continuing my inquiries into how this stuff really works operationally. here's what I think: an OSPF packet is created, using an IP header. Protocol 89 is indicated in the protocol field. the source address is the interface out which the packet is sent. the destination address is 224.0.0.5 or 224.0.0.6 depending. I suspect that the time to live is set to one (1), this so that the packets don't rattle around forever. however, in the case of a virtual link, where the V bit is set in the LSA, while all other things in the IP header remain the same, I suspect that the time to live is set to a higher value - maybe even to 255. after all, one can't be sure how many hops across the transit area until one reaches the router with the indicated RID. anyone ever sniffed this, and know for sure? I'd like to verify that my idle speculation approaches the truth. Chuck Message Posted at: http://www.groupstudy.com/form/read.php?f=7&i=15824&t=15824 -------------------------------------------------- FAQ, list archives, and subscription info: http://www.groupstudy.com/list/cisco.html Report misconduct and Nondisclosure violations to [EMAIL PROTECTED]