-Caveat Lector-
http://www.biblebelievers.org.au/nation09.htm
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The Early History of Man
Part 4
Living Dinosaurs from Anglo-Saxon and other Early Records.
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INTRODUCTION
The creation model of origins makes many predictions, one of them
being that evidence will be found which tells us, in the recent
past dinosaurs and man have co-existed. There is, in fact, good
evidence to suggest they still co-exist, and this is directly
contrary to the evolutionary model which teaches dinosaurs lived
millions of before man came along, and no man therefore can ever
have seen a living dinosaur. For present purposes we will ignore
evidence from the fossil record on this subject as this has been
dealt with elsewhere. We will, instead examine the issue by
considering the written evidence that has survived from the records
of various ancient peoples that describes, sometimes in the most
graphic detail, human encounters with living giant reptiles we
would call dinosaurs.
There are, of course, the famous descriptions of such monsters from
the Old Testament, Behemoth and Leviathan (Job 40:15-41:34,)
Behemoth being a giant vegetarian that lived on the fens, and
Leviathan a somewhat more terrrifying armour-plated amphibian whom
only children and the most foolhardy would want as a pet. The
Egyptians knew Behemoth by the name p'ih.mw, 1 which is the same
name, of course. Leviathan was similarly known as Lotan to the men
of Ugarit. 23 Babylonian and Sumerian literature has preserved
details of similar creatures, as has the written and unwritten
folklore of peoples around the world. But perhaps the most
remarkable descriptions of living dinosaurs are those the
Anglo-Saxon and Celtic peoples of Europe have passed down to us.
A BRIEF SURVEY
The early Britons, from whom the modern Welsh are descended,
provide us with our earliest surviving European accounts of
reptilian monsters, one of whom killed and devoured king Morvidus
(Morydd) in about 336 BC. We are told in the original early Welsh
account (which Geoffrey of Monmouth translated into Latin and which
still survives in spite of modernist claims to the contrary 4) that
the monster "gulped down the body of Morvidus as a big fish
swallows a little one." Geoffrey wrote of the monster under its
Latin name, Belua. 5
Peredur, not the ancient king of that name (306 - 296 BC), but a
much later son of Earl Efrawg, had better luck than Morvidus,
actually managing to slay his monster, an addanc (pronounced
athanc: variant afanc,) at a place called Llyn Llion in Wales. 6
At other Welsh locations the addanc is further spoken of along with
another reptilian species known as the carrog. The addanc survived
until comparatively recent times at such places as Bedd-yr-Afanc
near Brynberian, at Llyn-yr-Afanc above Bettws-y-Coed on the River
Conwy (the killing of this monster was described in the year 1693),
and Llyn Barfog (see Appendix). A carrog is commemorated at Carrog
near Corwen, and at Dol-y-Carrog in the Vale of Conwy. 7
In England and Scotland, again until comparatively recent times,
other reptilian monsters were sighted and spoken of in many places.
Table 1 lists 81 locations in the British Isles alone in which
dinosaur activity has been reported (there are, in fact, nearly 200
such places in Britain.) But perhaps the most relevant aspect of
this, as far as our present study, is concerned, is the fact some
of these sightings and subsequent encounters with living dinosaurs
can be dated to the very recent past. The giant reptile at Bures
in Suffolk, for example, is known to us from a chronicle of 1405:-
"Close to the town of Bures, near Sudbury, there has lately
appeared, to the great hurt of the countryside, a dragon, vast
in body, with a crested head, teeth like a saw, and (a tail
extending to an enormous length. Having slaughtered the
shepherd of a flock, it devoured many sheep..."
After an unsuccessful attempt by local archers to kill the beast,
due to its impenetrable hide...
"in order to destroy him, all the country people around were
summoned. But when the dragon saw that he was again to be
assailed with arrows, he fled into a marsh or mere and there
hid himself among the long reeds, and was never more seen." 8,9
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Aller, Somerset Llyn-y-Gader, Wales
Anwick, Lincolnshire Llyn-yr-Afanc, Wales
Bamburgh, Northumberland Loch Awe, Scotland
Beckhole, North Yorkshire Loch Maree, Scotland
Bedd-yr-Afanc, Wales Loch Morar, Scotland
Ben Vair, Scotland Loch Ness, Scotland
Bignor Hill, West Sussex Loch Rannoch, Scotland
Bishop Auckland, Durham Longwitton, Northumberland
Bisterne, Hampshire Ludham, Norfolk
Bren Pelham, Hertfordshire Lyminster, West Sussex
Brinsop, Hereford and Worcester Manaton, Devon
Bures, Suffolk Money Hill, Northumberland
Cadbury Castle, Devon Moston, Cheshire
Carhampton, Somerset Newcastle Emlyn, Wales
Castle Carlton, Lincolnshire Norton Fitzwarren, Hereford and
Castle Neroche, Somerset Worcester
Challacombe, Devon Nunnington, North Yorkshire
Churchstanton, Somerset Old Field Barrows (nr Bromfield)
Cnoc-na-Cnoimh, Scotland Shropshire
Crowcombe, Somerset Penllin Castle, Wales
Dalry, Scotland Penmark, Wales
Deerhurst, Gloucestershire Penmynydd, Wales
Dol-y-Carrog, Wales St Albans, Hertfordshire
Dragonhoard (nr Garsington), St Leonard's Forest, West Sussex
Oxfordshire St Osyth, Essex
Drake Howe, North Yorkshire Saffron Waldon, Essex
Drakelow, Derbyshire Sexhow, North Yorkshire
Drakelowe, Worcestershire Shervage Wood, Hereford and
Filey Brigg, North Yorkshire Worcester
Handale Priory, North Yorkshire Slingsby, North Yorkshire
Henham, Essex Sockburn, Durham
Hornden, Essex Stinchcombe, Gloucestershire
Kellington, North Yorkshire Strathmartin, Scotland
Kilve, Somerset Walmsgate, Lincolnshire
Kingston St Mary, Somerset Wantley, South Yorkshire
Lambton Castle, Durham Well, North Yorkshire
Linton, Scotland Wherwell, Hampshire
Little Cornard, Suffolk Whitehorse Hill, Oxfordshire
Llandeilo Graban, Wales Winkleigh, Devon
Llanraeadr-ym-Mochnant, Wales Wiston, Wales
Llyn Bartog, Wales Wormelow Tump, Hereford and
Llyn Cynwch (nr Dolgellau), Worcester
Wales Wormingford, Essex
Llyn Llion, Wales
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Table 1, Above, in alphabetical order, appear the names of 81
locations in Britain where dinosaur activity has been reported or
is remembered. This list could be expanded to nearly 200
place-names.
Later in the fifteenth century, according to a contemporary
chronicle that still survives in Canterbury Cathedral's library,
the following incident was reported. On the afternoon of Friday,
26th September, 1449, two reptiles were seen fighting on the banks
of the River Stour (near the village of Little Cornard) which
marked the English county borders of Suffolk and Essex. One was
black, and the other, reddish and spotted. After an hour long
struggle that took place "to the admiration of many [of the locals]
beholding them," the black monster yielded and returned to its
lair, the scene of the conflict being known ever since as
Sharpfight Meadow. 10, 11
As late as August, 1614, the following sober account was given of a
strange reptile that was encountered in St Leonard's Forest in
Sussex (the sighting was near a village that was known as Dragon's
Green long before this report was published):
"This serpent (or dragon as some call it) is reputed to be
nine feete, or rather more, in length, and shaped almost in
the form of an axletree of a cart; a quantitie of thickness in
the middest, and somewhat smaller at both endes. The former
part, which he shootes forth as a necke, is supposed to be an
elle [3ft 9 inches or 114 cms] long; with a white ring, as it
were, of scales about it. The scales along his back seem to
be blackish, and so much as is discovered under his bellie,
appeareth to be red... it is likewise discovered to have large
feete, but the eye may there be deceived, for some suppose
that serpents have no feete... [The dragon] rids aways (as we
call it) as fast as a man can run. His food [rabbits] is
thought to be for the most part, in a coniewarren, which he
much frequents... There are likewise upon either side of him
discovered two great buches so big as a large foote-ball, and
(as some thinke) will in time grow to wings, but God, I hope,
will (to defend the poor people in the neighbourhood) that he
shall be destroyed before he grows to fledge." 12, 13
This dragon was seen in various places within a circuit of three or
four miles, and the pamphlet named some of the still-living
witnesses who had seen him. These included John Steele,
Christopher Holder and a certain 'widow woman dwelling neare
Faygate.' Another witness was 'the carrier of Horsham, who lieth
at the White Horse [inn] in Southwark. ' One of the locals set his
two mastiffs on to the monster, and apart from losing his dogs he
was fortunate to escape alive from the encounter' for the dragon
was already credited with the deaths of a man and woman at whom it
had spat and who consequently had been killed by its venom. When
approached unwillingly, our pamphleteer tells us' the monster
was...
"....of countenance very proud and at the sight or hearing of
men or cattle will raise his neck upright and seem to listen
and looke about, with great arrogancy." ...an eyewitness
account of typically reptilian behaviour.
Again, as late as 27th and 28th May 1669, which fell on a Thursday
and Friday, a large reptilian animal was sighted many times, as was
reported in the pamphlet: A True Relation of a Monstrous Serpent
seen at Henham (Essex) on the Mount in Saffron Waldon. 14
In 1867 was seen, for the last time, the monster that lived in the
woods around Fittleworth in Sussex. It would run up to people
hissing and spitting if they happened to stumble across it
unawares, although it never harmed anyone. Several such cases
could be cited, but suffice it to say that too many incidents like
these are reported down through the centuries and from all sorts of
locations for us to say that they are all fairytales. For example,
Scotland's famous Lock Ness monster is too often thought to be a
recent product of the local Tourist Board's efforts to bring in
some trade, yet Loch Ness is by no means the only Scottish lock
where monsters have been reported. Loch Lomond, Loch Awe, Loch
Rannoch and the privately owned Loch Morar (over l000ft or 305m
deep) also have records of dinosaur activity in recent years.
Indeed, there have been over forty sightings at Loch Morar alone
since the end of the World War II, and over a thousand from Loch
Ness in the same period.
However, as far as Loch Ness itself is concerned, few realize that
monstrous reptiles, no doubt the same species, have been sighted in
and around the loch since the so-called Dark Ages, the most notable
instance being that which is described in Adamnan's famous 7th
century Life of St Columba. There we read that in the year AD 656
Columba, on yet another of his missionary journeys in the north,
needed to cross the River Ness. As he was about to do so, he saw a
burial party. On enquiry he was informed that they were burying a
man who had just been killed by a savage bite from a monster who
had snatched him while swimming. On hearing this, the brave
Columba, his curiosity aroused and with never a thought for his own
safety, immediately ordered one of his followers to jump into the
freezing water. Adamnan relates how the thrashing about of the
alarmed and unhappy swimmer (Lugne Mocumin by name) attracted the
monster's attention. Suddenly, on breaking the surface, the
monster was seen to speed towards the luckless chap with its mouth
wide open and screaming like a banshee. Columba, however, refused
to panic, and from the safety of the dry land rebuked the beast.
Whether the swimmer added any rebukes of his own is not recorded,
but the monster was seen to turn away, having approached the
swimmer so closely that not the length of a puntpole lay between
them. Columba, naturally, claimed the credit for the swimmer's
survival, although the reluctance of the monster to actually harm
the man is the most notable thing in this incident. The first
swimmer had been savaged and killed, though not eaten, and the
second swimmer was likewise treated to a display of the monster's
wrath, though not fatally. Most likely, the two men had
unwittingly entered the water close to where the monster kept her
young, and she was reacting in a way that is typical of most
species. Gorillas, bull elephants, ostriches, indeed all sorts of
creature will charge at a man, hissing, screaming and trumpeting
alarmingly, yet will rarely kill him so long as the man takes the
hint and goes away. Our second swimmer, utterly lacking his
saintly master's fortitude, doubtless began the process of taking
the hint in plenty of time for the monster to realize that killing
him would be unnecessary.
Yet not even Lugne Mocumin's experience is that uncommon. As
recently as the l8th century, in a lake called Lyn-y-Gader in
Snowdon, Wales, a certain man went swimming. He reached the middle
of the lake and was returning to the shore when his friends who
were watching him noticed that he was being followed by...
"a long, trailing object winding slowly behind him. They were
afraid to raise an alarm, but went forward to meet him as soon
as he reached the shore where they stood. Just as he was
approaching, the trailing object raised its head, and before
anyone could render aid the man was enveloped in the coils of
the monster..." 15
It seems that the man's body was never recovered.
At about the turn of this present century, the following incident
took place. It was related by a Lady Gregory of Ireland in 1920:
"old people told me that they were swimming there (in an Irish
lake called Lough Graney,) and a man, had gone out into the
middle, and they saw something like a great big eel making for
him..." 16, 17
Happily, on this occasion the man made it back to the shore, but
the important thing for us to notice is that these are only a few
of a great many reports concerning the sightings in recent times of
lake-dwelling monsters or dinosaurs. Indeed, it is almost needless
to point out that perfectly rational people still report such
sightings today. However, the British Isles are not the only place
where one can find such reports. They occur, quite literally, all
over the world, 18 and space forbids further discussion of such a
general and largely undisputed observation. We will therefore
concentrate our attention entirely on the recorded and most
informative evidence that has been left us by the early Saxons and
Celts.
ARTISTIC DEPICTlONS
Of particular interest to our enquiry is the depiction in Celtic
and Saxon art of strange monsters and animals, most of whom over
the centuries show an inexplicable consistency in their parts and
proportions for works of supposedly fictional art. The 8th century
Irish Book of Kells, for example, contains numerous depictions of
everyday animals. There are fish, cats, dogs and birds whose
portrayal, though somewhat stylized, is nevertheless anatomically
correct. They are readily recognizable. But alongside these are
other creatures whose features are not so easily recognized due to
the simple fact that they no longer live. These are strange
reptilian beasts whose appearances were familiar enough to the
Celtic artist who painted them in such meticulous detail, though
not to us. In Figure 1 we see, from the pages of another ancient
manuscript, a strange and presumably dead aquatic beast actually
being examined by a man. The artist himself, perhaps?
In Figure 2 (a and b) we have an even more remarkable scene. The
stone in which these strange animals were carved is preserved in
the church of SS Mary and Hardulph at Breedon-on-the-hill in
Leicestershire. This church used to belong to the Saxon kingdom of
Mercia. The stone itself is part of a larger frieze in which are
depicted various birds and humans all of them readily recognizable.
But what are these strange animals presented here? They are like
nothing that survives today in England, yet they are depicted as
vividly as the other creatures. There are long-necked quadrupeds,
one of whom on the right seems to be biting (or 'necking' with)
another. And in the middle of the scene appears a bipedal animal
who is attacking one of the quadrupeds. He stands on two great
hind legs and has two smaller fore-limbs. His victim seems to be
turning to defend himself, yet his hind legs are buckled in fear.
Is there an animal from the fossil record that we know was a
predator who had two massive hindlegs and two smaller forelimbs?
We shall shortly be meeting another just like him in a certain
written account, but how was this early Saxon artist to know about
such creatures if he'd never seen one? Furthermore, do we know
other animals from the fossil record who were gregarious, large and
long-necked quadrupeds? (Note how the quadrupeds seem to have been
feeding off the vegetation depicted in the background.) It cannot
be pretended that these are mere caricatures of ordinary animals
that are indigenous to the British Isles, for none of our present
native species have long necks or are bipedal. So how are we to
satisfactorily account for them if not as readily recognizable
types of dinosaurs that had survived until Saxon times?
Figure 3 provides us with further visual evidence. It again is
early Saxon in origin, being a piece of ornamentation from what was
once a circular shield. Here we are presented with the likeness of
a flying reptile which was known to the Saxons as a widfloga (see
below.) Note the long, teeth-filled jaws and the wings folded
along its sides. The shape of the head is equally interesting. Do
we know a flying reptile from the fossil record with this shape and
features? Again we shall meet his like in a written account shortly.
Figures 4 and 5 likewise portray large reptilian animals that are
no longer living. They are surprisingly alike. They are each the
figurehead from Danish ships of the Viking era, and they both
portray the same type of sea-monster that is also written about,
and named, in the account that appears below.
The famous White Horse of Uffington in Oxfordshire is now thought
by many to represent, not a horse at all, but an early Celtic
dragon (Dragon's Hill stands nearby), and later by several
centuries, are the carvings or sculptures in Figures 6 and 7.
Such creatures are seen in old churches up and down the country,
and most are depictions of animals that are strongly reminiscent of
those species of dinosaur that are now (happily) known to us only
from the fossil record.
THE WRITTEN ACCOUNTS
But now we come to the most notable records of all. They are
written works that are remarkable for the graphic detail with which
they portray the giant reptiles the early Saxons, Danes and others
encountered in Northern Europe and Scandinavia. In various Nordic
sagas the slaying of dragons is depicted in some detail, and this
helps us to reconstruct the physical appearance of some of these
creatures. In the Volsungassaga, for example, the slaying of the
monster Fafnir was accomplished by Sigurd digging a pit and
waiting, inside the pit, for the monster to crawl overhead on its
way to the water. 19 This allowed Sigurd to attack the dinosaur's
soft underbelly. Clearly, Fafnir walked on all fours with his
belly close to the ground.
Likewise, the Voluspa tells us of a certain monster which the early
Vikings called a Nithhoggr, its name ('corpse-tearer') revealing
the fact that it lived off carrion. Saxo Grammaticus, in his Gesta
Danorum, tells us of the Danish king Frotho's fight with a giant
reptile, and it is in Saxo, that the monster is described in great
detail. It was, he says, a serpent...
"wreathed in coils, doubled in many a fold, and with a tail
drawn out in winding whorls, shaking his manifold spirals and
shedding venom... his slaver [saliva] burns up what it
bespatters.." ['yet,' he tells the king in words that were
doubtless meant to encourage rather than dismay], "remember to
keep the dauntless temper of thy mind; nor let the point of
the jagged tooth trouble thee, nor the starkness of the beast,
nor the venom... there is a place under his lowest belly
whither thou mayst plunge the blade." 20
The description of this reptilian monster closely resembles that of
the monster seen at Henham (see above), and the two animals could
well have belonged to the same or a similar species. Notable,
especially, is their defense mechanism of spitting corrosive venom
at their victims, a mechanism that is replicated exactly in today's
Bombadier Beetle. Frotho's monster, however, would seem to be the
larger of the two.
But it is the epic poem Beowulf that provides us with truly
invaluable descriptions of the huge reptilian animals that, only
1400 years ago, infested Denmark. 21
BEOWULF: THE HISTORY
The Beowulf poem itself survives in a single manuscript copy that
was made in about AD 1000 (see Figure 8.) Moreover this manuscript
(British Museum. Cotton. Vitellius A.XV.) is often stated by modern
critics to be a copy, of a mid-8th century Anglo-Saxon (English)
original. This original is in turn described as an essentially,
Christian poem. Yet, the continually repeated assertion of the
supposedly Christian origins of the poem fails noticeably to take
into account the following facts.
Firstly, there are no allusions whatever in the poem to any event,
person or teaching of the New Testament. There are definite
allusions to certain facts and personages contained in the Old
Testament, namely to God, the Creation, to Abel and to Cain, but
these are no more than those same historical allusions that are to
be met with in the other pre-Christian Anglo-Saxon genealogies and
records that we have already studied. Like those records, and
whilst likewise showing a most interesting historical knowledge of
certain events and personages that also appear in the Genesis
record, the poem clearly pre-dates any knowledge among the
Anglo-Saxons of Christianity per se.
In view of this, it is hardly surprising to find that the
sentiments of the poem are strongly pagan, extolling the highly
questionable virtues of vengeance, the accumulation of plunder, and
the boasting of and reliance upon human strength and prowess.
Allusions are also made to blatantly pagan oaths, sacrifices,
sentiments and forms of burial. There are no exclusively Christian
sentiments expressed anywhere in its 3182 lines.
Nowhere in the poem is any reference made to the British Isles or
to any British (or English) king or historical event. This is
simply because the Beowulf pre-dates the migration of the Saxons to
those isles. And what are we to make of the following passage?:
"...fortham Offa waes geofum ond guthum garcene man wide
geweorthod wisdome heold ethel sinne thonon Eomer woc
haelethum to helpe..." (lines 1957-1961, emphasis mine).
Alexander translates this:
'...So it was that Offa [king of the continental Angles],
brave with the spear, was spoken of abroad for his wars and
his gifts; he governed with wisdom the land of his birth.
To him was born Eomer, helper of the heroes...' 22
The Offa who is mentioned here was the pre-migration ancestor of
his 8th century namesake, King Offa of Mercia (AD 757 - 796), whom
we have already met (along with this same ancestor), in the early
Saxon genealogies. We have also met Eomer in the same genealogies,
23 where his name is rendered Eomaer and where he is, strictly
speaking, the grandson, and not the son, of Offa. These ancient
genealogies were clearly fresh in the mind of the writer of
Beowulf, which again tell us something of the times in which the
poem was composed. 24
There is, moreover, no sycophantic dedication of the poem to any
Christian Anglo-Saxon English king, not even to that King Offa
whose ancestor is immortalised in the poem and under whose auspices
some modem scholars suggest the poem was written.
Many other scholars would plumb for an even later date for the
poem, yet the characters in the poem can be historically dated to
the late 5th and early 6th centuries, years that long preceded the
adoption of Christianity by the Saxons. In other words, the poem
belongs firmly to the pagan times of which it treats.
Beowulf, the character in whose honour the poem was written, was
born the son of Ecgtheow in AD 495 (see Table 2). At the age of
seven, in AD 502, he was brought to the court of Hrethel, his
maternal grandfather (AD 445 - 503) who was then king of the
Geatingas, a tribe who inhabited what is today southern Sweden (and
whose eponymous founder, Geat, also appears in the early
genealogies). After an unpromising and feckless youth, during
which years were fought the Geatish/Swedish wars, in particular the
Battle of Ravenswood [Hrefnawudu] in the year AD 510, Beowulf
undertook his celebrated journey to Denmark, to visit Hrothgar,
King of the Danes. This was in AD 515, Beowulf's twentieth year.
(This was also the year of his slaying the monster Grendel which we
shall examine shortly. Six years later, in AD 521, Beowulf's uncle,
King Hygelac, was slain.
Hygelac himself is known to have lived from AD 475 - 521, having
come to the throne of the Geatingas in AD 503, the year of his
father Hrethel's death. He is independently mentioned in Gregory
of Tour's Histotiae (sic!) Francorum, where his name is rendered
Chlochilaichus. 25, 36 There, and in other Latin Frankish sources,
27 he is described as a Danish king (Chogilaicus Danorum rex), not
a Geat, but this is the same mistake that our own English
chroniclers made when they included even the Norwegian Vikings
under the generic name of Danes. The Liber Monstrorum, however,
did correctly allude to him as rex Getarum, king of the Geats.
Saxo also mentions him as the Hugletus who destroyed the Swedish
chief Homothus. Homothus, in turn, is the same as that Eanmund who
is depicted in line 2612 of the Beowulf poem. 28 (See also Table 3.)
On Hygelac's death, Beowulf declined the offer to succeed his uncle
to the throne of the Geatingas, choosing instead to act as guardian
to Hygelac's son, prince Heardred, during the years of Heardred's
minority. (Heardred lived from AD 511 - 533. He was therefore in
his tenth year when he became king.) Heardred, however, was killed
by the Swedes in AD 533 (he had given shelter to the Swedish king
Onela's nephews - see Table 3), and it was in this year that
Beowulf took over the reins of kingship. Beowulf went on to rule
his people in peace for fifty years, dying at some 88 years of age
in the year AD 583. The manner of his death, though, is
particularly relevant to our study as we shall see.
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Bill Cooper is a keen student of Bible history, archaeology and
paleontology. He first introduced he subject of living dinosaurs
in early records in Anglo-Saxon Dinosaurs As Described in Early
Historical Records, Creation Science Movement (England), Pamphlet
Series #280.
Bill Cooper, 87 Convent Rd., Ashford, MIDDX TW15 2HW, England
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