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Date sent: Thu, 13 Apr 2000 05:07:00 -0700
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Subject: SNET: FLUORIDE - "It's For The Children" (Where have we heard
that
before?)
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PART I
Fluoride, Teeth, &
The Atomic Bomb
4-12-00
The following article exposes the biggest on-going medical experiment ever
carried out by the United States Government on an unsuspecting population.
Although commissioned by the Christian Science Monitor in early Spring of
1997, it has not yet been published. Readers are invited to inquire when
publication can be expected, by calling the Christian Science Monitor at
1-800-288-7090. . . . . . surely the Federal Government would not have
"discouraged" the CSM from publishing such damaging information, information
vital to the health and safety of millions of
municipal-fluoridated-water-drinking sheeple........naw, don't even think
that.
Fluoride, Teeth, and the Atomic Bomb
By Joel Griffiths and Chris Bryson © July 1997
Some fifty years after the United States began adding fluoride to public
water supplies to reduce cavities in children's teeth, declassified
government documents are shedding new light on the roots of that still
controversial public health measure, revealing a surprising connection
between fluoride and the dawning of the nuclear age.
Today, two thirds of U.S. public drinking water is fluoridated. Many
municipalities still resist the practice, disbelieving the government's
assurances of safety .
Since the days of World War II, when this nation prevailed by building the
world's first atomic bomb, U.S. public health leaders have maintained that
low doses of fluoride are safe for people, and good for children's teeth.
That safety verdict should now be re-examined in the light of hundreds of
once-secret World War II documents obtained by Griffiths and Bryson -
including declassified papers of the Manhattan Project, the U.S. military
group that built the atomic bomb.
Fluoride was the key chemical in atomic bomb production, according to the
documents. Massive quantities of fluoride - millions of tons - were essential
for the manufacture of bomb-grade uranium and plutonium for nuclear weapons
throughout the Cold War. One of the most toxic chemicals known, fluoride
rapidly emerged as the leading chemical health hazard of the U.S. atomic bomb
program - both for workers and for nearby communities, the documents reveal.
Other revelations include:
Much of the original proof that fluoride is safe for humans in low doses was
generated by A-bomb program scientists, who had been secretly ordered to
provide "evidence useful in litigation" against defense contractors for
fluoride injury to citizens. The first lawsuits against the U.S. A-bomb
program were not over radiation, but over fluoride damage, the documents
show.
Human studies were required. Bomb program researchers played a leading role
in the design and implementation of the most extensive U.S. study of the
health effects of fluoridating public drinking water - conducted in Newburgh,
New York from 1945 to 1956. Then, in a classified operation code-named
"Program F," they secretly gathered and analysed blood and tissue samples
from Newburgh citizens, with the cooperation of State Health Department
personnel.
The original secret version - obtained by these reporters - of a 1948 study
published by Program F scientists in the Journal of the American Dental
Association shows that evidence of adverse health effects from fluoride was
censored by the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) - considered the most
powerful of Cold War agencies - for reasons of national security.
The bomb program's fluoride safety studies were conducted at the University
of Rochester, site of one of the most notorious human radiation experiments
of the Cold War, in which unsuspecting hospital patients were injected with
toxic doses of radioactive plutonium. The fluoride studies were conducted
with the same ethical mind-set, in which "national security" was paramount.
The U.S. government's conflict of interest - and its motive to prove fluoride
"safe" - has not until now been made clear to the general public in the
furious debate over water fluoridation since the 1950's, nor to civilian
researchers and health professionals, or journalists.
The declassified documents resonate with a growing body of scientific
evidence, and a chorus of questions, about the health effects of fluoride in
the environment.
Human exposure to fluoride has mushroomed since World War II, due not only to
fluoridated water and toothpaste, but to environmental pollution by major
industries from aluminum to pesticides: Fluoride is a critical industrial
chemical.
The impact can be seen, literally, in the smiles of our children. Large
numbers of U.S. young people - up to 80 percent in some cities - now have
dental fluorosis, the first visible sign of excessive fluoride exposure,
according to the U.S. National Research Council. (The signs are whitish
flecks or spots, particularly on the front teeth, or dark spots or stripes in
more severe cases.)
Less-known to the public is that fluoride also accumulates in bones - "The
teeth are windows to what's happening in the bones," explains Paul Connett,
Professor of Chemistry at St. Lawrence (N.Y.) University. In recent years,
pediatric bone specialists have expressed alarm about an increase in stress
fractures among U.S. young people. Connett and other scientists are concerned
that fluoride - linked to bone damage by studies since the 1930's - may be a
contributing factor. The declassified documents add urgency: Much of the
original proof that low-dose fluoride is safe for children's bones came from
U.S. bomb program scientists, according to this investigation.
Now, researchers who have reviewed these declassified documents fear that
Cold War national security considerations may have prevented objective
scientific evaluation of vital public health questions concerning fluoride.
Information was buried," concludes Dr. Phyllis Mullenix, former head of
toxicology at Forsyth Dental Center in Boston, and now a critic of
fluoridation. Animal studies Mullenix and co-workers conducted at Forsyth in
the early 1990's indicated that fluoride was a powerful central nervous
system (CNS) toxin, and might adversely affect human brain functioning, even
at low doses. (New epidemiological evidence from China adds support, showing
a correlation between low-dose fluoride exposure and diminished I.Q. in
children.) Mullenix's results were published in 1995, in a reputable
peer-reviewed scientific journal.
During her investigation, Mullenix was astonished to discover there had been
virtually no previous U.S. studies of fluoride's effects on the human brain.
Then, her application for a grant to continue her CNS research was turned
down by the U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH), where an NIH panel, she
says, flatly told her that "fluoride does not have central nervous system
effects."
Declassified documents of the U.S. atomic-bomb program indicate otherwise. An
April 29, 1944 Manhattan Project memo reports: "Clinical evidence suggests
that uranium hexafluoride may have a rather marked central nervous system
effect.... It seems most likely that the F [code for fluoride] component
rather than the T [code for uranium] is the causative factor."
The memo - stamped "secret" - is addressed to the head of the Manhattan
Project's Medical Section, Col. Stafford Warren. Colonel Warren is asked to
approve a program of animal research on CNS effects: "Since work with these
compounds is essential, it will be necessary to know in advance what mental
effects may occur after exposure... This is important not only to protect a
given individual, but also to prevent a confused workman from injuring others
by improperly performing his duties."
On the same day, Colonel Warren approved the CNS research program. This was
in 1944, at the height of the Second World War and the nation's race to build
the world's first atomic bomb. For research on fluoride's CNS effects to be
approved at such a momentous time, the supporting evidence set forth in the
proposal forwarded along with the memo must have been persuasive.
The proposal, however, is missing from the files of the U.S. National
Archives. "If you find the memos, but the document they refer to is missing,
it's probably still classified," said Charles Reeves, chief librarian at the
Atlanta branch of the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration,
where the memos were found. Similarly, no results of the Manhattan Project's
fluoride CNS research could be found in the files.
After reviewing the memos, Mullenix declared herself "flabbergasted." She
went on, "How could I be told by NIH that fluoride has no central nervous
system effects when these documents were sitting there all the time?" She
reasons that the Manhattan Project did do fluoride CNS studies - "that kind
of warning, that fluoride workers might be a danger to the bomb program by
improperly performing their duties - I can't imagine that would be ignored" -
but that the results were buried because they might create a difficult legal
and public relations problem for the government.
The author of the 1944 CNS research proposal was Dr. Harold C. Hodge, at the
time chief of fluoride toxicology studies for the University of Rochester
division of the Manhattan Project. Nearly fifty years later at the Forsyth
Dental Center in Boston, Dr. Mullenix was introduced to a gently ambling
elderly man brought in to serve as a consultant on her CNS research - Harold
C. Hodge. By then Hodge had achieved status emeritus as a world authority on
fluoride safety.
"But even though he was supposed to be helping me," says Mullenix, "he never
once mentioned the CNS work he had done for the Manhattan Project."
The "black hole" in fluoride CNS research since the days of the Manhattan
Project is unacceptable to Mullenix, who refuses to abandon the issue. "There
is so much fluoride exposure now, and we simply do not know what it is
doing," she says. "You can't just walk away from this."
Dr. Antonio Noronha, an NIH scientific review advisor familiar with Dr.
Mullenix's grant request, says her proposal was rejected by a scientific
peer-review group. He terms her claim of institutional bias against fluoride
CNS research "farfetched." He adds, "We strive very hard at NIH to make sure
politics does not enter the picture."
Fluoride and National Security
The documentary trail begins at the height of World War II, in 1944, when a
severe pollution incident occurred downwind of the E.I. du Pont de Nemours
Company chemical factory in Deepwater, New Jersey. The factory was then
producing millions of pounds of fluoride for the Manhattan Project, the
ultra-secret U.S. military program racing to produce the world's first atomic
bomb.
The farms downwind in Gloucester and Salem counties were famous for their
high-quality produce - their peaches went directly to the Waldorf Astoria
Hotel in New York. Their tomatoes were bought up by Campbell's Soup. But in
the summer of 1943, the farmers began to report that their crops were
blighted, and that "something is burning up the peach crops around here."
Poultry died after an all-night thunderstorm, they reported. Farm workers who
ate the produce they had picked sometimes vomited all night and into the next
day. "I remember our horses looked sick and were too stiff to work," these
reporters were told by Mildred Giordano, who was a teenager at the time. Some
cows were so crippled they could not stand up, and grazed by crawling on
their bellies.
The account was confirmed in taped interviews, shortly before he died, with
Philip Sadtler of Sadtler Laboratories of Philadelphia, one of the nation's
oldest chemical consulting firms. Sadtler had personally conducted the
initial investigation of the damage.
Although the farmers did not know it, the attention of the Manhattan Project
and the federal government was riveted on the New Jersey incident, according
to once-secret documents obtained by these reporters. After the war's end, in
a secret Manhattan Project memo dated March 1, 1946, the Project's chief of
fluoride toxicology studies, Harold C. Hodge, worriedly wrote to his boss,
Colonel Stafford L. Warren, Chief of the Medical Division, about "problems
associated with the question of fluoride contamination of the atmosphere in a
certain section of New Jersey. There seem to be four distinct (though
related) problems," continued Hodge:
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Anomalous Images and UFO Files
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