Mbak Arum, ini ada artikel mengenai Hepatitis B, semoga berguna
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Hepatitis B blood test
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Why do I need a blood test for hepatitis B?
At one of your first prenatal visits (while you're having other blood
tests) your provider will check your blood for the presence of the
hepatitis B virus (HBV), a disease that can sometimes cause severe
illness, liver damage, and even death. More than a million people in
the United States carry the virus, but not all of them know it. If
you're one of them, you could pass the virus on to your baby at birth.
Knowing if you're a carrier will allow your practitioner to treat your
baby right after birth, most likely preventing her from getting the
virus at all.
How would I have become an HBV carrier?
Hepatitis B is highly infectious and is spread through blood and
bodily fluids. If you're a carrier, you may have contracted the virus:
â Through sexual contact with another carrier
â At birth if your mother is a carrier
â By sharing needles or getting a needlestick on the job
â By using a toothbrush or razor that's been used by a carrier and has
a small trace or blood on it (that you can't see)
â By getting a body piercing or tatoo done in a place that doesn't
follow good health preactices.
The vast majority of people who contract the virus develop an acute
infection (which may be symptomless or may cause jaundice and flu-like
symptoms) and then clear the virus from their blood and develop
protective antibodies (so they can't become infected again). But about
10 percent of those who contract the virus are unable to clear it and
become chronic carriers. Many carriers have no symptoms and don't know
they have the disease, although they may continue to infect others
throughout their lives. However, about 10 to 30 percent of carriers
eventually develop chronic liver disease and about 20 percent of those
with liver disease develop liver cancer. An estimated 5,000 people die
each year in the United States from illness caused by HBV.
What happens if I test positive for HBV?
For starters, your practitioner may ask you to take another more
detailed blood test to get more information about your condition and
to check your liver function. He may give you a shot of hepatitis B
immunoglobulin (HBIG) â antibodies to help you avoid severe symptoms.
Because the virus affects your liver, you'll need to completely avoid
alcohol (all pregnant women should anyway!). Finally, you'll most
likely go to a specialist for further care, including periodic
evaluations of your liver function. And everyone else in your
household and any sexual partners should be tested and vaccinated if
they aren't carriers.
Immediately after you give birth, your medical team will give your
baby a shot of hepatitis B antibodies that should protect her from
infection in the short-term. She should also receive her first shot of
hepatitis B vaccine within 12 hours of birth. She can get the second
and third doses at her regular doctor visits. (All three shots are
necessary for life-time protection, and the Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention recommend that all babies get them.) Together,
the antibodies and the vaccine are about 90 percent effective in
preventing hepatitis B infection in babies. You should get ongoing
follow-up care after you deliver, since chronic carriers are at risk
for serious liver disease.
If you test negative for HBV and have not received the hepatitis B
vaccine, your practitioner may recommend that you get it if you're at
high risk for contracting the disease (see below for groups at high
risk). The shot is safe for pregnant women and will have no effect on
your developing baby.
What would happen if my baby did get hepatitis B?
If you're an HBV carrier, your chances of transmitting the virus to
your baby at birth are about 10 to 20 percent unless she receives
treatment within 12 hours of birth. Infants who do become infected may
not have any symptoms right away but are much more likely than adults
(90 percent instead of 5 to 10 percent) to become chronic carriers who
may spread the virus throughout their lives and are at higher risk of
developing and dying from liver disease or cancer. There's no cure for
hepatitis B, although certain drugs are effective in controlling liver
disease in about 40 percent of infected people.
Who is most at risk for having hepatitis B?
Because hepatitis B is transmitted through exposure to blood and body
fluids, those most at risk include healthcare workers, household
contacts and sexual partners of carriers, people with multiple sexual
partners, and IV drug users. Immigrants from Southeast Asia, Africa,
the Middle East, the Pacific Islands, and the Amazon basin also have
higher rates of infection. The good news is that the vaccination can
protect you if you don't already have the disease. If you're at risk
for hepatitis B, be sure to get vaccinated.
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Breastfeeding and hepatitis
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Condition
Hepatitis A (HAV), B (HBV), and C (HCV)
The potential problem
Since hepatitis is a viral infection, many women worry about
transmitting the illness through their breast milk. The different
strains of hepatitis, which infects the liver, cause symptoms that
range from mild to severe. HAV, also known as infectious hepatitis, is
a short-term illness with mild symptoms such as loss of appetite,
fever, fatigue, and nausea. It is transmitted through contact with
infected blood or bowel movements.
HBV, also called serum hepatitis, is spread through contact with
saliva, mucus, blood, and other body fluids, as well as from
contaminated foods, and sexual activity. It can produce similar but
longer lasting symptoms as HAV, or it may lead to chronic liver
disease or even be fatal.
HCV is spread through infected blood or needles, or by sexual contact.
The illness often begins as a slight but nagging infection with
flu-like symptoms that eventually may result in liver cancer.
Can I breastfeed?
In general, yes. Hepatitis A can be treated with gamma globulin, a
medication that is safe to take if you're breastfeeding. If you had
hepatitis A in the past and successfully treated it, breastfeeding is
fine.
Hepatitis B has been found in breast milk. However, since a baby is
already likely to have been exposed to the virus during pregnancy or
delivery, researchers say that infected mothers can safely nurse from
the start.
Hepatitis C does not appear to be a risk for babies who are breastfed
by infected mothers. (Some experts report that babies nursed by HCV
moms are as likely to contract the illness as those who are
formula-fed.) However, other medical researchers say that even the
smallest chance of infection makes breastfeeding too risky, especially
if the mother is considering nursing during an acute phase of the
infection. Talk to your pediatrician about what's best for you. Also,
if HCV is making a nursing mother feel ill, breastfeeding may be too
taxing.
Solution
Immediately after birth â and again at two and six months â a baby
born to an HBV-infected mom should be fully immunized against the
virus.
If you have HVC and your doctor has advised against immediate
breastfeeding because of a possible risk of infection, you can pump
your milk and throw it away to keep up your milk supply. When you feel
better â and when your healthcare provider recommends it â you can
resume breastfeeding.
Also, if your symptoms leave you too tired to breastfeed, consider
pumping or expressing your milk until you're feeling better.
Condition
Hepatitis A (HAV), B (HBV), and C (HCV)
The potential problem
Since hepatitis is a viral infection, many women worry about
transmitting the illness through their breast milk. The different
strains of hepatitis, which infects the liver, cause symptoms that
range from mild to severe. HAV, also known as infectious hepatitis, is
a short-term illness with mild symptoms such as loss of appetite,
fever, fatigue, and nausea. It is transmitted through contact with
infected blood or bowel movements.
HBV, also called serum hepatitis, is spread through contact with
saliva, mucus, blood, and other body fluids, as well as from
contaminated foods, and sexual activity. It can produce similar but
longer lasting symptoms as HAV, or it may lead to chronic liver
disease or even be fatal.
HCV is spread through infected blood or needles, or by sexual contact.
The illness often begins as a slight but nagging infection with
flu-like symptoms that eventually may result in liver cancer.
Can I breastfeed?
In general, yes. Hepatitis A can be treated with gamma globulin, a
medication that is safe to take if you're breastfeeding. If you had
hepatitis A in the past and successfully treated it, breastfeeding is
fine.
Hepatitis B has been found in breast milk. However, since a baby is
already likely to have been exposed to the virus during pregnancy or
delivery, researchers say that infected mothers can safely nurse from
the start.
Hepatitis C does not appear to be a risk for babies who are breastfed
by infected mothers. (Some experts report that babies nursed by HCV
moms are as likely to contract the illness as those who are
formula-fed.) However, other medical researchers say that even the
smallest chance of infection makes breastfeeding too risky, especially
if the mother is considering nursing during an acute phase of the
infection. Talk to your pediatrician about what's best for you. Also,
if HCV is making a nursing mother feel ill, breastfeeding may be too
taxing.
Solution
Immediately after birth â and again at two and six months â a baby
born to an HBV-infected mom should be fully immunized against the
virus.
If you have HVC and your doctor has advised against immediate
breastfeeding because of a possible risk of infection, you can pump
your milk and throw it away to keep up your milk supply. When you feel
better â and when your healthcare provider recommends it â you can
resume breastfeeding.
Also, if your symptoms leave you too tired to breastfeed, consider
pumping or expressing your milk until you're feeling better.
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Sumber : Babycenter
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