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commit cfd7a363137e94d97770db91f3d925c2b2141870
Author: Alex Herbert <aherb...@apache.org>
AuthorDate: Tue Nov 21 18:33:47 2023 +0000

    Checkstyle: private final class should be final
---
 .../commons/math4/core/jdkmath/AccurateMath.java   |  6 ++--
 .../interpolation/InterpolatingMicrosphere.java    |  4 +--
 .../analysis/polynomials/PolynomialsUtils.java     |  2 +-
 .../legacy/analysis/solvers/LaguerreSolver.java    |  2 +-
 .../legacy/distribution/EmpiricalDistribution.java |  2 +-
 .../MixtureMultivariateRealDistribution.java       |  2 +-
 ...ariateNormalMixtureExpectationMaximization.java |  2 +-
 .../fitting/leastsquares/LeastSquaresFactory.java  |  4 +--
 .../leastsquares/LevenbergMarquardtOptimizer.java  |  2 +-
 .../commons/math4/legacy/linear/BigRealField.java  |  2 +-
 .../math4/legacy/linear/SchurTransformer.java      |  2 +-
 .../apache/commons/math4/legacy/linear/SymmLQ.java |  2 +-
 .../math4/legacy/ode/ExpandableStatefulODE.java    |  2 +-
 .../commons/math4/legacy/ode/JacobianMatrices.java |  4 +--
 .../math4/legacy/ode/MultistepFieldIntegrator.java |  4 +--
 .../math4/legacy/ode/MultistepIntegrator.java      |  4 +--
 .../math4/legacy/ode/events/EventState.java        |  2 +-
 .../ode/nonstiff/AdamsMoultonFieldIntegrator.java  |  2 +-
 .../ode/nonstiff/AdamsMoultonIntegrator.java       |  2 +-
 .../legacy/ode/sampling/DummyStepHandler.java      |  2 +-
 .../legacy/optim/AbstractOptimizationProblem.java  |  4 +--
 .../commons/math4/legacy/optim/BaseOptimizer.java  |  4 +--
 .../scalar/MultivariateFunctionMappingAdapter.java |  8 ++---
 .../nonlinear/scalar/noderiv/BOBYQAOptimizer.java  |  2 +-
 .../nonlinear/scalar/noderiv/CMAESOptimizer.java   |  6 ++--
 .../legacy/optim/univariate/BracketFinder.java     |  2 +-
 .../commons/math4/legacy/stat/Frequency.java       |  2 +-
 .../descriptive/AggregateSummaryStatistics.java    |  2 +-
 .../stat/descriptive/rank/PSquarePercentile.java   |  2 +-
 .../math4/legacy/stat/ranking/NaturalRanking.java  |  2 +-
 .../differentiation/GradientFunctionTest.java      |  2 +-
 .../differentiation/JacobianFunctionTest.java      |  2 +-
 .../legacy/fitting/leastsquares/MinpackTest.java   | 36 +++++++++++-----------
 .../genetics/ElitisticListPopulationTest.java      |  2 +-
 .../math4/legacy/genetics/FitnessCachingTest.java  |  2 +-
 .../genetics/GeneticAlgorithmTestBinary.java       |  2 +-
 .../genetics/GeneticAlgorithmTestPermutations.java |  2 +-
 .../legacy/genetics/TournamentSelectionTest.java   |  2 +-
 .../legacy/linear/Array2DRowRealMatrixTest.java    |  4 +--
 .../math4/legacy/linear/BlockFieldMatrixTest.java  |  4 +--
 .../math4/legacy/linear/BlockRealMatrixTest.java   |  4 +--
 .../math4/legacy/linear/FieldMatrixImplTest.java   |  4 +--
 .../ml/clustering/KMeansPlusPlusClustererTest.java |  2 +-
 .../math4/legacy/ode/FirstOrderConverterTest.java  |  2 +-
 .../math4/legacy/ode/JacobianMatricesTest.java     |  8 ++---
 .../math4/legacy/ode/TestFieldProblem4.java        |  4 +--
 .../commons/math4/legacy/ode/TestProblem4.java     |  4 +--
 .../math4/legacy/ode/events/CloseEventsTest.java   |  2 +-
 .../math4/legacy/ode/events/EventFilterTest.java   |  2 +-
 .../math4/legacy/ode/events/EventStateTest.java    |  6 ++--
 .../legacy/ode/events/OverlappingEventsTest.java   |  2 +-
 .../legacy/ode/events/ReappearingEventTest.java    |  2 +-
 ...tractEmbeddedRungeKuttaFieldIntegratorTest.java |  4 +--
 .../AbstractRungeKuttaFieldIntegratorTest.java     |  4 +--
 .../ode/nonstiff/AdamsBashforthIntegratorTest.java |  4 +--
 .../nonstiff/AdamsFieldIntegratorAbstractTest.java |  4 +--
 .../ode/nonstiff/AdamsMoultonIntegratorTest.java   |  4 +--
 .../ClassicalRungeKuttaIntegratorTest.java         |  2 +-
 .../nonstiff/DormandPrince54IntegratorTest.java    |  6 ++--
 .../nonstiff/DormandPrince853IntegratorTest.java   |  6 ++--
 ...eddedRungeKuttaFieldIntegratorAbstractTest.java |  4 +--
 .../ode/nonstiff/EulerStepInterpolatorTest.java    |  2 +-
 .../legacy/ode/nonstiff/GillIntegratorTest.java    |  2 +-
 .../nonstiff/GraggBulirschStoerIntegratorTest.java |  2 +-
 .../ode/nonstiff/HighamHall54IntegratorTest.java   |  2 +-
 .../legacy/ode/nonstiff/LutherIntegratorTest.java  |  2 +-
 .../RungeKuttaFieldIntegratorAbstractTest.java     |  4 +--
 ...ungeKuttaFieldStepInterpolatorAbstractTest.java |  2 +-
 .../ode/nonstiff/ThreeEighthesIntegratorTest.java  |  2 +-
 .../ode/sampling/DummyStepInterpolatorTest.java    |  4 +--
 .../MultiStartMultivariateOptimizerTest.java       |  2 +-
 .../MultivariateFunctionMappingAdapterTest.java    |  2 +-
 .../MultivariateFunctionPenaltyAdapterTest.java    |  2 +-
 .../NonLinearConjugateGradientOptimizerTest.java   |  2 +-
 .../nonlinear/scalar/noderiv/OptimTestUtils.java   |  2 +-
 .../SimplexOptimizerMultiDirectionalTest.java      |  2 +-
 .../MultiStartUnivariateOptimizerTest.java         |  2 +-
 77 files changed, 131 insertions(+), 131 deletions(-)

diff --git 
a/commons-math-core/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/core/jdkmath/AccurateMath.java
 
b/commons-math-core/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/core/jdkmath/AccurateMath.java
index 96562866b..67c0726e7 100644
--- 
a/commons-math-core/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/core/jdkmath/AccurateMath.java
+++ 
b/commons-math-core/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/core/jdkmath/AccurateMath.java
@@ -4082,7 +4082,7 @@ public final class AccurateMath {
     }
 
     /** Enclose large data table in nested static class so it's only loaded on 
first access. */
-    private static class ExpIntTable {
+    private static final class ExpIntTable {
         /** Exponential evaluated at integer values,
          * exp(x) =  expIntTableA[x + EXP_INT_TABLE_MAX_INDEX] + 
expIntTableB[x+EXP_INT_TABLE_MAX_INDEX].
          */
@@ -4121,7 +4121,7 @@ public final class AccurateMath {
     }
 
     /** Enclose large data table in nested static class so it's only loaded on 
first access. */
-    private static class ExpFracTable {
+    private static final class ExpFracTable {
         /** Exponential over the range of 0 - 1 in increments of 2^-10
          * exp(x/1024) =  expFracTableA[x] + expFracTableB[x].
          * 1024 = 2^10
@@ -4154,7 +4154,7 @@ public final class AccurateMath {
     }
 
     /** Enclose large data table in nested static class so it's only loaded on 
first access. */
-    private static class lnMant {
+    private static final class lnMant {
         /** Extended precision logarithm table over the range 1 - 2 in 
increments of 2^-10. */
         private static final double[][] LN_MANT;
 
diff --git 
a/commons-math-legacy/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/analysis/interpolation/InterpolatingMicrosphere.java
 
b/commons-math-legacy/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/analysis/interpolation/InterpolatingMicrosphere.java
index d4d4cd466..67dccff8d 100644
--- 
a/commons-math-legacy/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/analysis/interpolation/InterpolatingMicrosphere.java
+++ 
b/commons-math-legacy/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/analysis/interpolation/InterpolatingMicrosphere.java
@@ -328,7 +328,7 @@ public class InterpolatingMicrosphere {
     /**
      * Microsphere "facet" (surface element).
      */
-    private static class Facet {
+    private static final class Facet {
         /** Normal vector characterizing a surface element. */
         private final double[] normal;
 
@@ -353,7 +353,7 @@ public class InterpolatingMicrosphere {
     /**
      * Data associated with each {@link Facet}.
      */
-    private static class FacetData {
+    private static final class FacetData {
         /** Illumination received from the sample. */
         private final double illumination;
         /** Data value of the sample. */
diff --git 
a/commons-math-legacy/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/analysis/polynomials/PolynomialsUtils.java
 
b/commons-math-legacy/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/analysis/polynomials/PolynomialsUtils.java
index b8c422ff3..71752436d 100644
--- 
a/commons-math-legacy/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/analysis/polynomials/PolynomialsUtils.java
+++ 
b/commons-math-legacy/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/analysis/polynomials/PolynomialsUtils.java
@@ -264,7 +264,7 @@ public final class PolynomialsUtils {
     }
 
     /** Inner class for Jacobi polynomials keys. */
-    private static class JacobiKey {
+    private static final class JacobiKey {
 
         /** First exponent. */
         private final int v;
diff --git 
a/commons-math-legacy/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/analysis/solvers/LaguerreSolver.java
 
b/commons-math-legacy/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/analysis/solvers/LaguerreSolver.java
index 193427414..e009473ce 100644
--- 
a/commons-math-legacy/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/analysis/solvers/LaguerreSolver.java
+++ 
b/commons-math-legacy/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/analysis/solvers/LaguerreSolver.java
@@ -229,7 +229,7 @@ public class LaguerreSolver extends 
AbstractPolynomialSolver {
     /**
      * Class for searching all (complex) roots.
      */
-    private class ComplexSolver {
+    private final class ComplexSolver {
         /**
          * Check whether the given complex root is actually a real zero
          * in the given interval, within the solver tolerance level.
diff --git 
a/commons-math-legacy/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/distribution/EmpiricalDistribution.java
 
b/commons-math-legacy/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/distribution/EmpiricalDistribution.java
index 414249b62..983d22afd 100644
--- 
a/commons-math-legacy/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/distribution/EmpiricalDistribution.java
+++ 
b/commons-math-legacy/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/distribution/EmpiricalDistribution.java
@@ -551,7 +551,7 @@ public final class EmpiricalDistribution extends 
AbstractRealDistribution
     /**
      * Constant distribution.
      */
-    private static class ConstantContinuousDistribution implements 
ContinuousDistribution {
+    private static final class ConstantContinuousDistribution implements 
ContinuousDistribution {
         /** Constant value of the distribution. */
         private final double value;
 
diff --git 
a/commons-math-legacy/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/distribution/MixtureMultivariateRealDistribution.java
 
b/commons-math-legacy/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/distribution/MixtureMultivariateRealDistribution.java
index 67395e77d..b8d8929b9 100644
--- 
a/commons-math-legacy/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/distribution/MixtureMultivariateRealDistribution.java
+++ 
b/commons-math-legacy/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/distribution/MixtureMultivariateRealDistribution.java
@@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ public class MixtureMultivariateRealDistribution<T extends 
MultivariateRealDistr
     /**
      * Sampler.
      */
-    private class MixtureSampler implements 
MultivariateRealDistribution.Sampler {
+    private final class MixtureSampler implements 
MultivariateRealDistribution.Sampler {
         /** RNG. */
         private final UniformRandomProvider rng;
         /** Sampler for each of the distribution in the mixture. */
diff --git 
a/commons-math-legacy/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/distribution/fitting/MultivariateNormalMixtureExpectationMaximization.java
 
b/commons-math-legacy/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/distribution/fitting/MultivariateNormalMixtureExpectationMaximization.java
index ad20ad5b7..ee5993039 100644
--- 
a/commons-math-legacy/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/distribution/fitting/MultivariateNormalMixtureExpectationMaximization.java
+++ 
b/commons-math-legacy/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/distribution/fitting/MultivariateNormalMixtureExpectationMaximization.java
@@ -391,7 +391,7 @@ public class 
MultivariateNormalMixtureExpectationMaximization {
     /**
      * Class used for sorting user-supplied data.
      */
-    private static class DataRow implements Comparable<DataRow> {
+    private static final class DataRow implements Comparable<DataRow> {
         /** One data row. */
         private final double[] row;
         /** Mean of the data row. */
diff --git 
a/commons-math-legacy/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/fitting/leastsquares/LeastSquaresFactory.java
 
b/commons-math-legacy/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/fitting/leastsquares/LeastSquaresFactory.java
index 415a7536e..69cd27268 100644
--- 
a/commons-math-legacy/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/fitting/leastsquares/LeastSquaresFactory.java
+++ 
b/commons-math-legacy/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/fitting/leastsquares/LeastSquaresFactory.java
@@ -304,7 +304,7 @@ public final class LeastSquaresFactory {
      * Combine a {@link MultivariateVectorFunction} with a {@link
      * MultivariateMatrixFunction} to produce a {@link 
MultivariateJacobianFunction}.
      */
-    private static class LocalValueAndJacobianFunction
+    private static final class LocalValueAndJacobianFunction
         implements ValueAndJacobianFunction {
         /** Model. */
         private final MultivariateVectorFunction value;
@@ -350,7 +350,7 @@ public final class LeastSquaresFactory {
      * LeastSquaresProblem}.
      * @since 3.3
      */
-    private static class LocalLeastSquaresProblem
+    private static final class LocalLeastSquaresProblem
             extends AbstractOptimizationProblem<Evaluation>
             implements LeastSquaresProblem {
 
diff --git 
a/commons-math-legacy/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/fitting/leastsquares/LevenbergMarquardtOptimizer.java
 
b/commons-math-legacy/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/fitting/leastsquares/LevenbergMarquardtOptimizer.java
index 9fdbaf954..c7ffea1ab 100644
--- 
a/commons-math-legacy/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/fitting/leastsquares/LevenbergMarquardtOptimizer.java
+++ 
b/commons-math-legacy/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/fitting/leastsquares/LevenbergMarquardtOptimizer.java
@@ -552,7 +552,7 @@ public class LevenbergMarquardtOptimizer implements 
LeastSquaresOptimizer {
      * Code should be further refactored in order to not pass around arguments
      * that will modified in-place (cf. "work" arrays).
      */
-    private static class InternalData {
+    private static final class InternalData {
         /** Weighted Jacobian. */
         private final double[][] weightedJacobian;
         /** Columns permutation array. */
diff --git 
a/commons-math-legacy/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/linear/BigRealField.java
 
b/commons-math-legacy/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/linear/BigRealField.java
index 5db77293f..63cab60a0 100644
--- 
a/commons-math-legacy/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/linear/BigRealField.java
+++ 
b/commons-math-legacy/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/linear/BigRealField.java
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ public final class BigRealField implements Field<BigReal>, 
Serializable  {
     /** Holder for the instance.
      * <p>We use here the Initialization On Demand Holder Idiom.</p>
      */
-    private static class LazyHolder {
+    private static final class LazyHolder {
         /** Cached field instance. */
         private static final BigRealField INSTANCE = new BigRealField();
     }
diff --git 
a/commons-math-legacy/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/linear/SchurTransformer.java
 
b/commons-math-legacy/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/linear/SchurTransformer.java
index ed97c6e91..7edc27fd4 100644
--- 
a/commons-math-legacy/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/linear/SchurTransformer.java
+++ 
b/commons-math-legacy/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/linear/SchurTransformer.java
@@ -436,7 +436,7 @@ class SchurTransformer {
      * Internal data structure holding the current shift information.
      * Contains variable names as present in the original JAMA code.
      */
-    private static class ShiftInfo {
+    private static final class ShiftInfo {
         // CHECKSTYLE: stop all
 
         /** x shift info. */
diff --git 
a/commons-math-legacy/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/linear/SymmLQ.java
 
b/commons-math-legacy/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/linear/SymmLQ.java
index dab79aff5..f02fb84f6 100644
--- 
a/commons-math-legacy/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/linear/SymmLQ.java
+++ 
b/commons-math-legacy/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/linear/SymmLQ.java
@@ -236,7 +236,7 @@ public class SymmLQ
      * the current number of evaluations of matrix-vector products.
      * </p>
      */
-    private static class State {
+    private static final class State {
         /** The cubic root of {@link #MACH_PREC}. */
         static final double CBRT_MACH_PREC;
 
diff --git 
a/commons-math-legacy/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/ode/ExpandableStatefulODE.java
 
b/commons-math-legacy/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/ode/ExpandableStatefulODE.java
index 4a3c8b487..e1b137ce5 100644
--- 
a/commons-math-legacy/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/ode/ExpandableStatefulODE.java
+++ 
b/commons-math-legacy/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/ode/ExpandableStatefulODE.java
@@ -293,7 +293,7 @@ public class ExpandableStatefulODE {
     }
 
     /** Components of the compound stateful ODE. */
-    private static class SecondaryComponent {
+    private static final class SecondaryComponent {
 
         /** Secondary differential equation. */
         private final SecondaryEquations equation;
diff --git 
a/commons-math-legacy/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/ode/JacobianMatrices.java
 
b/commons-math-legacy/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/ode/JacobianMatrices.java
index 8116840e4..9fd86870e 100644
--- 
a/commons-math-legacy/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/ode/JacobianMatrices.java
+++ 
b/commons-math-legacy/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/ode/JacobianMatrices.java
@@ -332,7 +332,7 @@ public class JacobianMatrices {
      * by forcing the use of {@link 
JacobianMatrices#registerVariationalEquations(ExpandableStatefulODE)}.
      * </p>
      */
-    private class JacobiansSecondaryEquations implements SecondaryEquations {
+    private final class JacobiansSecondaryEquations implements 
SecondaryEquations {
 
         /** {@inheritDoc} */
         @Override
@@ -410,7 +410,7 @@ public class JacobianMatrices {
     /** Wrapper class to compute jacobian matrices by finite differences for 
ODE
      *  which do not compute them by themselves.
      */
-    private static class MainStateJacobianWrapper implements 
MainStateJacobianProvider {
+    private static final class MainStateJacobianWrapper implements 
MainStateJacobianProvider {
 
         /** Raw ODE without jacobians computation skill to be wrapped into a 
MainStateJacobianProvider. */
         private final FirstOrderDifferentialEquations ode;
diff --git 
a/commons-math-legacy/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/ode/MultistepFieldIntegrator.java
 
b/commons-math-legacy/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/ode/MultistepFieldIntegrator.java
index 81837ef61..04f3e9f8b 100644
--- 
a/commons-math-legacy/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/ode/MultistepFieldIntegrator.java
+++ 
b/commons-math-legacy/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/ode/MultistepFieldIntegrator.java
@@ -348,7 +348,7 @@ public abstract class MultistepFieldIntegrator<T extends 
RealFieldElement<T>>
 
     /** Specialized step handler storing the first step.
      */
-    private class FieldNordsieckInitializer implements FieldStepHandler<T> {
+    private final class FieldNordsieckInitializer implements 
FieldStepHandler<T> {
 
         /** Equation mapper. */
         private final FieldEquationsMapper<T> mapper;
@@ -430,7 +430,7 @@ public abstract class MultistepFieldIntegrator<T extends 
RealFieldElement<T>>
     }
 
     /** Marker exception used ONLY to stop the starter integrator after first 
step. */
-    private static class InitializationCompletedMarkerException
+    private static final class InitializationCompletedMarkerException
         extends RuntimeException {
 
         /** Serializable version identifier. */
diff --git 
a/commons-math-legacy/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/ode/MultistepIntegrator.java
 
b/commons-math-legacy/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/ode/MultistepIntegrator.java
index 6f3d356f0..27caaefbc 100644
--- 
a/commons-math-legacy/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/ode/MultistepIntegrator.java
+++ 
b/commons-math-legacy/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/ode/MultistepIntegrator.java
@@ -347,7 +347,7 @@ public abstract class MultistepIntegrator extends 
AdaptiveStepsizeIntegrator {
     }
 
     /** Specialized step handler storing the first step. */
-    private class NordsieckInitializer implements StepHandler {
+    private final class NordsieckInitializer implements StepHandler {
 
         /** Steps counter. */
         private int count;
@@ -440,7 +440,7 @@ public abstract class MultistepIntegrator extends 
AdaptiveStepsizeIntegrator {
     }
 
     /** Marker exception used ONLY to stop the starter integrator after first 
step. */
-    private static class InitializationCompletedMarkerException
+    private static final class InitializationCompletedMarkerException
         extends RuntimeException {
 
         /** Serializable version identifier. */
diff --git 
a/commons-math-legacy/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/ode/events/EventState.java
 
b/commons-math-legacy/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/ode/events/EventState.java
index c505c90b7..6bf05560d 100644
--- 
a/commons-math-legacy/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/ode/events/EventState.java
+++ 
b/commons-math-legacy/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/ode/events/EventState.java
@@ -397,7 +397,7 @@ public class EventState {
     }
 
     /** Local wrapper to propagate exceptions. */
-    private static class LocalMaxCountExceededException extends 
RuntimeException {
+    private static final class LocalMaxCountExceededException extends 
RuntimeException {
 
         /** Serializable UID. */
         private static final long serialVersionUID = 20120901L;
diff --git 
a/commons-math-legacy/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/ode/nonstiff/AdamsMoultonFieldIntegrator.java
 
b/commons-math-legacy/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/ode/nonstiff/AdamsMoultonFieldIntegrator.java
index 491b88824..b88ce2880 100644
--- 
a/commons-math-legacy/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/ode/nonstiff/AdamsMoultonFieldIntegrator.java
+++ 
b/commons-math-legacy/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/ode/nonstiff/AdamsMoultonFieldIntegrator.java
@@ -338,7 +338,7 @@ public class AdamsMoultonFieldIntegrator<T extends 
RealFieldElement<T>> extends
      * </pre>
      * </p>
      */
-    private class Corrector implements FieldMatrixPreservingVisitor<T> {
+    private final class Corrector implements FieldMatrixPreservingVisitor<T> {
 
         /** Previous state. */
         private final T[] previous;
diff --git 
a/commons-math-legacy/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/ode/nonstiff/AdamsMoultonIntegrator.java
 
b/commons-math-legacy/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/ode/nonstiff/AdamsMoultonIntegrator.java
index 83e30a708..1967e86bc 100644
--- 
a/commons-math-legacy/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/ode/nonstiff/AdamsMoultonIntegrator.java
+++ 
b/commons-math-legacy/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/ode/nonstiff/AdamsMoultonIntegrator.java
@@ -344,7 +344,7 @@ public class AdamsMoultonIntegrator extends AdamsIntegrator 
{
      * </pre>
      * </p>
      */
-    private class Corrector implements RealMatrixPreservingVisitor {
+    private final class Corrector implements RealMatrixPreservingVisitor {
 
         /** Previous state. */
         private final double[] previous;
diff --git 
a/commons-math-legacy/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/ode/sampling/DummyStepHandler.java
 
b/commons-math-legacy/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/ode/sampling/DummyStepHandler.java
index 6133bf283..b879ea40d 100644
--- 
a/commons-math-legacy/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/ode/sampling/DummyStepHandler.java
+++ 
b/commons-math-legacy/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/ode/sampling/DummyStepHandler.java
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ public final class DummyStepHandler implements StepHandler {
     /** Holder for the instance.
      * <p>We use here the Initialization On Demand Holder Idiom.</p>
      */
-    private static class LazyHolder {
+    private static final class LazyHolder {
         /** Cached field instance. */
         private static final DummyStepHandler INSTANCE = new 
DummyStepHandler();
     }
diff --git 
a/commons-math-legacy/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/optim/AbstractOptimizationProblem.java
 
b/commons-math-legacy/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/optim/AbstractOptimizationProblem.java
index 21b4bfaa3..c4d7a77cd 100644
--- 
a/commons-math-legacy/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/optim/AbstractOptimizationProblem.java
+++ 
b/commons-math-legacy/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/optim/AbstractOptimizationProblem.java
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ public abstract class AbstractOptimizationProblem<PAIR>
     }
 
     /** Defines the action to perform when reaching the maximum number of 
evaluations. */
-    private static class MaxEvalCallback
+    private static final class MaxEvalCallback
         implements IntegerSequence.Incrementor.MaxCountExceededCallback {
         /**
          * {@inheritDoc}
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ public abstract class AbstractOptimizationProblem<PAIR>
     }
 
     /** Defines the action to perform when reaching the maximum number of 
evaluations. */
-    private static class MaxIterCallback
+    private static final class MaxIterCallback
         implements IntegerSequence.Incrementor.MaxCountExceededCallback {
         /**
          * {@inheritDoc}
diff --git 
a/commons-math-legacy/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/optim/BaseOptimizer.java
 
b/commons-math-legacy/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/optim/BaseOptimizer.java
index 3e16d7b28..06b8acaee 100644
--- 
a/commons-math-legacy/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/optim/BaseOptimizer.java
+++ 
b/commons-math-legacy/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/optim/BaseOptimizer.java
@@ -247,7 +247,7 @@ public abstract class BaseOptimizer<PAIR> {
      * Defines the action to perform when reaching the maximum number
      * of evaluations.
      */
-    private static class MaxEvalCallback
+    private static final class MaxEvalCallback
         implements IntegerSequence.Incrementor.MaxCountExceededCallback {
         /**
          * {@inheritDoc}
@@ -263,7 +263,7 @@ public abstract class BaseOptimizer<PAIR> {
      * Defines the action to perform when reaching the maximum number
      * of evaluations.
      */
-    private static class MaxIterCallback
+    private static final class MaxIterCallback
         implements IntegerSequence.Incrementor.MaxCountExceededCallback {
         /**
          * {@inheritDoc}
diff --git 
a/commons-math-legacy/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/optim/nonlinear/scalar/MultivariateFunctionMappingAdapter.java
 
b/commons-math-legacy/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/optim/nonlinear/scalar/MultivariateFunctionMappingAdapter.java
index efc33ca6b..50cfaa2d8 100644
--- 
a/commons-math-legacy/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/optim/nonlinear/scalar/MultivariateFunctionMappingAdapter.java
+++ 
b/commons-math-legacy/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/optim/nonlinear/scalar/MultivariateFunctionMappingAdapter.java
@@ -201,7 +201,7 @@ public class MultivariateFunctionMappingAdapter
     }
 
     /** Local class for no bounds mapping. */
-    private static class NoBoundsMapper implements Mapper {
+    private static final class NoBoundsMapper implements Mapper {
         /** {@inheritDoc} */
         @Override
         public double unboundedToBounded(final double y) {
@@ -216,7 +216,7 @@ public class MultivariateFunctionMappingAdapter
     }
 
     /** Local class for lower bounds mapping. */
-    private static class LowerBoundMapper implements Mapper {
+    private static final class LowerBoundMapper implements Mapper {
         /** Low bound. */
         private final double lower;
 
@@ -243,7 +243,7 @@ public class MultivariateFunctionMappingAdapter
     }
 
     /** Local class for upper bounds mapping. */
-    private static class UpperBoundMapper implements Mapper {
+    private static final class UpperBoundMapper implements Mapper {
 
         /** Upper bound. */
         private final double upper;
@@ -269,7 +269,7 @@ public class MultivariateFunctionMappingAdapter
     }
 
     /** Local class for lower and bounds mapping. */
-    private static class LowerUpperBoundMapper implements Mapper {
+    private static final class LowerUpperBoundMapper implements Mapper {
         /** Function from unbounded to bounded. */
         private final UnivariateFunction boundingFunction;
         /** Function from bounded to unbounded. */
diff --git 
a/commons-math-legacy/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/optim/nonlinear/scalar/noderiv/BOBYQAOptimizer.java
 
b/commons-math-legacy/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/optim/nonlinear/scalar/noderiv/BOBYQAOptimizer.java
index 593f0f663..5842dfceb 100644
--- 
a/commons-math-legacy/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/optim/nonlinear/scalar/noderiv/BOBYQAOptimizer.java
+++ 
b/commons-math-legacy/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/optim/nonlinear/scalar/noderiv/BOBYQAOptimizer.java
@@ -2453,7 +2453,7 @@ public class BOBYQAOptimizer
      * Marker for code paths that are not explored with the current unit tests.
      * If the path becomes explored, it should just be removed from the code.
      */
-    private static class PathIsExploredException extends RuntimeException {
+    private static final class PathIsExploredException extends 
RuntimeException {
         /** Serializable UID. */
         private static final long serialVersionUID = 745350979634801853L;
 
diff --git 
a/commons-math-legacy/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/optim/nonlinear/scalar/noderiv/CMAESOptimizer.java
 
b/commons-math-legacy/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/optim/nonlinear/scalar/noderiv/CMAESOptimizer.java
index 76cf5cf05..65e962c0a 100644
--- 
a/commons-math-legacy/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/optim/nonlinear/scalar/noderiv/CMAESOptimizer.java
+++ 
b/commons-math-legacy/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/optim/nonlinear/scalar/noderiv/CMAESOptimizer.java
@@ -801,7 +801,7 @@ public class CMAESOptimizer
      * Used to sort fitness values. Sorting is always in lower value first
      * order.
      */
-    private static class DoubleIndex implements Comparable<DoubleIndex> {
+    private static final class DoubleIndex implements Comparable<DoubleIndex> {
         /** Value to compare. */
         private final double value;
         /** Index into sorted array. */
@@ -847,7 +847,7 @@ public class CMAESOptimizer
     /**
      * Stores the value and penalty (for repair of out of bounds point).
      */
-    private static class ValuePenaltyPair {
+    private static final class ValuePenaltyPair {
         /** Objective function value. */
         private double value;
         /** Penalty value for repair of out out of bounds points. */
@@ -868,7 +868,7 @@ public class CMAESOptimizer
      * Normalizes fitness values to the range [0,1]. Adds a penalty to the
      * fitness value if out of range.
      */
-    private class FitnessFunction {
+    private final class FitnessFunction {
         /**
          * Flag indicating whether the objective variables are forced into 
their
          * bounds if defined.
diff --git 
a/commons-math-legacy/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/optim/univariate/BracketFinder.java
 
b/commons-math-legacy/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/optim/univariate/BracketFinder.java
index a0ecd50f3..42c520a0e 100644
--- 
a/commons-math-legacy/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/optim/univariate/BracketFinder.java
+++ 
b/commons-math-legacy/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/optim/univariate/BracketFinder.java
@@ -279,7 +279,7 @@ public class BracketFinder {
     /**
      * Utility for incrementing a counter at each function evaluation.
      */
-    private class FunctionEvaluator {
+    private final class FunctionEvaluator {
         /** Function. */
         private final UnivariateFunction func;
         /** Counter. */
diff --git 
a/commons-math-legacy/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/stat/Frequency.java
 
b/commons-math-legacy/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/stat/Frequency.java
index c6da2a7e9..038f1287c 100644
--- 
a/commons-math-legacy/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/stat/Frequency.java
+++ 
b/commons-math-legacy/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/stat/Frequency.java
@@ -330,7 +330,7 @@ public class Frequency<T extends Comparable<T>> {
      *
      * @param <U> the type of the objects compared
      */
-    private static class NaturalComparator<U extends Comparable<U>> implements 
Comparator<U> {
+    private static final class NaturalComparator<U extends Comparable<U>> 
implements Comparator<U> {
         /**
          * Compare the two {@link Comparable Comparable} arguments.
          * This method is equivalent to:
diff --git 
a/commons-math-legacy/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/stat/descriptive/AggregateSummaryStatistics.java
 
b/commons-math-legacy/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/stat/descriptive/AggregateSummaryStatistics.java
index 7604bb02c..1807e5c97 100644
--- 
a/commons-math-legacy/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/stat/descriptive/AggregateSummaryStatistics.java
+++ 
b/commons-math-legacy/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/stat/descriptive/AggregateSummaryStatistics.java
@@ -352,7 +352,7 @@ public class AggregateSummaryStatistics implements 
StatisticalSummary {
      *
      * @since 2.0
      */
-    private static class AggregatingSummaryStatistics extends 
SummaryStatistics {
+    private static final class AggregatingSummaryStatistics extends 
SummaryStatistics {
 
         /**
          * The serialization version of this class.
diff --git 
a/commons-math-legacy/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/stat/descriptive/rank/PSquarePercentile.java
 
b/commons-math-legacy/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/stat/descriptive/rank/PSquarePercentile.java
index aecf306f7..8184fb71d 100644
--- 
a/commons-math-legacy/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/stat/descriptive/rank/PSquarePercentile.java
+++ 
b/commons-math-legacy/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/stat/descriptive/rank/PSquarePercentile.java
@@ -824,7 +824,7 @@ public class PSquarePercentile extends 
AbstractStorelessUnivariateStatistic
      *
      * @param <E> type for fixed capacity list
      */
-    private static class FixedCapacityList<E> extends ArrayList<E> {
+    private static final class FixedCapacityList<E> extends ArrayList<E> {
         /**
          * Capacity of the list.
          */
diff --git 
a/commons-math-legacy/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/stat/ranking/NaturalRanking.java
 
b/commons-math-legacy/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/stat/ranking/NaturalRanking.java
index b37c6b63f..978c9e134 100644
--- 
a/commons-math-legacy/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/stat/ranking/NaturalRanking.java
+++ 
b/commons-math-legacy/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/stat/ranking/NaturalRanking.java
@@ -427,7 +427,7 @@ public class NaturalRanking implements RankingAlgorithm {
      * to sort an array of IntDoublePairs by value.  Note that the
      * implicitly defined natural ordering is NOT consistent with equals.
      */
-    private static class IntDoublePair implements Comparable<IntDoublePair>  {
+    private static final class IntDoublePair implements 
Comparable<IntDoublePair>  {
 
         /** Value of the pair. */
         private final double value;
diff --git 
a/commons-math-legacy/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/analysis/differentiation/GradientFunctionTest.java
 
b/commons-math-legacy/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/analysis/differentiation/GradientFunctionTest.java
index ff06e0f53..aa0a270c5 100644
--- 
a/commons-math-legacy/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/analysis/differentiation/GradientFunctionTest.java
+++ 
b/commons-math-legacy/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/analysis/differentiation/GradientFunctionTest.java
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ public class GradientFunctionTest {
         }
     }
 
-    private static class EuclideanDistance implements 
MultivariateDifferentiableFunction {
+    private static final class EuclideanDistance implements 
MultivariateDifferentiableFunction {
 
         @Override
         public double value(double[] point) {
diff --git 
a/commons-math-legacy/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/analysis/differentiation/JacobianFunctionTest.java
 
b/commons-math-legacy/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/analysis/differentiation/JacobianFunctionTest.java
index 428d184d9..3fef1d51c 100644
--- 
a/commons-math-legacy/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/analysis/differentiation/JacobianFunctionTest.java
+++ 
b/commons-math-legacy/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/analysis/differentiation/JacobianFunctionTest.java
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ public class JacobianFunctionTest {
     }
 
     /* Maps (latitude, longitude) to (x, y, z) */
-    private static class SphereMapping implements 
MultivariateDifferentiableVectorFunction {
+    private static final class SphereMapping implements 
MultivariateDifferentiableVectorFunction {
 
         private final double radius;
 
diff --git 
a/commons-math-legacy/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/fitting/leastsquares/MinpackTest.java
 
b/commons-math-legacy/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/fitting/leastsquares/MinpackTest.java
index 035d61b13..e56368a45 100644
--- 
a/commons-math-legacy/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/fitting/leastsquares/MinpackTest.java
+++ 
b/commons-math-legacy/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/fitting/leastsquares/MinpackTest.java
@@ -612,7 +612,7 @@ public class MinpackTest {
         public abstract double[] computeValue(double[] variables);
     }
 
-    private static class LinearFullRankFunction extends MinpackFunction {
+    private static final class LinearFullRankFunction extends MinpackFunction {
 
         LinearFullRankFunction(int m, int n, double x0,
                                double theoreticalStartCost,
@@ -650,7 +650,7 @@ public class MinpackTest {
         }
     }
 
-    private static class LinearRank1Function extends MinpackFunction {
+    private static final class LinearRank1Function extends MinpackFunction {
 
         LinearRank1Function(int m, int n, double x0,
                             double theoreticalStartCost,
@@ -684,7 +684,7 @@ public class MinpackTest {
         }
     }
 
-    private static class LinearRank1ZeroColsAndRowsFunction extends 
MinpackFunction {
+    private static final class LinearRank1ZeroColsAndRowsFunction extends 
MinpackFunction {
 
         LinearRank1ZeroColsAndRowsFunction(int m, int n, double x0) {
             super(m, buildArray(n, x0),
@@ -727,7 +727,7 @@ public class MinpackTest {
         }
     }
 
-    private static class RosenbrockFunction extends MinpackFunction {
+    private static final class RosenbrockFunction extends MinpackFunction {
         RosenbrockFunction(double[] startParams, double theoreticalStartCost) {
             super(2, startParams, 0.0, buildArray(2, 1.0));
         }
@@ -746,7 +746,7 @@ public class MinpackTest {
         }
     }
 
-    private static class HelicalValleyFunction extends MinpackFunction {
+    private static final class HelicalValleyFunction extends MinpackFunction {
         HelicalValleyFunction(double[] startParams,
                               double theoreticalStartCost) {
             super(3, startParams, 0.0, new double[] { 1.0, 0.0, 0.0 });
@@ -791,7 +791,7 @@ public class MinpackTest {
         private static final double twoPi = 2.0 * JdkMath.PI;
     }
 
-    private static class PowellSingularFunction extends MinpackFunction {
+    private static final class PowellSingularFunction extends MinpackFunction {
 
         PowellSingularFunction(double[] startParams,
                                double theoreticalStartCost) {
@@ -830,7 +830,7 @@ public class MinpackTest {
         private static final double sqrt10 = JdkMath.sqrt(10.0);
   }
 
-    private static class FreudensteinRothFunction extends MinpackFunction {
+    private static final class FreudensteinRothFunction extends 
MinpackFunction {
 
         FreudensteinRothFunction(double[] startParams,
                                  double theoreticalStartCost,
@@ -860,7 +860,7 @@ public class MinpackTest {
         }
     }
 
-    private static class BardFunction extends MinpackFunction {
+    private static final class BardFunction extends MinpackFunction {
 
         BardFunction(double x0,
                      double theoreticalStartCost,
@@ -908,7 +908,7 @@ public class MinpackTest {
         };
     }
 
-    private static class KowalikOsborneFunction extends MinpackFunction {
+    private static final class KowalikOsborneFunction extends MinpackFunction {
 
         KowalikOsborneFunction(double[] startParams,
                                double theoreticalStartCost,
@@ -963,7 +963,7 @@ public class MinpackTest {
         };
     }
 
-    private static class MeyerFunction extends MinpackFunction {
+    private static final class MeyerFunction extends MinpackFunction {
 
         MeyerFunction(double[] startParams,
                       double theoreticalStartCost,
@@ -1013,7 +1013,7 @@ public class MinpackTest {
         };
     }
 
-    private static class WatsonFunction extends MinpackFunction {
+    private static final class WatsonFunction extends MinpackFunction {
 
         WatsonFunction(int n, double x0,
                        double theoreticalStartCost,
@@ -1083,7 +1083,7 @@ public class MinpackTest {
         }
     }
 
-    private static class Box3DimensionalFunction extends MinpackFunction {
+    private static final class Box3DimensionalFunction extends MinpackFunction 
{
 
         Box3DimensionalFunction(int m, double[] startParams,
                                 double theoreticalStartCost) {
@@ -1122,7 +1122,7 @@ public class MinpackTest {
         }
     }
 
-    private static class JennrichSampsonFunction extends MinpackFunction {
+    private static final class JennrichSampsonFunction extends MinpackFunction 
{
 
         JennrichSampsonFunction(int m, double[] startParams,
                                 double theoreticalStartCost,
@@ -1157,7 +1157,7 @@ public class MinpackTest {
         }
     }
 
-    private static class BrownDennisFunction extends MinpackFunction {
+    private static final class BrownDennisFunction extends MinpackFunction {
 
         BrownDennisFunction(int m, double[] startParams,
                             double theoreticalStartCost,
@@ -1204,7 +1204,7 @@ public class MinpackTest {
         }
     }
 
-    private static class ChebyquadFunction extends MinpackFunction {
+    private static final class ChebyquadFunction extends MinpackFunction {
 
         private static double[] buildChebyquadArray(int n, double factor) {
             double[] array = new double[n];
@@ -1281,7 +1281,7 @@ public class MinpackTest {
         }
     }
 
-    private static class BrownAlmostLinearFunction extends MinpackFunction {
+    private static final class BrownAlmostLinearFunction extends 
MinpackFunction {
 
         BrownAlmostLinearFunction(int m, double factor,
                                   double theoreticalStartCost,
@@ -1341,7 +1341,7 @@ public class MinpackTest {
         }
     }
 
-    private static class Osborne1Function extends MinpackFunction {
+    private static final class Osborne1Function extends MinpackFunction {
 
         Osborne1Function(double[] startParams,
                          double theoreticalStartCost,
@@ -1393,7 +1393,7 @@ public class MinpackTest {
         };
     }
 
-    private static class Osborne2Function extends MinpackFunction {
+    private static final class Osborne2Function extends MinpackFunction {
 
         Osborne2Function(double[] startParams,
                          double theoreticalStartCost,
diff --git 
a/commons-math-legacy/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/genetics/ElitisticListPopulationTest.java
 
b/commons-math-legacy/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/genetics/ElitisticListPopulationTest.java
index c5c3503bc..d40ec61ab 100644
--- 
a/commons-math-legacy/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/genetics/ElitisticListPopulationTest.java
+++ 
b/commons-math-legacy/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/genetics/ElitisticListPopulationTest.java
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ public class ElitisticListPopulationTest {
         new ElitisticListPopulation(chromosomes, 100, rate);
     }
 
-    private static class DummyChromosome extends Chromosome {
+    private static final class DummyChromosome extends Chromosome {
         private final int fitness;
 
         DummyChromosome() {
diff --git 
a/commons-math-legacy/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/genetics/FitnessCachingTest.java
 
b/commons-math-legacy/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/genetics/FitnessCachingTest.java
index 69df3ca97..0bacd2348 100644
--- 
a/commons-math-legacy/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/genetics/FitnessCachingTest.java
+++ 
b/commons-math-legacy/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/genetics/FitnessCachingTest.java
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ public class FitnessCachingTest {
         return new ElitisticListPopulation(popList, popList.size(), 
ELITISM_RATE);
     }
 
-    private static class DummyCountingBinaryChromosome extends 
DummyBinaryChromosome {
+    private static final class DummyCountingBinaryChromosome extends 
DummyBinaryChromosome {
 
         DummyCountingBinaryChromosome(List<Integer> representation) {
             super(representation);
diff --git 
a/commons-math-legacy/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/genetics/GeneticAlgorithmTestBinary.java
 
b/commons-math-legacy/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/genetics/GeneticAlgorithmTestBinary.java
index 63e93f7d3..5ac596f05 100644
--- 
a/commons-math-legacy/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/genetics/GeneticAlgorithmTestBinary.java
+++ 
b/commons-math-legacy/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/genetics/GeneticAlgorithmTestBinary.java
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ public class GeneticAlgorithmTestBinary {
      *
      * The goal is to set all bits (genes) to 1.
      */
-    private static class FindOnes extends BinaryChromosome {
+    private static final class FindOnes extends BinaryChromosome {
 
         FindOnes(List<Integer> representation) {
             super(representation);
diff --git 
a/commons-math-legacy/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/genetics/GeneticAlgorithmTestPermutations.java
 
b/commons-math-legacy/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/genetics/GeneticAlgorithmTestPermutations.java
index eef810139..400526309 100644
--- 
a/commons-math-legacy/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/genetics/GeneticAlgorithmTestPermutations.java
+++ 
b/commons-math-legacy/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/genetics/GeneticAlgorithmTestPermutations.java
@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ public class GeneticAlgorithmTestPermutations {
      *
      * The goal is to sort the sequence.
      */
-    private static class MinPermutations extends RandomKey<Integer> {
+    private static final class MinPermutations extends RandomKey<Integer> {
 
         MinPermutations(List<Double> representation) {
             super(representation);
diff --git 
a/commons-math-legacy/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/genetics/TournamentSelectionTest.java
 
b/commons-math-legacy/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/genetics/TournamentSelectionTest.java
index 126b556a8..67ac41521 100644
--- 
a/commons-math-legacy/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/genetics/TournamentSelectionTest.java
+++ 
b/commons-math-legacy/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/genetics/TournamentSelectionTest.java
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ public class TournamentSelectionTest {
         }
     }
 
-    private static class DummyChromosome extends Chromosome {
+    private static final class DummyChromosome extends Chromosome {
         private final int fitness;
 
         DummyChromosome() {
diff --git 
a/commons-math-legacy/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/linear/Array2DRowRealMatrixTest.java
 
b/commons-math-legacy/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/linear/Array2DRowRealMatrixTest.java
index 5a7f971b6..725fb988c 100644
--- 
a/commons-math-legacy/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/linear/Array2DRowRealMatrixTest.java
+++ 
b/commons-math-legacy/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/linear/Array2DRowRealMatrixTest.java
@@ -1080,14 +1080,14 @@ public final class Array2DRowRealMatrixTest {
     }
 
 
-    private static class SetVisitor extends DefaultRealMatrixChangingVisitor {
+    private static final class SetVisitor extends 
DefaultRealMatrixChangingVisitor {
         @Override
         public double visit(int i, int j, double value) {
             return i + j / 1024.0;
         }
     }
 
-    private static class GetVisitor extends DefaultRealMatrixPreservingVisitor 
{
+    private static final class GetVisitor extends 
DefaultRealMatrixPreservingVisitor {
         private int count = 0;
         @Override
         public void visit(int i, int j, double value) {
diff --git 
a/commons-math-legacy/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/linear/BlockFieldMatrixTest.java
 
b/commons-math-legacy/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/linear/BlockFieldMatrixTest.java
index ecba48e83..626b38944 100644
--- 
a/commons-math-legacy/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/linear/BlockFieldMatrixTest.java
+++ 
b/commons-math-legacy/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/linear/BlockFieldMatrixTest.java
@@ -1335,7 +1335,7 @@ public final class BlockFieldMatrixTest {
         Assert.assertEquals(m,TestUtils.serializeAndRecover(m));
     }
 
-    private static class SetVisitor extends 
DefaultFieldMatrixChangingVisitor<Dfp> {
+    private static final class SetVisitor extends 
DefaultFieldMatrixChangingVisitor<Dfp> {
         SetVisitor() {
             super(Dfp25.ZERO);
         }
@@ -1345,7 +1345,7 @@ public final class BlockFieldMatrixTest {
         }
     }
 
-    private static class GetVisitor extends 
DefaultFieldMatrixPreservingVisitor<Dfp> {
+    private static final class GetVisitor extends 
DefaultFieldMatrixPreservingVisitor<Dfp> {
         private int count;
         GetVisitor() {
             super(Dfp25.ZERO);
diff --git 
a/commons-math-legacy/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/linear/BlockRealMatrixTest.java
 
b/commons-math-legacy/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/linear/BlockRealMatrixTest.java
index 942567721..81213d860 100644
--- 
a/commons-math-legacy/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/linear/BlockRealMatrixTest.java
+++ 
b/commons-math-legacy/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/linear/BlockRealMatrixTest.java
@@ -1227,14 +1227,14 @@ public final class BlockRealMatrixTest {
         Assert.assertEquals(m,TestUtils.serializeAndRecover(m));
     }
 
-    private static class SetVisitor extends DefaultRealMatrixChangingVisitor {
+    private static final class SetVisitor extends 
DefaultRealMatrixChangingVisitor {
         @Override
         public double visit(int i, int j, double value) {
             return i + j / 1024.0;
         }
     }
 
-    private static class GetVisitor extends DefaultRealMatrixPreservingVisitor 
{
+    private static final class GetVisitor extends 
DefaultRealMatrixPreservingVisitor {
         private int count = 0;
         @Override
         public void visit(int i, int j, double value) {
diff --git 
a/commons-math-legacy/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/linear/FieldMatrixImplTest.java
 
b/commons-math-legacy/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/linear/FieldMatrixImplTest.java
index fe5f4c94f..0a37deaf1 100644
--- 
a/commons-math-legacy/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/linear/FieldMatrixImplTest.java
+++ 
b/commons-math-legacy/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/linear/FieldMatrixImplTest.java
@@ -1068,7 +1068,7 @@ public final class FieldMatrixImplTest {
         Assert.assertEquals(m,TestUtils.serializeAndRecover(m));
     }
 
-    private static class SetVisitor extends 
DefaultFieldMatrixChangingVisitor<Dfp> {
+    private static final class SetVisitor extends 
DefaultFieldMatrixChangingVisitor<Dfp> {
         SetVisitor() {
             super(Dfp25.ZERO);
         }
@@ -1078,7 +1078,7 @@ public final class FieldMatrixImplTest {
         }
     }
 
-    private static class GetVisitor extends 
DefaultFieldMatrixPreservingVisitor<Dfp> {
+    private static final class GetVisitor extends 
DefaultFieldMatrixPreservingVisitor<Dfp> {
         private int count;
         GetVisitor() {
             super(Dfp25.ZERO);
diff --git 
a/commons-math-legacy/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/ml/clustering/KMeansPlusPlusClustererTest.java
 
b/commons-math-legacy/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/ml/clustering/KMeansPlusPlusClustererTest.java
index 78582a4b4..e1fe18eca 100644
--- 
a/commons-math-legacy/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/ml/clustering/KMeansPlusPlusClustererTest.java
+++ 
b/commons-math-legacy/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/ml/clustering/KMeansPlusPlusClustererTest.java
@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ public class KMeansPlusPlusClustererTest {
      * A helper class for testSmallDistances(). This class is similar to 
DoublePoint, but
      * it defines a different distanceFrom() method that tends to return 
distances less than 1.
      */
-    private class CloseDistance extends EuclideanDistance {
+    private static final class CloseDistance extends EuclideanDistance {
         private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;
 
         @Override
diff --git 
a/commons-math-legacy/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/ode/FirstOrderConverterTest.java
 
b/commons-math-legacy/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/ode/FirstOrderConverterTest.java
index 248ab6601..9212aaa37 100644
--- 
a/commons-math-legacy/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/ode/FirstOrderConverterTest.java
+++ 
b/commons-math-legacy/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/ode/FirstOrderConverterTest.java
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ public class FirstOrderConverterTest {
     Assert.assertTrue(JdkMath.abs(error) > 0.1);
   }
 
-  private static class Equations
+  private static final class Equations
     implements SecondOrderDifferentialEquations {
 
      private int n;
diff --git 
a/commons-math-legacy/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/ode/JacobianMatricesTest.java
 
b/commons-math-legacy/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/ode/JacobianMatricesTest.java
index 09ebd40ff..782b58c98 100644
--- 
a/commons-math-legacy/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/ode/JacobianMatricesTest.java
+++ 
b/commons-math-legacy/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/ode/JacobianMatricesTest.java
@@ -307,7 +307,7 @@ public class JacobianMatricesTest {
         }
     }
 
-    private static class Brusselator extends AbstractParameterizable
+    private static final class Brusselator extends AbstractParameterizable
         implements MainStateJacobianProvider, ParameterJacobianProvider {
 
         public static final String B = "b";
@@ -363,7 +363,7 @@ public class JacobianMatricesTest {
         }
     }
 
-    private static class ParamBrusselator extends AbstractParameterizable
+    private static final class ParamBrusselator extends AbstractParameterizable
         implements FirstOrderDifferentialEquations, ParameterizedODE {
 
         public static final String B = "b";
@@ -413,7 +413,7 @@ public class JacobianMatricesTest {
     }
 
     /** ODE representing a point moving on a circle with provided center and 
angular rate. */
-    private static class Circle extends AbstractParameterizable
+    private static final class Circle extends AbstractParameterizable
         implements MainStateJacobianProvider, ParameterJacobianProvider {
 
         public static final String CX = "cx";
@@ -512,7 +512,7 @@ public class JacobianMatricesTest {
     }
 
     /** ODE representing a point moving on a circle with provided center and 
angular rate. */
-    private static class ParameterizedCircle extends AbstractParameterizable
+    private static final class ParameterizedCircle extends 
AbstractParameterizable
         implements FirstOrderDifferentialEquations, ParameterizedODE {
 
         public static final String CX = "cx";
diff --git 
a/commons-math-legacy/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/ode/TestFieldProblem4.java
 
b/commons-math-legacy/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/ode/TestFieldProblem4.java
index ba5908168..7d8e44a64 100644
--- 
a/commons-math-legacy/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/ode/TestFieldProblem4.java
+++ 
b/commons-math-legacy/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/ode/TestFieldProblem4.java
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ public class TestFieldProblem4<T extends 
RealFieldElement<T>>
         return y;
     }
 
-    private static class Bounce<T extends RealFieldElement<T>> implements 
FieldEventHandler<T> {
+    private static final class Bounce<T extends RealFieldElement<T>> 
implements FieldEventHandler<T> {
 
         private int sign;
 
@@ -138,7 +138,7 @@ public class TestFieldProblem4<T extends 
RealFieldElement<T>>
         }
     }
 
-    private static class Stop<T extends RealFieldElement<T>> implements 
FieldEventHandler<T> {
+    private static final class Stop<T extends RealFieldElement<T>> implements 
FieldEventHandler<T> {
 
         Stop() {
         }
diff --git 
a/commons-math-legacy/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/ode/TestProblem4.java
 
b/commons-math-legacy/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/ode/TestProblem4.java
index 418d2ea5f..02e2ed971 100644
--- 
a/commons-math-legacy/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/ode/TestProblem4.java
+++ 
b/commons-math-legacy/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/ode/TestProblem4.java
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ public class TestProblem4
     return y;
   }
 
-  private static class Bounce implements EventHandler {
+  private static final class Bounce implements EventHandler {
 
     private int sign;
 
@@ -122,7 +122,7 @@ public class TestProblem4
     }
   }
 
-  private static class Stop implements EventHandler {
+  private static final class Stop implements EventHandler {
 
     Stop() {
     }
diff --git 
a/commons-math-legacy/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/ode/events/CloseEventsTest.java
 
b/commons-math-legacy/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/ode/events/CloseEventsTest.java
index d35c79a87..cb1bc65f6 100644
--- 
a/commons-math-legacy/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/ode/events/CloseEventsTest.java
+++ 
b/commons-math-legacy/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/ode/events/CloseEventsTest.java
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ public class CloseEventsTest {
 
 
     /** Trigger an event at a particular time. */
-    private static class TimeDetector implements EventHandler {
+    private static final class TimeDetector implements EventHandler {
 
         /** time of the event to trigger. */
         private final double eventT;
diff --git 
a/commons-math-legacy/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/ode/events/EventFilterTest.java
 
b/commons-math-legacy/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/ode/events/EventFilterTest.java
index 0f94f21da..20d69d0e9 100644
--- 
a/commons-math-legacy/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/ode/events/EventFilterTest.java
+++ 
b/commons-math-legacy/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/ode/events/EventFilterTest.java
@@ -208,7 +208,7 @@ public class EventFilterTest {
         Assert.assertEquals(3, onlyDecreasing.getEventCount());
     }
 
-    private static class SineCosine implements FirstOrderDifferentialEquations 
{
+    private static final class SineCosine implements 
FirstOrderDifferentialEquations {
         @Override
         public int getDimension() {
             return 2;
diff --git 
a/commons-math-legacy/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/ode/events/EventStateTest.java
 
b/commons-math-legacy/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/ode/events/EventStateTest.java
index 7151e43ff..68df42cd1 100644
--- 
a/commons-math-legacy/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/ode/events/EventStateTest.java
+++ 
b/commons-math-legacy/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/ode/events/EventStateTest.java
@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ public class EventStateTest {
         Assert.assertEquals(32.0, y[0], 1.0e-10);
     }
 
-    private static class ResettingEvent implements EventHandler {
+    private static final class ResettingEvent implements EventHandler {
 
         private static double lastTriggerTime = Double.NEGATIVE_INFINITY;
         private final double tEvent;
@@ -195,7 +195,7 @@ public class EventStateTest {
         Assert.assertEquals(-3.0, equation.getSecondaryState(0)[0], 1.0e-10);
     }
 
-    private static class SecondaryStateEvent implements EventHandler {
+    private static final class SecondaryStateEvent implements EventHandler {
 
         private int index;
         private final double target;
@@ -252,7 +252,7 @@ public class EventStateTest {
         Assert.assertEquals( 9.0 + 1.0 / 128, tEnd, 1.0 / 32.0);
     }
 
-    private class CloseEventsGenerator implements EventHandler {
+    private static final class CloseEventsGenerator implements EventHandler {
 
         private final double r1;
         private final double r2;
diff --git 
a/commons-math-legacy/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/ode/events/OverlappingEventsTest.java
 
b/commons-math-legacy/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/ode/events/OverlappingEventsTest.java
index 1d1a40527..3b76d8f14 100644
--- 
a/commons-math-legacy/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/ode/events/OverlappingEventsTest.java
+++ 
b/commons-math-legacy/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/ode/events/OverlappingEventsTest.java
@@ -131,7 +131,7 @@ public class OverlappingEventsTest implements 
FirstOrderDifferentialEquations {
     }
 
     /** State events for this unit test. */
-    private class Event implements EventHandler {
+    private static final class Event implements EventHandler {
         /** The index of the continuous variable to use. */
         private final int idx;
 
diff --git 
a/commons-math-legacy/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/ode/events/ReappearingEventTest.java
 
b/commons-math-legacy/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/ode/events/ReappearingEventTest.java
index 80b3f241f..af05ff43f 100644
--- 
a/commons-math-legacy/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/ode/events/ReappearingEventTest.java
+++ 
b/commons-math-legacy/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/ode/events/ReappearingEventTest.java
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ public class ReappearingEventTest {
         return integrator.integrate(new Ode(), t0, y, tEnd, y);
     }
 
-    private static class Ode implements FirstOrderDifferentialEquations {
+    private static final class Ode implements FirstOrderDifferentialEquations {
         @Override
         public int getDimension() {
             return 7;
diff --git 
a/commons-math-legacy/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/ode/nonstiff/AbstractEmbeddedRungeKuttaFieldIntegratorTest.java
 
b/commons-math-legacy/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/ode/nonstiff/AbstractEmbeddedRungeKuttaFieldIntegratorTest.java
index 3598a2b4c..e59b98828 100644
--- 
a/commons-math-legacy/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/ode/nonstiff/AbstractEmbeddedRungeKuttaFieldIntegratorTest.java
+++ 
b/commons-math-legacy/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/ode/nonstiff/AbstractEmbeddedRungeKuttaFieldIntegratorTest.java
@@ -431,7 +431,7 @@ public abstract class 
AbstractEmbeddedRungeKuttaFieldIntegratorTest {
         integ.integrate(new FieldExpandableODE<>(pb), pb.getInitialState(), 
pb.getFinalTime());
     }
 
-    private static class KeplerHandler<T extends RealFieldElement<T>> 
implements FieldStepHandler<T> {
+    private static final class KeplerHandler<T extends RealFieldElement<T>> 
implements FieldStepHandler<T> {
         private T maxError;
         private final TestFieldProblem3<T> pb;
         private final double epsilon;
@@ -515,7 +515,7 @@ public abstract class 
AbstractEmbeddedRungeKuttaFieldIntegratorTest {
         return y.getPartialDerivative(orders);
     }
 
-    private static class SinCos implements 
FirstOrderFieldDifferentialEquations<DerivativeStructure> {
+    private static final class SinCos implements 
FirstOrderFieldDifferentialEquations<DerivativeStructure> {
 
         private final DerivativeStructure omega;
         private       DerivativeStructure r;
diff --git 
a/commons-math-legacy/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/ode/nonstiff/AbstractRungeKuttaFieldIntegratorTest.java
 
b/commons-math-legacy/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/ode/nonstiff/AbstractRungeKuttaFieldIntegratorTest.java
index 986682bb9..ecbad0e7c 100644
--- 
a/commons-math-legacy/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/ode/nonstiff/AbstractRungeKuttaFieldIntegratorTest.java
+++ 
b/commons-math-legacy/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/ode/nonstiff/AbstractRungeKuttaFieldIntegratorTest.java
@@ -374,7 +374,7 @@ public abstract class AbstractRungeKuttaFieldIntegratorTest 
{
         integ.integrate(new FieldExpandableODE<>(pb), pb.getInitialState(), 
pb.getFinalTime());
     }
 
-    private static class KeplerHandler<T extends RealFieldElement<T>> 
implements FieldStepHandler<T> {
+    private static final class KeplerHandler<T extends RealFieldElement<T>> 
implements FieldStepHandler<T> {
         private T maxError;
         private final TestFieldProblem3<T> pb;
         private final double expectedMaxError;
@@ -580,7 +580,7 @@ public abstract class AbstractRungeKuttaFieldIntegratorTest 
{
         return y.getPartialDerivative(orders);
     }
 
-    private static class SinCos implements 
FirstOrderFieldDifferentialEquations<DerivativeStructure> {
+    private static final class SinCos implements 
FirstOrderFieldDifferentialEquations<DerivativeStructure> {
 
         private final DerivativeStructure omega;
         private       DerivativeStructure r;
diff --git 
a/commons-math-legacy/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/ode/nonstiff/AdamsBashforthIntegratorTest.java
 
b/commons-math-legacy/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/ode/nonstiff/AdamsBashforthIntegratorTest.java
index 927328f55..109bb0095 100644
--- 
a/commons-math-legacy/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/ode/nonstiff/AdamsBashforthIntegratorTest.java
+++ 
b/commons-math-legacy/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/ode/nonstiff/AdamsBashforthIntegratorTest.java
@@ -182,7 +182,7 @@ public class AdamsBashforthIntegratorTest {
                         pb.getFinalTime(), new double[pb.getDimension()]);
     }
 
-    private static class PerfectStarter extends AbstractIntegrator {
+    private static final class PerfectStarter extends AbstractIntegrator {
 
         private final PerfectInterpolator interpolator;
         private final int nbSteps;
@@ -208,7 +208,7 @@ public class AdamsBashforthIntegratorTest {
         }
     }
 
-    private static class PerfectInterpolator implements StepInterpolator {
+    private static final class PerfectInterpolator implements StepInterpolator 
{
         private final TestProblemAbstract problem;
         private double previousTime;
         private double currentTime;
diff --git 
a/commons-math-legacy/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/ode/nonstiff/AdamsFieldIntegratorAbstractTest.java
 
b/commons-math-legacy/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/ode/nonstiff/AdamsFieldIntegratorAbstractTest.java
index 38efcde60..33e8f692a 100644
--- 
a/commons-math-legacy/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/ode/nonstiff/AdamsFieldIntegratorAbstractTest.java
+++ 
b/commons-math-legacy/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/ode/nonstiff/AdamsFieldIntegratorAbstractTest.java
@@ -181,7 +181,7 @@ public abstract class AdamsFieldIntegratorAbstractTest {
         integ.integrate(new FieldExpandableODE<>(pb), pb.getInitialState(), 
pb.getFinalTime());
     }
 
-    private static class PerfectStarter<T extends RealFieldElement<T>> extends 
AbstractFieldIntegrator<T> {
+    private static final class PerfectStarter<T extends RealFieldElement<T>> 
extends AbstractFieldIntegrator<T> {
 
         private final PerfectInterpolator<T> interpolator;
         private final int nbSteps;
@@ -210,7 +210,7 @@ public abstract class AdamsFieldIntegratorAbstractTest {
         }
     }
 
-    private static class PerfectInterpolator<T extends RealFieldElement<T>> 
implements FieldStepInterpolator<T> {
+    private static final class PerfectInterpolator<T extends 
RealFieldElement<T>> implements FieldStepInterpolator<T> {
         private final TestFieldProblemAbstract<T> problem;
         private T previousTime;
         private T currentTime;
diff --git 
a/commons-math-legacy/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/ode/nonstiff/AdamsMoultonIntegratorTest.java
 
b/commons-math-legacy/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/ode/nonstiff/AdamsMoultonIntegratorTest.java
index 43985c87f..2dae66929 100644
--- 
a/commons-math-legacy/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/ode/nonstiff/AdamsMoultonIntegratorTest.java
+++ 
b/commons-math-legacy/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/ode/nonstiff/AdamsMoultonIntegratorTest.java
@@ -170,7 +170,7 @@ public class AdamsMoultonIntegratorTest {
         }
     }
 
-    private static class PerfectStarter extends AbstractIntegrator {
+    private static final class PerfectStarter extends AbstractIntegrator {
 
         private final PerfectInterpolator interpolator;
         private final int nbSteps;
@@ -196,7 +196,7 @@ public class AdamsMoultonIntegratorTest {
         }
     }
 
-    private static class PerfectInterpolator implements StepInterpolator {
+    private static final class PerfectInterpolator implements StepInterpolator 
{
         private final TestProblemAbstract problem;
         private double previousTime;
         private double currentTime;
diff --git 
a/commons-math-legacy/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/ode/nonstiff/ClassicalRungeKuttaIntegratorTest.java
 
b/commons-math-legacy/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/ode/nonstiff/ClassicalRungeKuttaIntegratorTest.java
index 61a93db19..332e0cc23 100644
--- 
a/commons-math-legacy/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/ode/nonstiff/ClassicalRungeKuttaIntegratorTest.java
+++ 
b/commons-math-legacy/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/ode/nonstiff/ClassicalRungeKuttaIntegratorTest.java
@@ -258,7 +258,7 @@ public class ClassicalRungeKuttaIntegratorTest {
                     pb.getFinalTime(), new double[pb.getDimension()]);
   }
 
-  private static class KeplerHandler implements StepHandler {
+  private static final class KeplerHandler implements StepHandler {
     KeplerHandler(TestProblem3 pb) {
       this.pb = pb;
       maxError = 0;
diff --git 
a/commons-math-legacy/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/ode/nonstiff/DormandPrince54IntegratorTest.java
 
b/commons-math-legacy/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/ode/nonstiff/DormandPrince54IntegratorTest.java
index 0e3e072ba..36dabf869 100644
--- 
a/commons-math-legacy/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/ode/nonstiff/DormandPrince54IntegratorTest.java
+++ 
b/commons-math-legacy/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/ode/nonstiff/DormandPrince54IntegratorTest.java
@@ -123,7 +123,7 @@ public class DormandPrince54IntegratorTest {
       Assert.assertEquals("Dormand-Prince 5(4)", integ.getName());
   }
 
-  private static class DP54SmallLastHandler implements StepHandler {
+  private static final class DP54SmallLastHandler implements StepHandler {
 
     DP54SmallLastHandler(double minStep) {
       lastSeen = false;
@@ -269,7 +269,7 @@ public class DormandPrince54IntegratorTest {
     Assert.assertEquals(pb.getFinalTime(), stopTime, 1.0e-10);
   }
 
-  private static class KeplerHandler implements StepHandler {
+  private static final class KeplerHandler implements StepHandler {
     KeplerHandler(TestProblem3 pb) {
       this.pb = pb;
     }
@@ -309,7 +309,7 @@ public class DormandPrince54IntegratorTest {
     private TestProblem3 pb;
   }
 
-  private static class VariableHandler implements StepHandler {
+  private static final class VariableHandler implements StepHandler {
     VariableHandler() {
       firstTime = true;
       minStep = 0;
diff --git 
a/commons-math-legacy/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/ode/nonstiff/DormandPrince853IntegratorTest.java
 
b/commons-math-legacy/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/ode/nonstiff/DormandPrince853IntegratorTest.java
index 14e9394d7..ea5083f31 100644
--- 
a/commons-math-legacy/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/ode/nonstiff/DormandPrince853IntegratorTest.java
+++ 
b/commons-math-legacy/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/ode/nonstiff/DormandPrince853IntegratorTest.java
@@ -366,7 +366,7 @@ public class DormandPrince853IntegratorTest {
       integ.integrate(sincos, t0, y0, t, y);
   }
 
-  private static class SchedulingChecker implements StepHandler, EventHandler {
+  private static final class SchedulingChecker implements StepHandler, 
EventHandler {
 
       private int index;
       private double tMin;
@@ -404,7 +404,7 @@ public class DormandPrince853IntegratorTest {
       }
   }
 
-  private static class KeplerHandler implements StepHandler {
+  private static final class KeplerHandler implements StepHandler {
     KeplerHandler(TestProblem3 pb) {
       this.pb = pb;
     }
@@ -444,7 +444,7 @@ public class DormandPrince853IntegratorTest {
     private TestProblem3 pb;
   }
 
-  private static class VariableHandler implements StepHandler {
+  private static final class VariableHandler implements StepHandler {
     VariableHandler() {
         firstTime = true;
         minStep = 0;
diff --git 
a/commons-math-legacy/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/ode/nonstiff/EmbeddedRungeKuttaFieldIntegratorAbstractTest.java
 
b/commons-math-legacy/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/ode/nonstiff/EmbeddedRungeKuttaFieldIntegratorAbstractTest.java
index 141a89364..5abaee5b4 100644
--- 
a/commons-math-legacy/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/ode/nonstiff/EmbeddedRungeKuttaFieldIntegratorAbstractTest.java
+++ 
b/commons-math-legacy/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/ode/nonstiff/EmbeddedRungeKuttaFieldIntegratorAbstractTest.java
@@ -431,7 +431,7 @@ public abstract class 
EmbeddedRungeKuttaFieldIntegratorAbstractTest {
         integ.integrate(new FieldExpandableODE<>(pb), pb.getInitialState(), 
pb.getFinalTime());
     }
 
-    private static class KeplerHandler<T extends RealFieldElement<T>> 
implements FieldStepHandler<T> {
+    private static final class KeplerHandler<T extends RealFieldElement<T>> 
implements FieldStepHandler<T> {
         private T maxError;
         private final TestFieldProblem3<T> pb;
         private final double epsilon;
@@ -515,7 +515,7 @@ public abstract class 
EmbeddedRungeKuttaFieldIntegratorAbstractTest {
         return y.getPartialDerivative(orders);
     }
 
-    private static class SinCos implements 
FirstOrderFieldDifferentialEquations<DerivativeStructure> {
+    private static final class SinCos implements 
FirstOrderFieldDifferentialEquations<DerivativeStructure> {
 
         private final DerivativeStructure omega;
         private       DerivativeStructure r;
diff --git 
a/commons-math-legacy/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/ode/nonstiff/EulerStepInterpolatorTest.java
 
b/commons-math-legacy/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/ode/nonstiff/EulerStepInterpolatorTest.java
index 2e6bc7ff2..0fb9866be 100644
--- 
a/commons-math-legacy/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/ode/nonstiff/EulerStepInterpolatorTest.java
+++ 
b/commons-math-legacy/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/ode/nonstiff/EulerStepInterpolatorTest.java
@@ -178,7 +178,7 @@ public class EulerStepInterpolatorTest {
     Assert.assertTrue(maxError < 0.001);
   }
 
-  private static class DummyIntegrator extends RungeKuttaIntegrator {
+  private static final class DummyIntegrator extends RungeKuttaIntegrator {
 
 
       protected DummyIntegrator(RungeKuttaStepInterpolator prototype) {
diff --git 
a/commons-math-legacy/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/ode/nonstiff/GillIntegratorTest.java
 
b/commons-math-legacy/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/ode/nonstiff/GillIntegratorTest.java
index aecdff125..44c16a29f 100644
--- 
a/commons-math-legacy/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/ode/nonstiff/GillIntegratorTest.java
+++ 
b/commons-math-legacy/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/ode/nonstiff/GillIntegratorTest.java
@@ -183,7 +183,7 @@ public class GillIntegratorTest {
     Assert.assertEquals(8.0, y[0], 1.0e-12);
   }
 
-  private static class KeplerStepHandler implements StepHandler {
+  private static final class KeplerStepHandler implements StepHandler {
     KeplerStepHandler(TestProblem3 pb) {
       this.pb = pb;
     }
diff --git 
a/commons-math-legacy/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/ode/nonstiff/GraggBulirschStoerIntegratorTest.java
 
b/commons-math-legacy/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/ode/nonstiff/GraggBulirschStoerIntegratorTest.java
index ee141dcf2..316efe31c 100644
--- 
a/commons-math-legacy/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/ode/nonstiff/GraggBulirschStoerIntegratorTest.java
+++ 
b/commons-math-legacy/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/ode/nonstiff/GraggBulirschStoerIntegratorTest.java
@@ -343,7 +343,7 @@ public class GraggBulirschStoerIntegratorTest {
       }, t0, y, tend, y);
   }
 
-  private static class KeplerStepHandler implements StepHandler {
+  private static final class KeplerStepHandler implements StepHandler {
     KeplerStepHandler(TestProblem3 pb) {
       this.pb = pb;
     }
diff --git 
a/commons-math-legacy/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/ode/nonstiff/HighamHall54IntegratorTest.java
 
b/commons-math-legacy/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/ode/nonstiff/HighamHall54IntegratorTest.java
index 8993f2ca9..253dd7750 100644
--- 
a/commons-math-legacy/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/ode/nonstiff/HighamHall54IntegratorTest.java
+++ 
b/commons-math-legacy/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/ode/nonstiff/HighamHall54IntegratorTest.java
@@ -234,7 +234,7 @@ public class HighamHall54IntegratorTest {
                       pb.getFinalTime(), new double[pb.getDimension()]);
   }
 
-  private static class LocalException extends RuntimeException {
+  private static final class LocalException extends RuntimeException {
     private static final long serialVersionUID = 3041292643919807960L;
   }
 
diff --git 
a/commons-math-legacy/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/ode/nonstiff/LutherIntegratorTest.java
 
b/commons-math-legacy/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/ode/nonstiff/LutherIntegratorTest.java
index 718cb8efd..9f7ba5fe0 100644
--- 
a/commons-math-legacy/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/ode/nonstiff/LutherIntegratorTest.java
+++ 
b/commons-math-legacy/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/ode/nonstiff/LutherIntegratorTest.java
@@ -258,7 +258,7 @@ public class LutherIntegratorTest {
                         pb.getFinalTime(), new double[pb.getDimension()]);
     }
 
-    private static class KeplerHandler implements StepHandler {
+    private static final class KeplerHandler implements StepHandler {
         KeplerHandler(TestProblem3 pb) {
             this.pb = pb;
             maxError = 0;
diff --git 
a/commons-math-legacy/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/ode/nonstiff/RungeKuttaFieldIntegratorAbstractTest.java
 
b/commons-math-legacy/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/ode/nonstiff/RungeKuttaFieldIntegratorAbstractTest.java
index 6364cdf86..2b2442776 100644
--- 
a/commons-math-legacy/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/ode/nonstiff/RungeKuttaFieldIntegratorAbstractTest.java
+++ 
b/commons-math-legacy/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/ode/nonstiff/RungeKuttaFieldIntegratorAbstractTest.java
@@ -374,7 +374,7 @@ public abstract class RungeKuttaFieldIntegratorAbstractTest 
{
         integ.integrate(new FieldExpandableODE<>(pb), pb.getInitialState(), 
pb.getFinalTime());
     }
 
-    private static class KeplerHandler<T extends RealFieldElement<T>> 
implements FieldStepHandler<T> {
+    private static final class KeplerHandler<T extends RealFieldElement<T>> 
implements FieldStepHandler<T> {
         private T maxError;
         private final TestFieldProblem3<T> pb;
         private final double expectedMaxError;
@@ -580,7 +580,7 @@ public abstract class RungeKuttaFieldIntegratorAbstractTest 
{
         return y.getPartialDerivative(orders);
     }
 
-    private static class SinCos implements 
FirstOrderFieldDifferentialEquations<DerivativeStructure> {
+    private static final class SinCos implements 
FirstOrderFieldDifferentialEquations<DerivativeStructure> {
 
         private final DerivativeStructure omega;
         private       DerivativeStructure r;
diff --git 
a/commons-math-legacy/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/ode/nonstiff/RungeKuttaFieldStepInterpolatorAbstractTest.java
 
b/commons-math-legacy/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/ode/nonstiff/RungeKuttaFieldStepInterpolatorAbstractTest.java
index a95a7132d..e798c6726 100644
--- 
a/commons-math-legacy/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/ode/nonstiff/RungeKuttaFieldStepInterpolatorAbstractTest.java
+++ 
b/commons-math-legacy/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/ode/nonstiff/RungeKuttaFieldStepInterpolatorAbstractTest.java
@@ -277,7 +277,7 @@ public abstract class 
RungeKuttaFieldStepInterpolatorAbstractTest {
         return regularInterpolator;
     }
 
-    private static class SinCos<T extends RealFieldElement<T>> implements 
FirstOrderFieldDifferentialEquations<T> {
+    private static final class SinCos<T extends RealFieldElement<T>> 
implements FirstOrderFieldDifferentialEquations<T> {
         private final Field<T> field;
         protected SinCos(final Field<T> field) {
             this.field = field;
diff --git 
a/commons-math-legacy/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/ode/nonstiff/ThreeEighthesIntegratorTest.java
 
b/commons-math-legacy/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/ode/nonstiff/ThreeEighthesIntegratorTest.java
index 31346d73a..cd34f7bb0 100644
--- 
a/commons-math-legacy/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/ode/nonstiff/ThreeEighthesIntegratorTest.java
+++ 
b/commons-math-legacy/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/ode/nonstiff/ThreeEighthesIntegratorTest.java
@@ -171,7 +171,7 @@ public class ThreeEighthesIntegratorTest {
                     pb.getFinalTime(), new double[pb.getDimension()]);
   }
 
-  private static class KeplerHandler implements StepHandler {
+  private static final class KeplerHandler implements StepHandler {
 
     KeplerHandler(TestProblem3 pb) {
       this.pb = pb;
diff --git 
a/commons-math-legacy/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/ode/sampling/DummyStepInterpolatorTest.java
 
b/commons-math-legacy/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/ode/sampling/DummyStepInterpolatorTest.java
index d9a933c70..0cf51e731 100644
--- 
a/commons-math-legacy/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/ode/sampling/DummyStepInterpolatorTest.java
+++ 
b/commons-math-legacy/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/ode/sampling/DummyStepInterpolatorTest.java
@@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ public class DummyStepInterpolatorTest {
     }
   }
 
-  private static class BadStepInterpolator extends DummyStepInterpolator {
+  private static final class BadStepInterpolator extends DummyStepInterpolator 
{
       BadStepInterpolator(double[] y, boolean forward) {
           super(y, new double[y.length], forward);
       }
@@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ public class DummyStepInterpolatorTest {
       }
   }
 
-  private static class LocalException extends RuntimeException {
+  private static final class LocalException extends RuntimeException {
     private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;
   }
 }
diff --git 
a/commons-math-legacy/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/optim/nonlinear/scalar/MultiStartMultivariateOptimizerTest.java
 
b/commons-math-legacy/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/optim/nonlinear/scalar/MultiStartMultivariateOptimizerTest.java
index 2e1137248..1bb10d1bd 100644
--- 
a/commons-math-legacy/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/optim/nonlinear/scalar/MultiStartMultivariateOptimizerTest.java
+++ 
b/commons-math-legacy/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/optim/nonlinear/scalar/MultiStartMultivariateOptimizerTest.java
@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ public class MultiStartMultivariateOptimizerTest {
         Assert.assertTrue("optimum=" + optimum.getValue(), optimum.getValue() 
< 5e-5);
     }
 
-    private static class Rosenbrock implements MultivariateFunction {
+    private static final class Rosenbrock implements MultivariateFunction {
         private int count;
 
         Rosenbrock() {
diff --git 
a/commons-math-legacy/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/optim/nonlinear/scalar/MultivariateFunctionMappingAdapterTest.java
 
b/commons-math-legacy/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/optim/nonlinear/scalar/MultivariateFunctionMappingAdapterTest.java
index b052430d2..a57e9312a 100644
--- 
a/commons-math-legacy/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/optim/nonlinear/scalar/MultivariateFunctionMappingAdapterTest.java
+++ 
b/commons-math-legacy/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/optim/nonlinear/scalar/MultivariateFunctionMappingAdapterTest.java
@@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ public class MultivariateFunctionMappingAdapterTest {
         Assert.assertEquals(biQuadratic.getBoundedYOptimum(), bounded[1], 
1e-7);
     }
 
-    private static class BiQuadratic implements MultivariateFunction {
+    private static final class BiQuadratic implements MultivariateFunction {
 
         private final double xOptimum;
         private final double yOptimum;
diff --git 
a/commons-math-legacy/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/optim/nonlinear/scalar/MultivariateFunctionPenaltyAdapterTest.java
 
b/commons-math-legacy/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/optim/nonlinear/scalar/MultivariateFunctionPenaltyAdapterTest.java
index a37baab43..cb33dac8a 100644
--- 
a/commons-math-legacy/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/optim/nonlinear/scalar/MultivariateFunctionPenaltyAdapterTest.java
+++ 
b/commons-math-legacy/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/optim/nonlinear/scalar/MultivariateFunctionPenaltyAdapterTest.java
@@ -147,7 +147,7 @@ public class MultivariateFunctionPenaltyAdapterTest {
         Assert.assertEquals(biQuadratic.getBoundedYOptimum(), 
optimum.getPoint()[1], 2e-7);
     }
 
-    private static class BiQuadratic implements MultivariateFunction {
+    private static final class BiQuadratic implements MultivariateFunction {
 
         private final double xOptimum;
         private final double yOptimum;
diff --git 
a/commons-math-legacy/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/optim/nonlinear/scalar/gradient/NonLinearConjugateGradientOptimizerTest.java
 
b/commons-math-legacy/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/optim/nonlinear/scalar/gradient/NonLinearConjugateGradientOptimizerTest.java
index 9864fcb3d..dab879ae8 100644
--- 
a/commons-math-legacy/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/optim/nonlinear/scalar/gradient/NonLinearConjugateGradientOptimizerTest.java
+++ 
b/commons-math-legacy/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/optim/nonlinear/scalar/gradient/NonLinearConjugateGradientOptimizerTest.java
@@ -430,7 +430,7 @@ public class NonLinearConjugateGradientOptimizerTest {
         Assert.assertEquals(48.135167894, center.getY(), 1.0e-6);
     }
 
-    private static class LinearProblem {
+    private static final class LinearProblem {
         private final RealMatrix factors;
         private final double[] target;
 
diff --git 
a/commons-math-legacy/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/optim/nonlinear/scalar/noderiv/OptimTestUtils.java
 
b/commons-math-legacy/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/optim/nonlinear/scalar/noderiv/OptimTestUtils.java
index f0962eee6..e1765002a 100644
--- 
a/commons-math-legacy/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/optim/nonlinear/scalar/noderiv/OptimTestUtils.java
+++ 
b/commons-math-legacy/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/optim/nonlinear/scalar/noderiv/OptimTestUtils.java
@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ final class OptimTestUtils {
         return ThreadLocalRandomSource.current(RandomSource.MWC_256);
     }
 
-    private static class Basis {
+    private static final class Basis {
         private double[][] basis;
         private final MarsagliaNormalizedGaussianSampler rand = 
MarsagliaNormalizedGaussianSampler.of(rng()); // use not always the same basis
 
diff --git 
a/commons-math-legacy/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/optim/nonlinear/scalar/noderiv/SimplexOptimizerMultiDirectionalTest.java
 
b/commons-math-legacy/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/optim/nonlinear/scalar/noderiv/SimplexOptimizerMultiDirectionalTest.java
index cab242d82..66928f0c7 100644
--- 
a/commons-math-legacy/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/optim/nonlinear/scalar/noderiv/SimplexOptimizerMultiDirectionalTest.java
+++ 
b/commons-math-legacy/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/optim/nonlinear/scalar/noderiv/SimplexOptimizerMultiDirectionalTest.java
@@ -176,7 +176,7 @@ public class SimplexOptimizerMultiDirectionalTest {
                           nEval < maxEvaluations);
     }
 
-    private static class Gaussian2D implements MultivariateFunction {
+    private static final class Gaussian2D implements MultivariateFunction {
         private final double[] maximumPosition;
         private final double std;
 
diff --git 
a/commons-math-legacy/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/optim/univariate/MultiStartUnivariateOptimizerTest.java
 
b/commons-math-legacy/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/optim/univariate/MultiStartUnivariateOptimizerTest.java
index 27f2992e3..43cf2951c 100644
--- 
a/commons-math-legacy/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/optim/univariate/MultiStartUnivariateOptimizerTest.java
+++ 
b/commons-math-legacy/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/math4/legacy/optim/univariate/MultiStartUnivariateOptimizerTest.java
@@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ public class MultiStartUnivariateOptimizerTest {
         Assert.assertNull(optimizer.getOptima()[0]);
     }
 
-    private static class LocalException extends RuntimeException {
+    private static final class LocalException extends RuntimeException {
         private static final long serialVersionUID = 1194682757034350629L;
     }
 }


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