clintropolis commented on code in PR #20469:
URL: https://github.com/apache/druid/pull/20469#discussion_r4159665698


##########
sql/src/main/java/org/apache/druid/sql/calcite/expression/builtin/MultiValueStringOperatorConversions.java:
##########
@@ -375,48 +380,139 @@ public DruidExpression toDruidExpression(
       };
 
       Expr expr = 
plannerContext.parseExpression(druidExpressions.get(1).getExpression());
-      if (druidExpressions.get(0).isSimpleExtraction() && expr.isLiteral()) {
+      if (expr.isLiteral()) {
         Object[] lit = expr.eval(InputBindings.nilBindings()).asArray();
         if (lit == null || lit.length == 0) {
-          return null;
+          return druidExpressions.get(0).isSimpleExtraction()
+                 ? null
+                 : DruidExpression.ofExpression(ColumnType.STRING, builder, 
druidExpressions);
         }
         HashSet<String> literals = Sets.newHashSetWithExpectedSize(lit.length);
         for (Object o : lit) {
           literals.add(Evals.asString(o));
         }
 
-        DruidExpression druidExpression = DruidExpression.ofVirtualColumn(
-            Calcites.getColumnTypeForRelDataType(rexNode.getType()),
-            builder,
+        final DruidExpression druidExpression = 
toFilteredVirtualColumnExpression(
+            plannerContext,
+            rowSignature,
+            rexNode,
             druidExpressions,
-            (name, outputType, parser, self) -> new ListFilteredVirtualColumn(
-                name,
-                self.getArguments().get(0)
-                    .getSimpleExtraction()
-                    
.toDimensionSpec(druidExpressions.get(0).getDirectColumn(), outputType),
-                literals,
-                isAllowList()
-            )
+            builder,
+            (name, delegate) -> new ListFilteredVirtualColumn(name, delegate, 
literals, isAllowList())
         );
-
-        // if the join expression VC registry is present, it means that this 
expression is part of a join condition
-        // and since that's the case, create virtual column here itself for 
optimized usage in join matching
-        if (plannerContext.getJoinExpressionVirtualColumnRegistry() != null) {
-          String virtualColumnName = 
plannerContext.getJoinExpressionVirtualColumnRegistry()
-                                                   
.getOrCreateVirtualColumnForExpression(
-                                                       druidExpression,
-                                                       ColumnType.STRING
-                                                   );
-          return DruidExpression.ofColumn(ColumnType.STRING, 
virtualColumnName);
+        if (druidExpression != null) {
+          return druidExpression;
         }
-
-        return druidExpression;
       }
 
       return DruidExpression.ofExpression(ColumnType.STRING, builder, 
druidExpressions);
     }
   }
 
+  /**
+   * Creates a {@link VirtualColumn} for a multi-value string filtering 
function given the {@link DimensionSpec} of the
+   * multi-value string to filter
+   */
+  @FunctionalInterface
+  private interface FilteredVirtualColumnCreator
+  {
+    VirtualColumn create(String name, DimensionSpec delegate);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Builds a {@link DruidExpression.NodeType#SPECIALIZED} expression for a 
multi-value string filtering function whose
+   * first argument is the multi-value string to filter, if the first argument 
can be used as the delegate
+   * {@link DimensionSpec} of a specialized filtering virtual column. Returns 
null if it cannot, in which case callers
+   * should fall back to a plain expression.
+   *
+   * @see #toFilterDelegate(PlannerContext, RowSignature, DruidExpression)
+   */
+  @Nullable
+  private static DruidExpression toFilteredVirtualColumnExpression(
+      PlannerContext plannerContext,
+      RowSignature rowSignature,
+      RexNode rexNode,
+      List<DruidExpression> druidExpressions,
+      DruidExpression.ExpressionGenerator builder,
+      FilteredVirtualColumnCreator virtualColumnCreator
+  )
+  {
+    final DruidExpression delegate = toFilterDelegate(plannerContext, 
rowSignature, druidExpressions.get(0));
+    if (delegate == null) {
+      return null;
+    }
+    final List<DruidExpression> arguments = new ArrayList<>(druidExpressions);
+    arguments.set(0, delegate);
+
+    final DruidExpression druidExpression = DruidExpression.ofVirtualColumn(
+        Calcites.getColumnTypeForRelDataType(rexNode.getType()),
+        builder,
+        arguments,
+        (name, outputType, parser, self) -> {
+          final DruidExpression arg = self.getArguments().get(0);
+          if (!arg.isSimpleExtraction()) {
+            // the delegate expression was not lifted into its own virtual 
column by specialization, so we cannot
+            // reference it by name, fall back to a plain expression virtual 
column
+            return self.toExpressionVirtualColumn(name, outputType, parser);
+          }
+          return virtualColumnCreator.create(
+              name,
+              arg.getSimpleExtraction().toDimensionSpec(arg.getDirectColumn(), 
outputType)
+          );
+        }
+    );
+
+    // if the join expression VC registry is present, it means that this 
expression is part of a join condition
+    // and since that's the case, create virtual column here itself for 
optimized usage in join matching
+    if (plannerContext.getJoinExpressionVirtualColumnRegistry() != null) {
+      String virtualColumnName = 
plannerContext.getJoinExpressionVirtualColumnRegistry()
+                                               
.getOrCreateVirtualColumnForExpression(
+                                                   druidExpression,
+                                                   ColumnType.STRING
+                                               );
+      return DruidExpression.ofColumn(ColumnType.STRING, virtualColumnName);
+    }
+
+    return druidExpression;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Returns a {@link DruidExpression} suitable to use as the delegate {@link 
DimensionSpec} of a specialized multi-value
+   * string filtering virtual column, or null if there is no such expression.
+   *
+   * Simple extractions are used directly. Expressions of a single {@link 
ColumnType#STRING} input are marked
+   * {@link DruidExpression#asSpecialized()} so that they are lifted into 
their own {@link ExpressionVirtualColumn}
+   * which the filtering virtual column can use as its delegate. When the 
input column is dictionary encoded, the
+   * expression virtual column produces a dimension selector backed by the 
input column dictionary which defers
+   * expression evaluation until values are looked up, allowing the filtering 
virtual column to evaluate the expression
+   * once per dictionary value instead of for every row.
+   */
+  @Nullable
+  private static DruidExpression toFilterDelegate(
+      PlannerContext plannerContext,
+      RowSignature rowSignature,
+      DruidExpression arg
+  )
+  {
+    if (arg.isSimpleExtraction()) {
+      return arg;
+    }
+    if (arg.getType() == DruidExpression.NodeType.SPECIALIZED || 
!ColumnType.STRING.equals(arg.getDruidType())) {
+      return null;
+    }
+    final Expr.BindingAnalysis bindingAnalysis = 
plannerContext.parseExpression(arg.getExpression()).analyzeInputs();
+    if (bindingAnalysis.getRequiredBindings().size() != 1

Review Comment:
   i guess any expression selector that doesn’t run the expression every row 
has that problem with such an expression; that flag is pretty new and only used 
by `now()` which is only a native expression so it currently cannot happen 
here, and I don't think this is the appropriate place to fix it. Like, i think 
the expression planner layer should handle it and not allow it to use any of 
the special path selectors like deferred dictionary encoded evaluation on 
lookup or caching selectors or similar.
   
   I will look into fixing this problem at that layer in a follow-up PR.



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