Thanks ...this is helpful in getting a better view of the complexity of one's possible DNA story.George
Sent from my iPad On Jul 2, 2015, at 11:29 AM, MaryAnn Santos <m...@nyu.edu> wrote: > I found this article on FB. It's very interesting. Here is the link followed > by a rough translation of the text.... > > MaryAnn > > http://www.publico.pt/diversidade/jornal/a-historia-de-portugal-contada--pelos-nossos-genes-21878549 > > The analysis of certain portions of human DNA lets go back in time to get an > idea, geographic and temporal origin of the current Portuguese. By Ana > Gerschenfeld > > the genetic recipe for cooking a modern Portuguese: warm over low heat one > "broth" of DNA Celtic, Iberian and Lusitanian the early Christian era, adding > a pinch of Jewish genes in the Middle East during the Roman Empire. From time > to time, pour in the pan some Berber genes. Wait 700 years and then mix a > handful of genes from Arab invaders for five centuries. Already in the > thirteenth century greatly increase the heat and reduce the introduction of > Arab genes (not forgetting to continue to sprinkle the mixture over Jewish > genes). From the mid-fifteenth century, lower the heat and go pouring in the > broth a couple tablespoons of gene sub-Saharan slaves. In the early sixteenth > century, again increase the fire of Inquisition for two centuries, continuing > to add African genes to the end of the nineteenth century - and never > forgetting to temper periodically over some Jewish genes (now called > "Sephardi"). > > In broad strokes, this is the DNA manufacturing recipe of today's Portugal in > the light of the latest results of population genetics. It is at least a > possible story and was inspired by the book reading The Portuguese Genetic > Heritage (Gradiva, 2009), authored by researcher Luisa Pereira, Molecular > Pathology and Immunology Institute of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), and > journalist Filipa Ribeiro . > > One that was clearly written in the genes of the current Portuguese was the > involvement of Portugal, especially among the mid-fifteenth century and the > late eighteenth century - and to a lesser extent by the end of the nineteenth > century - in the trafficking of black African slaves. The entry of slaves in > Portugal was one of the highest in Europe - and while the other European > colonial powers such as Spain, exporting slaves to their overseas colonies, > Portugal mattered them to the metropolis. "In Portugal," write the authors of > the book mentioned above, "the unusual percentage of slaves peaked at 10 > percent of the population south of the country in the mid-sixteenth century." > > In 2005, the same team of IPATIMUP confirmed in the genes that history of > Portugal already had: a study published in the journal Human Biology, > concluded that there is now indeed a higher frequency of African lineages in > genetic Portuguese than in the Spanish neighbors . "Basically, Portugal > retains most sub-Saharan lineages that Spain - [and] there is historical data > that Spanish trafficked slaves especially to America", tells us Luísa Pereira. > > Many results of genetic add up to history - which was to be expected. But > even then, there have been surprises. In particular, a study published in > 2008 in the American Journal of Human Genetics by an international team of > scientists - among which included John Lavinha, a geneticist at the Health > Institute Ricardo Jorge Lisbon - showed that, on average, 35 percent of men > in southern Portugal and 25 percent have North Sephardic Jews genes - and > that men do Sul have 15 percent of North African descent and the North 10 > percent. This means, first, that, contrary to what was thought, the > Portuguese Jews did not flee when they were expelled by the Inquisition. They > merged in the general population and mingled to surviving this way religious > intolerance. What about North African component, something similar may have > happened, although to a lesser extent, contrary to tell us the history books. > The genes of today's Portuguese witness what really happened. > > Mitochondria, Y and Cª > > Today, modern genetics provides clues to follow the trail to the wanderings > of the human species - and in particular Portuguese - from its beginnings. > > After all, each of the cells of our body guard, in your DNA, the history of > the generations that preceded us. The gaps are still large, but advances in > DNA sequencing techniques have allowed obtaining results that respond to many > questions. > > Genetic studies of human populations migration of accumulated mainly by two > specific mutations in the human gene bits: the mitochondrial DNA and > chromosome Y. The first is a small ring of DNA that lies within structures > called mitochondria, which are "batteries" cells. As for the Y chromosome, it > determines the male gender (women are XX and XY males). > > Both of these types of DNA are used to study the genetic characteristics of > the population, because they have hereditary transmission modes very well > defined. Mitochondrial DNA has the distinction of being transmitted > exclusively through matrilineal - that is, by mothers to their children of > both sexes - while the Y chromosome is transmitted by parents to their > children exclusively male. This means that the DNA of mitochondria from > anyone comes from his mother's mother's mother's mother (etc.) and the Y > chromosome DNA of any man comes from his father's father's father's father > (etc.). And the history of Portugal magazine through genetic prism gives > roughly the above recipe. > > According to findings published in 2004 by Luisa Pereira, António Amorim and > colleagues (also from IPATIMUP ) in the International Journal of Legal > Medicine , the gene pool of today's Portuguese consists of 70 to 80 percent > of former European lineages. The they have added to , more recently, 10 to 20 > percent of strains in the Middle East , 10 percent North African strains male > (i.e. , settings of the Y chromosome features of North Africa men) and five > per percent of women ( ie mitochondrial settings characteristics of women in > North Africa ) . In particular , there is in Portugal a maternal lineage, > called U6 , characteristic of the Berbers of North Africa and virtually > absent in the rest of Europe. The Portuguese genetic profile is completed by > three to 11 percent ( depending on the region of the country) of female > lineages arising from sub-Saharan Africa. > > > > -- > MaryAnn Santos > Senior Advisement and Student Affairs Administrator > Department of Art and Art Professions > NYU/Steinhardt > 212.998.5702 > m...@nyu.edu > > Follow us at > Twitter / @NYUart > Instagram / @nyuart > Facebook / NYU Art Department > > > > -- > MaryAnn Santos > Senior Advisement and Student Affairs Administrator > Department of Art and Art Professions > NYU/Steinhardt > 212.998.5702 > m...@nyu.edu > > Follow us at > Twitter / @NYUart > Instagram / @nyuart > Facebook / NYU Art Department > -- > For options, such as changing to List, Digest, Abridged, or No Mail > (vacation) mode, log into your Google account and visit this group at > http://groups.google.com/group/Azores. 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