xiangfu0 commented on code in PR #19998:
URL: https://github.com/apache/pinot/pull/19998#discussion_r4352995710


##########
pinot-segment-spi/src/main/java/org/apache/pinot/segment/spi/index/metadata/SegmentMetadataImpl.java:
##########
@@ -71,12 +74,21 @@
 import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
 
 
-public class SegmentMetadataImpl implements SegmentMetadata {
+public class SegmentMetadataImpl implements SegmentMetadata, Closeable {
   private static final Logger LOGGER = 
LoggerFactory.getLogger(SegmentMetadataImpl.class);
 
   private final File _indexDir;
   private final TreeMap<String, ColumnMetadata> _columnMetadataMap;
   private final Schema _schema;
+  @Nullable
+  private MappedSegmentMetadataStore _mappedStore;
+  @Nullable
+  private AtomicReferenceArray<MappedColumnMetadata> _mappedColumnMetadata;
+  private boolean _mappedStoreClosed;
+  private final Map<String, ColumnMetadata> _virtualColumnMetadata = new 
HashMap<>();
+  private final Set<String> _removedColumns = new HashSet<>();

Review Comment:
   Nit/hardening: these are plain `HashMap`/`HashSet`, and 
`addVirtualColumnMetadata`/`removeColumn` mutate them. It's safe today only 
because every mutation happens during single-threaded load, before this 
metadata is published to query threads. Nothing structurally enforces that, so 
a future caller mutating after the segment is serving would race unsynchronized 
with `getColumnMetadataFor`/`getPhysicalColumnNames` iteration. Worth a short 
comment stating these mutators are load-phase-only.



##########
pinot-segment-local/src/main/java/org/apache/pinot/segment/local/segment/store/SegmentLocalFSDirectory.java:
##########
@@ -144,8 +144,24 @@ public SegmentMetadataImpl getSegmentMetadata() {
   @Override
   public void reloadMetadata()
       throws Exception {
-    _segmentMetadata = new SegmentMetadataImpl(_indexDir);
-    _columnIndexDirectory.setSegmentMetadata(_segmentMetadata);
+    SegmentMetadataImpl metadata = new SegmentMetadataImpl(_indexDir);
+    _columnIndexDirectory.setSegmentMetadata(metadata);
+    SegmentMetadataImpl previous = _segmentMetadata;
+    _segmentMetadata = metadata;
+    previous.close();
+  }
+
+  /// Replaces mutable metadata with the mapped representation after all 
segment preprocessing has finished.
+  public void loadMappedMetadata()

Review Comment:
   Nit: `_segmentMetadata` is non-volatile and the swap-then-close here (and in 
`reloadMetadata`) isn't synchronized. That's fine because both run pre-serving 
(load/preprocess) and the mapped instance is then safely published via the 
`final` field in `ImmutableSegmentImpl` — but the safety rests entirely on that 
unenforced invariant. A one-line contract comment ("only call before the 
segment is queryable") would guard against a future caller closing a mapping 
out from under live readers.



##########
pinot-segment-spi/src/main/java/org/apache/pinot/segment/spi/index/metadata/MappedSegmentMetadataStore.java:
##########
@@ -0,0 +1,880 @@
+/**
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.pinot.segment.spi.index.metadata;
+
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.node.ObjectNode;
+import com.google.common.collect.Interner;
+import com.google.common.collect.Interners;
+import java.io.ByteArrayInputStream;
+import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream;
+import java.io.Closeable;
+import java.io.DataInputStream;
+import java.io.DataOutputStream;
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.math.BigDecimal;
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+import java.nio.ByteOrder;
+import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;
+import java.nio.file.AtomicMoveNotSupportedException;
+import java.nio.file.Files;
+import java.nio.file.Path;
+import java.nio.file.StandardCopyOption;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Comparator;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Set;
+import java.util.stream.Collectors;
+import java.util.zip.CRC32C;
+import javax.annotation.Nullable;
+import org.apache.commons.configuration2.Configuration;
+import org.apache.commons.configuration2.PropertiesConfiguration;
+import org.apache.commons.configuration2.ex.ConfigurationException;
+import org.apache.pinot.segment.spi.ColumnMetadata;
+import org.apache.pinot.segment.spi.V1Constants;
+import org.apache.pinot.segment.spi.index.IndexService;
+import org.apache.pinot.segment.spi.index.IndexType;
+import org.apache.pinot.segment.spi.memory.PinotDataBuffer;
+import org.apache.pinot.segment.spi.partition.PartitionFunction;
+import org.apache.pinot.segment.spi.store.ColumnIndexUtils;
+import org.apache.pinot.segment.spi.store.SegmentDirectoryPaths;
+import org.apache.pinot.segment.spi.utils.SegmentMetadataUtils;
+import org.apache.pinot.spi.config.table.FieldConfig.EncodingType;
+import org.apache.pinot.spi.data.ComplexFieldSpec;
+import org.apache.pinot.spi.data.FieldSpec;
+import org.apache.pinot.spi.env.CommonsConfigurationUtils;
+import org.apache.pinot.spi.utils.ByteArray;
+import org.apache.pinot.spi.utils.ColumnNameInterner;
+import org.apache.pinot.spi.utils.JsonUtils;
+
+/// Versioned, file-backed metadata for a sealed segment. The source 
`metadata.properties` remains the canonical
+/// representation for old readers and preprocessing.
+///
+/// The big-endian file starts with a 64-byte header containing the magic, 
format version, total length, source
+/// `metadata.properties` and `index_map` length/CRC fingerprints, payload 
CRC, segment-property blob reference,
+/// column count, and record-table bounds. Sorted columns occupy fixed 
180-byte records, followed by variable blobs;
+/// each blob reference is an absolute 32-bit offset and length. Numeric 
column statistics are read directly from the
+/// mapping. The column layout retains names and reusable [FieldSpec] 
references on heap.
+///
+/// A stale or corrupt sidecar is rebuilt from the canonical source and 
replaced locally, using atomic rename where
+/// supported. Change `VERSION` whenever the header, record, or blob encoding 
changes; old versions are rebuilt rather
+/// than migrated.
+final class MappedSegmentMetadataStore implements Closeable {
+  static final String FILE_NAME = "segment_metadata.bin";
+
+  private static final int MAGIC = 0x504d4431; // PMD1
+  private static final int VERSION = 3;
+  private static final int HEADER_SIZE = 64;
+  private static final int RECORD_SIZE = 180;
+
+  static final int NAME = 0;
+  static final int FIELD_SPEC = 8;
+  static final int TOTAL_DOCS = 16;
+  static final int CARDINALITY = 20;
+  static final int FLAGS = 24;
+  static final int ENCODING = 28;
+  static final int SHORTEST = 32;
+  static final int LONGEST = 36;
+  static final int TOTAL_ENTRIES = 40;
+  static final int MAX_MV = 44;
+  static final int MAX_ROW = 48;
+  static final int BITS = 52;
+  static final int MIN_TAG = 56;
+  static final int MIN_RAW = 60;
+  static final int MIN_BLOB = 68;
+  static final int MAX_TAG = 76;
+  static final int MAX_RAW = 80;
+  static final int MAX_BLOB = 88;
+  static final int PARTITION_FUNCTION = 96;
+  static final int PARTITIONS = 104;
+  static final int PARENT = 112;
+  static final int SPARSE_KEYS = 120;
+  static final int SPARSE_MULTI_VALUE_KEYS = 128;
+  static final int SPARSE_KEY_TYPES = 136;
+  static final int RAW_UNCOMPRESSED_SIZE = 144;
+  static final int DICTIONARY_UNCOMPRESSED_SIZE = 152;
+  static final int COMPRESSION_TYPE = 160;
+  static final int INDEXES = 168;
+  static final int INDEX_COUNT = 176;
+
+  static final int HAS_DICTIONARY = 1;
+  static final int SORTED = 1 << 1;
+  static final int NON_NULL = 1 << 2;
+  static final int INVALID_MIN_MAX = 1 << 3;
+  static final int ASCII = 1 << 4;
+  static final int AUTO_GENERATED = 1 << 5;
+
+  private static final int NO_VALUE = 0;
+  private static final int INT_VALUE = 1;
+  private static final int LONG_VALUE = 2;
+  private static final int FLOAT_VALUE = 3;
+  private static final int DOUBLE_VALUE = 4;
+  private static final int DECIMAL_VALUE = 5;
+  private static final int STRING_VALUE = 6;
+  private static final int BYTES_VALUE = 7;
+
+  private static final Interner<FieldSpec> FIELD_SPECS = 
Interners.newWeakInterner();
+  private static final Interner<ColumnLayout> COLUMN_LAYOUTS = 
Interners.newWeakInterner();
+
+  private final PinotDataBuffer _buffer;
+  private final ColumnLayout _columns;
+  private final int _tableOffset;
+  private final int _segmentConfigOffset;
+  private final int _segmentConfigLength;
+
+  private MappedSegmentMetadataStore(PinotDataBuffer buffer, ColumnLayout 
columns, int tableOffset,
+      int segmentConfigOffset, int segmentConfigLength) {
+    _buffer = buffer;
+    _columns = columns;
+    _tableOffset = tableOffset;
+    _segmentConfigOffset = segmentConfigOffset;
+    _segmentConfigLength = segmentConfigLength;
+  }
+
+  static MappedSegmentMetadataStore open(File indexDir)
+      throws IOException, ConfigurationException {
+    File source = SegmentDirectoryPaths.findMetadataFile(indexDir);
+    if (source == null) {
+      throw new IOException("Missing metadata.properties in " + indexDir);
+    }
+    File sidecar = new File(indexDir, FILE_NAME);
+    for (int attempt = 0; attempt < 3; attempt++) {
+      Fingerprint propertiesFingerprint = Fingerprint.of(source);
+      Fingerprint indexMapFingerprint = Fingerprint.of(findIndexMap(indexDir));
+      byte[] bytes = readValid(sidecar, propertiesFingerprint, 
indexMapFingerprint);
+      if (bytes == null) {
+        writeAtomically(sidecar, build(indexDir, propertiesFingerprint, 
indexMapFingerprint));
+        bytes = readValid(sidecar, propertiesFingerprint, indexMapFingerprint);
+        if (bytes == null) {
+          continue;
+        }
+      }
+      PinotDataBuffer buffer = PinotDataBuffer.mapFile(sidecar, true, 0, 
bytes.length, ByteOrder.BIG_ENDIAN,
+          "segment metadata");
+      boolean keepBuffer = false;
+      try {
+        // Another loader may atomically replace the sidecar between 
validation and mapFile(). Check the exact mapped
+        // bytes and the canonical inputs before publishing a view over this 
mapping.
+        if (!matchesMapped(buffer, bytes) || 
!propertiesFingerprint.sameAs(Fingerprint.of(source))
+            || 
!indexMapFingerprint.sameAs(Fingerprint.of(findIndexMap(indexDir)))) {
+          continue;
+        }
+        ByteBuffer header = ByteBuffer.wrap(bytes).order(ByteOrder.BIG_ENDIAN);
+        int count = header.getInt(52);
+        int tableOffset = header.getInt(56);
+        String[] names = new String[count];
+        FieldSpec[] fieldSpecs = new FieldSpec[count];
+        for (int i = 0; i < count; i++) {
+          int record = tableOffset + i * RECORD_SIZE;
+          names[i] = ColumnNameInterner.intern(readString(bytes, 
header.getInt(record + NAME),
+              header.getInt(record + NAME + 4)));
+          FieldSpec parsed = JsonUtils.stringToObject(readString(bytes, 
header.getInt(record + FIELD_SPEC),
+              header.getInt(record + FIELD_SPEC + 4)), FieldSpec.class);
+          fieldSpecs[i] = parsed instanceof ComplexFieldSpec ? parsed : 
FIELD_SPECS.intern(parsed);
+        }
+        ColumnLayout columns = COLUMN_LAYOUTS.intern(new ColumnLayout(names, 
fieldSpecs));
+        MappedSegmentMetadataStore store = new 
MappedSegmentMetadataStore(buffer, columns, tableOffset,
+            header.getInt(44), header.getInt(48));
+        keepBuffer = true;
+        return store;
+      } catch (IOException | RuntimeException e) {
+        throw new IOException("Invalid field specs in mapped segment metadata: 
" + sidecar, e);
+      } finally {
+        if (!keepBuffer) {
+          buffer.close();
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    throw new IOException("Metadata changed while mapping segment: " + 
indexDir);
+  }
+
+  private static boolean matchesMapped(PinotDataBuffer buffer, byte[] bytes) {
+    if (buffer.size() != bytes.length) {
+      return false;
+    }
+    byte[] block = new byte[Math.min(8192, bytes.length)];
+    for (int offset = 0; offset < bytes.length; offset += block.length) {
+      int length = Math.min(block.length, bytes.length - offset);
+      buffer.copyTo(offset, block, 0, length);
+      for (int i = 0; i < length; i++) {
+        if (block[i] != bytes[offset + i]) {
+          return false;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  int size() {
+    return _columns._names.length;
+  }
+
+  String name(int ordinal) {
+    return _columns._names[ordinal];
+  }
+
+  int ordinal(String column) {
+    return Arrays.binarySearch(_columns._names, column);
+  }
+
+  int getInt(int ordinal, int offset) {
+    return _buffer.getInt((long) _tableOffset + (long) ordinal * RECORD_SIZE + 
offset);
+  }
+
+  long getLong(int ordinal, int offset) {
+    return _buffer.getLong((long) _tableOffset + (long) ordinal * RECORD_SIZE 
+ offset);
+  }
+
+  boolean flag(int ordinal, int flag) {
+    return (getInt(ordinal, FLAGS) & flag) != 0;
+  }
+
+  @Nullable
+  String string(int ordinal, int field) {
+    byte[] bytes = blob(ordinal, field);
+    return bytes != null ? new String(bytes, StandardCharsets.UTF_8) : null;
+  }
+
+  @Nullable
+  byte[] blob(int ordinal, int field) {
+    int offset = getInt(ordinal, field);
+    if (offset < 0) {
+      return null;
+    }
+    int length = getInt(ordinal, field + 4);
+    byte[] bytes = new byte[length];
+    _buffer.copyTo(offset, bytes);
+    return bytes;
+  }
+
+  FieldSpec fieldSpec(int ordinal) {
+    return _columns._fieldSpecs[ordinal];
+  }
+
+  @Nullable
+  Comparable<?> value(int ordinal, boolean minimum) {
+    int tag = getInt(ordinal, minimum ? MIN_TAG : MAX_TAG);
+    long raw = getLong(ordinal, minimum ? MIN_RAW : MAX_RAW);
+    int blobField = minimum ? MIN_BLOB : MAX_BLOB;
+    switch (tag) {
+      case NO_VALUE:
+        return null;
+      case INT_VALUE:
+        return (int) raw;
+      case LONG_VALUE:
+        return raw;
+      case FLOAT_VALUE:
+        return Float.intBitsToFloat((int) raw);
+      case DOUBLE_VALUE:
+        return Double.longBitsToDouble(raw);
+      case DECIMAL_VALUE:
+        return new BigDecimal(string(ordinal, blobField));
+      case STRING_VALUE:
+        return string(ordinal, blobField);
+      case BYTES_VALUE:
+        return new ByteArray(blob(ordinal, blobField));
+      default:
+        throw new IllegalStateException("Invalid value tag: " + tag);
+    }
+  }
+
+  PropertiesConfiguration segmentConfiguration()
+      throws IOException, ConfigurationException {
+    byte[] bytes = new byte[_segmentConfigLength];
+    _buffer.copyTo(_segmentConfigOffset, bytes);
+    // Values were already split by the source parser. A second delimiter pass 
would change escaped commas.
+    PropertiesConfiguration config = 
CommonsConfigurationUtils.fromInputStream(null, false, null);
+    try (DataInputStream input = new DataInputStream(new 
ByteArrayInputStream(bytes))) {
+      int count = input.readInt();
+      for (int i = 0; i < count; i++) {
+        String key = readString(input);
+        int valueCount = input.readInt();
+        if (valueCount == 1) {
+          config.setProperty(key, readString(input));
+        } else {
+          List<String> values = new ArrayList<>(valueCount);
+          for (int j = 0; j < valueCount; j++) {
+            values.add(readString(input));
+          }
+          config.setProperty(key, values);
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    return config;
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void close()
+      throws IOException {
+    _buffer.close();
+  }
+
+  private static byte[] build(File indexDir, Fingerprint 
propertiesFingerprint, Fingerprint indexMapFingerprint)
+      throws IOException, ConfigurationException {
+    SegmentMetadataImpl source = new SegmentMetadataImpl(indexDir);
+    PropertiesConfiguration config = 
SegmentMetadataUtils.getPropertiesConfiguration(indexDir);
+    List<String> columns = new 
ArrayList<>(source.getColumnMetadataMap().keySet());
+    columns.sort(Comparator.naturalOrder());
+    if ((long) columns.size() * RECORD_SIZE + HEADER_SIZE > Integer.MAX_VALUE) 
{
+      throw new IOException("Too many columns for mapped metadata: " + 
columns.size());
+    }
+    int blobBase = HEADER_SIZE + columns.size() * RECORD_SIZE;
+    BlobWriter blobs = new BlobWriter(blobBase);
+    BlobRef segmentConfig = blobs.add(encodeSegmentConfiguration(config));
+    // EmptyColumnMetadata does not load index sizes even if a stale index_map 
is still present.
+    Map<String, List<IndexSize>> indexSizes = source.getTotalDocs() > 0 ? 
readIndexSizes(indexDir) : Map.of();
+    byte[] records = new byte[columns.size() * RECORD_SIZE];
+    ByteBuffer recordBuffer = 
ByteBuffer.wrap(records).order(ByteOrder.BIG_ENDIAN);
+    for (int ordinal = 0; ordinal < columns.size(); ordinal++) {
+      String column = columns.get(ordinal);
+      ColumnMetadata metadata = source.getColumnMetadataFor(column);
+      int offset = ordinal * RECORD_SIZE;
+      putRef(recordBuffer, offset + NAME, blobs.add(column));
+      putRef(recordBuffer, offset + FIELD_SPEC, 
blobs.add(fieldSpecJson(metadata.getFieldSpec()).toString()));
+      recordBuffer.putInt(offset + TOTAL_DOCS, metadata.getTotalDocs());
+      recordBuffer.putInt(offset + CARDINALITY, metadata.getCardinality());
+      int flags = (metadata.hasDictionary() ? HAS_DICTIONARY : 0) | 
(metadata.isSorted() ? SORTED : 0)
+          | (metadata.isNonNull() ? NON_NULL : 0) | 
(metadata.isMinMaxValueInvalid() ? INVALID_MIN_MAX : 0)
+          | (metadata.isAscii() ? ASCII : 0) | (metadata.isAutoGenerated() ? 
AUTO_GENERATED : 0);
+      recordBuffer.putInt(offset + FLAGS, flags);
+      EncodingType encoding = metadata.getForwardIndexEncoding();
+      recordBuffer.putInt(offset + ENCODING, encoding == null ? 0 : encoding 
== EncodingType.RAW ? 1 : 2);
+      recordBuffer.putInt(offset + SHORTEST, 
metadata.getLengthOfShortestElement());
+      recordBuffer.putInt(offset + LONGEST, 
metadata.getLengthOfLongestElement());
+      recordBuffer.putInt(offset + TOTAL_ENTRIES, 
metadata.getTotalNumberOfEntries());
+      recordBuffer.putInt(offset + MAX_MV, 
metadata.getMaxNumberOfMultiValues());
+      recordBuffer.putInt(offset + MAX_ROW, metadata.getMaxRowLengthInBytes());
+      recordBuffer.putInt(offset + BITS, metadata.getBitsPerElement());
+      writeValue(recordBuffer, offset + MIN_TAG, offset + MIN_RAW, offset + 
MIN_BLOB, metadata.getMinValue(), blobs);
+      writeValue(recordBuffer, offset + MAX_TAG, offset + MAX_RAW, offset + 
MAX_BLOB, metadata.getMaxValue(), blobs);
+      PartitionFunction partitionFunction = metadata.getPartitionFunction();
+      putRef(recordBuffer, offset + PARTITION_FUNCTION,
+          partitionFunction != null ? 
blobs.add(encodePartitionFunction(column, config)) : BlobRef.ABSENT);
+      putRef(recordBuffer, offset + PARTITIONS,
+          metadata.getPartitions() != null ? 
blobs.add(encodePartitions(metadata.getPartitions())) : BlobRef.ABSENT);
+      if (metadata instanceof ColumnMetadataImpl) {
+        ColumnMetadataImpl impl = (ColumnMetadataImpl) metadata;
+        putRef(recordBuffer, offset + PARENT, 
blobs.add(impl.getParentColumn()));
+        putRef(recordBuffer, offset + SPARSE_KEYS, 
blobs.addJson(impl.getSparseKeys()));
+        putRef(recordBuffer, offset + SPARSE_MULTI_VALUE_KEYS, 
blobs.addJson(impl.getSparseMultiValueKeys()));
+        putRef(recordBuffer, offset + SPARSE_KEY_TYPES, 
blobs.addJson(impl.getSparseKeyTypes()));
+      } else {
+        putRef(recordBuffer, offset + PARENT, BlobRef.ABSENT);
+        putRef(recordBuffer, offset + SPARSE_KEYS, BlobRef.ABSENT);
+        putRef(recordBuffer, offset + SPARSE_MULTI_VALUE_KEYS, BlobRef.ABSENT);
+        putRef(recordBuffer, offset + SPARSE_KEY_TYPES, BlobRef.ABSENT);
+      }
+      recordBuffer.putLong(offset + RAW_UNCOMPRESSED_SIZE,
+          metadata.getRawForwardIndexUncompressedValueSizeInBytes());
+      recordBuffer.putLong(offset + DICTIONARY_UNCOMPRESSED_SIZE,
+          metadata.getDictionaryEncodedUncompressedValueSizeInBytes());
+      putRef(recordBuffer, offset + COMPRESSION_TYPE,
+          blobs.add(metadata.getRawForwardIndexChunkCompressionType() != null
+              ? metadata.getRawForwardIndexChunkCompressionType().name() : 
null));
+      List<IndexSize> sizes = indexSizes.getOrDefault(column, List.of());
+      recordBuffer.putInt(offset + INDEX_COUNT, sizes.size());
+      putRef(recordBuffer, offset + INDEXES, sizes.isEmpty() ? BlobRef.ABSENT 
: blobs.add(encodeIndexSizes(sizes)));
+    }
+    byte[] blobBytes = blobs.toByteArray();
+    long totalSize = (long) HEADER_SIZE + records.length + blobBytes.length;
+    if (totalSize > Integer.MAX_VALUE) {
+      throw new IOException("Mapped metadata exceeds 2 GiB: " + totalSize);
+    }
+    byte[] bytes = new byte[(int) totalSize];
+    ByteBuffer header = ByteBuffer.wrap(bytes).order(ByteOrder.BIG_ENDIAN);
+    header.putInt(0, MAGIC);
+    header.putInt(4, VERSION);
+    header.putLong(8, totalSize);
+    header.putLong(16, propertiesFingerprint._length);
+    header.putInt(24, propertiesFingerprint._crc);
+    header.putLong(28, indexMapFingerprint._length);
+    header.putInt(36, indexMapFingerprint._crc);
+    header.putInt(44, segmentConfig._offset);
+    header.putInt(48, segmentConfig._length);
+    header.putInt(52, columns.size());
+    header.putInt(56, HEADER_SIZE);
+    header.putInt(60, blobBase);
+    System.arraycopy(records, 0, bytes, HEADER_SIZE, records.length);
+    System.arraycopy(blobBytes, 0, bytes, blobBase, blobBytes.length);
+    header.putInt(40, crc(bytes, HEADER_SIZE, bytes.length - HEADER_SIZE));
+    return bytes;
+  }
+
+  private static ObjectNode fieldSpecJson(FieldSpec fieldSpec) {
+    ObjectNode json = fieldSpec.toJsonObject();
+    // TimeFieldSpec omits the discriminator, including when nested in a 
ComplexFieldSpec.
+    json.put("fieldType", fieldSpec.getFieldType().toString());
+    if (fieldSpec instanceof ComplexFieldSpec) {
+      ObjectNode children = (ObjectNode) json.get("childFieldSpecs");
+      for (Map.Entry<String, FieldSpec> entry : ((ComplexFieldSpec) 
fieldSpec).getChildFieldSpecs().entrySet()) {
+        children.set(entry.getKey(), fieldSpecJson(entry.getValue()));
+      }
+    }
+    return json;
+  }
+
+  private static byte[] encodeSegmentConfiguration(PropertiesConfiguration 
config)
+      throws IOException {
+    ByteArrayOutputStream bytes = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+    try (DataOutputStream output = new DataOutputStream(bytes)) {
+      List<String> keys = CommonsConfigurationUtils.getKeys(config).stream()
+          .filter(key -> 
!key.startsWith(V1Constants.MetadataKeys.Column.COLUMN_PROPS_KEY_PREFIX))
+          .sorted().collect(Collectors.toList());
+      output.writeInt(keys.size());
+      for (String key : keys) {
+        writeString(output, key);
+        Object value = config.getProperty(key);
+        if (value instanceof List<?>) {
+          List<?> values = (List<?>) value;
+          output.writeInt(values.size());
+          for (Object entry : values) {
+            writeString(output, String.valueOf(entry));
+          }
+        } else {
+          output.writeInt(1);
+          writeString(output, String.valueOf(value));
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    return bytes.toByteArray();
+  }
+
+  private static byte[] encodePartitionFunction(String column, 
PropertiesConfiguration metadata)
+      throws IOException {
+    String prefix = V1Constants.MetadataKeys.Column.COLUMN_PROPS_KEY_PREFIX + 
column + ".";
+    String name = metadata.getString(prefix + 
V1Constants.MetadataKeys.Column.PARTITION_FUNCTION);
+    int numPartitions = metadata.getInt(prefix + 
V1Constants.MetadataKeys.Column.NUM_PARTITIONS);
+    Configuration functionConfig = metadata.subset(prefix + 
V1Constants.MetadataKeys.Column.PARTITION_FUNCTION_CONFIG);
+    Map<String, String> config = new HashMap<>();
+    functionConfig.forEach((key, value) -> config.put(key,
+        value instanceof List ? ((List<?>) 
value).stream().map(String::valueOf).collect(Collectors.joining(","))
+            : value.toString()));
+    ByteArrayOutputStream bytes = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+    try (DataOutputStream output = new DataOutputStream(bytes)) {
+      writeString(output, name);
+      output.writeInt(numPartitions);
+      output.writeInt(config.size());
+      for (String key : 
config.keySet().stream().sorted().collect(Collectors.toList())) {
+        writeString(output, key);
+        writeString(output, config.get(key));
+      }
+    }
+    return bytes.toByteArray();
+  }
+
+  private static byte[] encodePartitions(Set<Integer> partitions)
+      throws IOException {
+    ByteArrayOutputStream bytes = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+    try (DataOutputStream output = new DataOutputStream(bytes)) {
+      output.writeInt(partitions.size());
+      for (int partition : 
partitions.stream().sorted().collect(Collectors.toList())) {
+        output.writeInt(partition);
+      }
+    }
+    return bytes.toByteArray();
+  }
+
+  private static byte[] encodeIndexSizes(List<IndexSize> sizes)
+      throws IOException {
+    ByteArrayOutputStream bytes = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+    try (DataOutputStream output = new DataOutputStream(bytes)) {
+      for (IndexSize size : sizes) {
+        writeString(output, size._type);
+        output.writeLong(size._size);
+      }
+    }
+    return bytes.toByteArray();
+  }
+
+  private static Map<String, List<IndexSize>> readIndexSizes(File indexDir)
+      throws ConfigurationException {
+    File indexMap = findIndexMap(indexDir);
+    if (indexMap == null) {
+      return Map.of();
+    }
+    // The local v3 index map is read by SegmentMetadataImpl and retains 
zero-sized indexes. The root-level map is
+    // staged by tiered storage, whose existing reporting path omits 
zero-sized placeholders.
+    boolean stagedIndexMap = indexMap.getParentFile().equals(indexDir);
+    PropertiesConfiguration config = 
CommonsConfigurationUtils.fromFile(indexMap);
+    Map<String, List<IndexSize>> result = new HashMap<>();
+    for (String key : CommonsConfigurationUtils.getKeys(config)) {
+      try {
+        String[] parsed = ColumnIndexUtils.parseIndexMapKeys(key, 
indexDir.getPath());
+        if (ColumnIndexUtils.MAP_KEY_NAME_SIZE.equals(parsed[2])) {
+          long size = config.getLong(key);
+          if (size < 0 || size > (1L << 48) - 1 || (stagedIndexMap && size == 
0)) {
+            continue;
+          }
+          IndexType<?, ?, ?> type = IndexService.getInstance().get(parsed[1]);
+          result.computeIfAbsent(parsed[0], ignored -> new ArrayList<>())
+              .add(new IndexSize(type.getId(), size));
+        }
+      } catch (Exception ignored) {
+        // Match the tolerant index_map reporting path in SegmentMetadataImpl.
+      }
+    }
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  @Nullable
+  private static File findIndexMap(File indexDir) {
+    File v3 = new File(new File(indexDir, "v3"), 
V1Constants.INDEX_MAP_FILE_NAME);
+    if (v3.isFile()) {
+      return v3;
+    }
+    File root = new File(indexDir, V1Constants.INDEX_MAP_FILE_NAME);
+    return root.isFile() ? root : null;
+  }
+
+  private static void writeValue(ByteBuffer target, int tagOffset, int 
rawOffset, int blobOffset,
+      @Nullable Comparable<?> value, BlobWriter blobs) {
+    int tag = NO_VALUE;
+    long raw = 0;
+    BlobRef blob = BlobRef.ABSENT;
+    if (value instanceof Integer) {
+      tag = INT_VALUE;
+      raw = (Integer) value;
+    } else if (value instanceof Long) {
+      tag = LONG_VALUE;
+      raw = (Long) value;
+    } else if (value instanceof Float) {
+      tag = FLOAT_VALUE;
+      raw = Float.floatToRawIntBits((Float) value);
+    } else if (value instanceof Double) {
+      tag = DOUBLE_VALUE;
+      raw = Double.doubleToRawLongBits((Double) value);
+    } else if (value instanceof BigDecimal) {
+      tag = DECIMAL_VALUE;
+      blob = blobs.add(value.toString());
+    } else if (value instanceof String) {
+      tag = STRING_VALUE;
+      blob = blobs.add((String) value);
+    } else if (value instanceof ByteArray) {
+      tag = BYTES_VALUE;
+      blob = blobs.add(((ByteArray) value).getBytes());
+    } else if (value != null) {
+      throw new IllegalArgumentException("Unsupported metadata value: " + 
value.getClass());
+    }
+    target.putInt(tagOffset, tag);
+    target.putLong(rawOffset, raw);
+    putRef(target, blobOffset, blob);
+  }
+
+  private static void putRef(ByteBuffer target, int offset, BlobRef ref) {
+    target.putInt(offset, ref._offset);
+    target.putInt(offset + 4, ref._length);
+  }
+
+  @Nullable
+  private static byte[] readValid(File file, Fingerprint properties, 
Fingerprint indexMap)
+      throws IOException {
+    if (!file.isFile() || file.length() < HEADER_SIZE || file.length() > 
Integer.MAX_VALUE) {
+      return null;
+    }
+    byte[] bytes = Files.readAllBytes(file.toPath());

Review Comment:
   Minor/perf: `open()` reads the whole sidecar into heap here, then 
`matchesMapped()` copies the whole mapping back out to compare. It's transient 
(the array is GC-eligible right after open) and sidecars are small in practice, 
but for a very wide segment it's a noticeable per-load heap spike on top of the 
mmap. Could note the intent, or compare only the header + fingerprint region 
for the race-detection check rather than the full file.



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