and says it is time moderate scholars 
caught up with the online mullahs. "To be honest this book should have been 
written 30 years ago," he said. "Its value lies in re-establishing Al-Azhar as 
the leading voice. It reaches out to the average guy on the street and reminds 
them that nuance and ambiguity have always been very much part of the Islamic 
tradition."

But will British Muslims listen to what Al-Azhar has to say? Earlier this year 
Al-Azhar launched an English language version of its famous Islamic Hotline. 
Commonly referred to as "Dial-a-Sheikh" in Egypt, the hotline was launched in 
2000 and allowed ordinary Muslims from across the Middle East to phone 
Al-Azhar's scholars for Islamic advice. It has since received over two million 
calls from around the world but has had trouble gaining a foothold in the UK. 
Chérif Abdel Meguid, the phone line's rotund and bespectacled founder, was 
surprisingly candid about the limited success of the hotline in Britain: "Very 
few of our callers come from the UK at the moment," he admitted. "We launched 
it in April but we haven't followed it up with enough advertising yet. This 
week we've taken adverts out in some of the Urdu language British press so we 
hope to get more callers." Inayat Bunglawala, the Muslim Council of Britain's 
influential media secretary who recently founded his own group, Muslims4UK, 
believes the Egyptian institution's reputation has suffered. "Educated Muslims 
look at Al-Azhar with respect because of its history as a beacon of learning 
but they are also very much aware that its reputation has dwindled in recent 
decades," he said. "Many now regard it as little more than an extension of the 
Egyptian government whose sheikhs are called upon to make pronouncements that 
are favourable to the Egyptian regime. "

But Muhammad Ali Musawi from the Quilliam Foundation, which was set up by 
former extremists who have abandoned their hardline rhetoric, believes even 
extremists will take note of Al-Azhar fatwas. "I think this is something that 
we should welcome," he said. "[Al-Azhar] is still a respected institution and 
people will listen to what it has to say.

"The big problem, as ever, is resources. The sort of money Al-Azhar has backing 
it cannot even begin to compare with what Saudi Arabia puts in to funding its 
Wahabi clerics. Unfortunately, young British Muslims rarely come across a 
scholar from Al-Azhar. But barely a week goes by without a Saudi institution 
sending over one of their clerics to preach in our universities or mosques."

Conflicting fatwas: Cairo vs Saudi Arabia

Q. Should a husband or wife stay in a marriage if their partner no longer 
prays? 

* Fatwa from Sheikh Ibn al-Uthaymin (a prominent 20th-century Saudi scholar) By 
abandoning his or her prayers, a person leaves Islam. It is forbidden, 
therefore, for a Muslim to remain with a husband or a wife who no longer prays. 

* Al-Azhar's fatwa With a single stroke of the pen, this fatwa declares a vast 
number of Muslims to be unbelievers. In fact, it means that millions of people 
are now no longer Muslims. We do not know why the authors are so keen to 
exclude crowds of Muslims from God's religion.

Q. Is free thought and faith a positive attribute? 

* Sheikh Ibn al-Uthaymin Whoever argues that a person is entitled to complete 
freedom of faith is an unbeliever, guilty of the major sin of disbelief.

* Al-Azhar Allowing people freedom of faith does not mean that we consent to 
people forsaking their religion. However, we are dismayed by insistence on 
charging Muslims with acts of apostasy for the smallest of reasons. 

Q. Is it wrong to say the Earth moves around the Sun? 

* Sheikh Ibn Baaz (Grand Mufti of Saudi Arabia 1993-99) "The person who 
maintains that the Sun does not move should be condemned to death after being 
called upon to repent, as his denials of the motion of the Sun constitute a 
denial of God's Word.

* Al-Azhar Matters which are not explicitly indicated in texts revealed by God 
should be referred to experts in these fields, such as astronomers. Such fatwas 
as this one sadly distorts the image of Islam worldwide. 

Q. Is it allowed for a Muslim to live in a non-Muslim country?

* Sheikh Ibn Baaz It is illegal to live in such countries for work, trade or 
even for study, except when engaged in proselytising in the name of Islam. 

* Al-Azhar It is a Muslim's duty, whether living within Muslim or non-Muslim 
communities, to benefit other members of those communities through teaching 
religion, calling for the good and opposing the bad.

Q. Are Muslims allowed to study secular law?

* The Permanent Committee for Islamic Research (Saudi Arabia's most senior 
school of Islamic jurisprudence) It is not permitted to teach secular law as a 
general course in higher education. This subject should be limited to 
specialists, who are able to show how secular law deviates from the truth [of 
Muslim law]. 

* Al-Azhar There is nothing wrong with studying secular law providing that 
one's study is guided by a legitimate interest, such as co-operating for the 
general good of society and fighting legal oppression.


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