> The ideal scenario is to never copy data and it is achievable, to a degree, through proper planning. I have to strongly disagree with that. You have to realize what a /driver/ is. And why it is needed: A driver takes whatever ressources a piece of hardware offers and makes these ressources usable to actual application software. Thus: A driver is /necessary/ to convert and transfer data from "the wire" to something a program can access without having to know how this particular piece of hardware works. This conversion _has_ to happen using the CPU power of the host. Therefore, you either have to let the driver do its work on all copies of the device data in RAM, or you just do it once, and then copy the data using the CPU. Which is way more intelligent, flexible, well-performing... and what is done in current architectures.
> If you look at your argument, you are essentially saying that it is better to copy than to have a pointer. In many cases it is. Example? You have an arbitrary computer architecture with external memory (this is desirable unless you want to be limited to microcontrollers): RAM---memory bus---cpu Gigabytes of RAM aren't easy to produce cheaply, and are even harder to access with low latency. Therefore, modern CPUs have caches: RAM --- memory bus --- Cache --- CPU Those caches are designed to be fast, but are of limited size (for reasons aforementioned). Now take your DMA transfer: You instruct the memory controller to write data from your device to RAM. That automatically invalidates the cache for this RAM region,if that happens to be cached, which is likely, because we're in a scenario where we constantly use data from the device. Now assume that this data is relevant to the system. (otherwise we wouldn't argue over performance, would we?) So, in the next few microseconds, someone is going to access that newly written data. Whether the cache/dma/memory controller updated the cache or not, there will be one valid copy in the cache soon. Now, copying that data from RAM address to RAM address is usually a lot faster than a DMA - because 1) the cache can "hide" the copying by reading from the original address as long as no writes on either original or copy take place, 2) access to dma'ed memory only present in RAM is as fast as access to the cache _at best_. Therefore, zero copy is not always preferable above having a RAM copy - especially for stuff that fits into L2 cache multiple times; for ethernet packets in special. Hope that mail explained my point of view well enough :) Greetings, Marcus
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