The current buddy allocator maintains separate clear_tree[] and
dirty_tree[] rbtrees per order, preventing coalescing between cleared
and dirty buddies. Under mixed workloads, this creates a merge barrier:
adjacent buddies frequently end up split across trees, forcing reliance
on __force_merge() during allocation.

__force_merge() performs an O(N x max_order) scan under the VRAM manager
lock, leading to allocation stalls and failures for large contiguous
requests even when sufficient total free memory is available.

Solution

Replace the dual-tree design with:
- A single free_tree[order] rbtree for dirty and mixed free blocks
  (fully cleared free blocks float outside this tree)
- A lightweight out-of-band dirty tracker (gpu_dirty_tracker)

Fully cleared free blocks are tracked outside the buddy trees using an
augmented interval rbtree, enabling O(log E) lookup of the largest
cleared extents.

Buddy coalescing is now unconditional in __gpu_buddy_free(), regardless
of clear/dirty state. This removes the merge barrier and eliminates the
need for __force_merge().

Benefits

- Correct high-order allocations after mixed clear/dirty workloads
- Elimination of O(N x max_order) merge cost from the allocation path
- O(log E) cleared-extent lookup replacing O(N) scans
- Predictable allocation latency under fragmentation
- Reduced complexity with a single tree per order

Test:
dEQP-VK.memory.allocation.basic.size_8KiB.reverse.count_4000

Below data is from /sys/kernel/debug/dri/1/amdgpu_vram_mm:

Base (dual-tree), before VKCTS test:
  order- 6 free:   6 MiB,  blocks: 26
  order- 5 free:   1 MiB,  blocks: 15
  order- 4 free: 960 KiB,  blocks: 15
  order- 3 free:   5 MiB,  blocks: 171
  order- 2 free:   2 MiB,  blocks: 176
  order- 1 free:   1 MiB,  blocks: 165
  order- 0 free:  16 KiB,  blocks: 4

Base (dual-tree), after VKCTS test:
  order- 6 free: 768 KiB,  blocks: 3
  order- 5 free: 499 MiB,  blocks: 3999
  order- 4 free: 250 MiB,  blocks: 4001
  order- 3 free: 129 MiB,  blocks: 4157
  order- 2 free:  65 MiB,  blocks: 4161
  order- 1 free:  63 MiB,  blocks: 8138
  order- 0 free:  20 KiB,  blocks: 5

Dirty tracker, before VKCTS test:
  order- 6 free:   4 MiB,  blocks: 19
  order- 5 free:   2 MiB,  blocks: 18
  order- 4 free: 704 KiB,  blocks: 11
  order- 3 free:   5 MiB,  blocks: 168
  order- 2 free:   2 MiB,  blocks: 174
  order- 1 free:   1 MiB,  blocks: 167
  order- 0 free:  32 KiB,  blocks: 8

Dirty tracker, after VKCTS test:
  order- 6 free:   4 MiB,  blocks: 19
  order- 5 free:   2 MiB,  blocks: 18
  order- 4 free: 704 KiB,  blocks: 11
  order- 3 free:   5 MiB,  blocks: 168
  order- 2 free:   2 MiB,  blocks: 174
  order- 1 free:   1 MiB,  blocks: 167
  order- 0 free:  28 KiB,  blocks: 7

v2:
 - Code-style cleanup and minor refactoring
 - Renamed locals for clarity

v3:
 - Keep cleared blocks inside free_tree[] instead of floating them.
 - Add subtree_has_dirty rbtree augment for O(log N) dirty-first walk.

v4:
 - Fixed checkpatch warnings.
 - Optimized gpu_buddy_reset_clear() to a single post-order walk that
   flips block headers and recomputes the rbtree augment in one pass.
 - Propagate subtree_max_size top-down in insert_extent() so ancestors
   are not left with stale values on no-rotation inserts. (sashiko)
 - Drop the whole extent in gpu_dirty_tracker_mark_dirty() when the
   inside-split allocation fails, avoiding a stale clear claim. (sashiko)
 - Make gpu_dirty_tracker_find() alignment-aware and fall back to the
   dirty tree on steered failure to avoid spurious -ENOSPC. (sashiko)

v5:
 - Track dirty extents instead of cleared ones: steer dirty allocs onto
   tracked dirty windows and pick clear allocs via a free-tree augment,
   avoiding clear-memory wastage by keeping cleared free blocks untouched
   during dirty allocation.

v6:
 - Make __alloc_range_bias() return the highest/right-most address by
   default, establishing top-down as the intended placement for
   range-biased allocations.
 - Honour GPU_BUDDY_CLEAR_ALLOCATION in __alloc_range_bias() by steering
   the descent towards clear subtrees for non-top-down clear
   requests. (sashiko)
 - Skip dirty-tracker steering for offset-aligned requests so they keep
   their min_block_size alignment. (sashiko)
 - sashiko reported that the __GFP_NOFAIL dirty-extent allocations on
   the free path could deadlock during memory reclaim, since that is a
   GFP_KERNEL allocation on the free path; move to a per-tracker
   mempool so extent nodes are guaranteed without __GFP_NOFAIL.
   (sashiko)
 - Derive each free block's clear/dirty class from the blocks already
   in hand on split, free, alloc, trim and init instead of querying the
   dirty tracker, removing the tracker lookups from the hot paths.

Assisted-by: Claude:claude-opus-4-8
Cc: Matthew Auld <[email protected]>
Cc: Christian König <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Arunpravin Paneer Selvam <[email protected]>
---
 drivers/gpu/buddy.c                | 1282 ++++++++++++++++++++--------
 drivers/gpu/tests/gpu_buddy_test.c |   32 +-
 include/linux/gpu_buddy.h          |   83 +-
 3 files changed, 985 insertions(+), 412 deletions(-)

diff --git a/drivers/gpu/buddy.c b/drivers/gpu/buddy.c
index dc81fe0301ce..755a0b9e4745 100644
--- a/drivers/gpu/buddy.c
+++ b/drivers/gpu/buddy.c
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@
 #include <linux/kmemleak.h>
 #include <linux/module.h>
 #include <linux/sizes.h>
+#include <linux/slab.h>
 
 #include <linux/gpu_buddy.h>
 
@@ -34,6 +35,418 @@
 #endif
 
 static struct kmem_cache *slab_blocks;
+static struct kmem_cache *slab_extents;
+
+#define GPU_DIRTY_EXTENT_POOL_MIN 1
+
+enum gpu_block_state {
+       GPU_BLOCK_CLEAR,
+       GPU_BLOCK_MIXED,
+       GPU_BLOCK_DIRTY,
+};
+
+/*
+ * Dirty tracker
+ * -------------
+ *
+ * The dirty tracker maintains an augmented interval rbtree of contiguous
+ * dirty address ranges, decoupled from the buddy free trees.
+ * Each node covers a maximal coalesced run; adjacent extents are merged
+ * on insertion so the tree always holds the smallest possible number of
+ * extents.  The augmentation field @subtree_max_size lets the allocator
+ * locate the largest dirty extent in O(log E).
+ *
+ * Free trees (mm->free_tree[])
+ * ----------------------------
+ *
+ * Per-order augmented rbtrees of FREE buddy blocks, keyed by offset.
+ * Every node carries:
+ *   - subtree_max_alignment: largest natural alignment in the subtree,
+ *     used by aligned/range allocations to skip unsuitable subtrees in
+ *     O(log N).
+ *   - subtree_has_clear: a clear or mixed block exists in the
+ *     subtree.
+ *
+ * Block classes
+ * -------------
+ *
+ * Each FREE block falls into one of three classes, determined in
+ * mark_free() by querying the dirty tracker for the block's range:
+ *
+ *   clear   -- HEADER_CLEAR set; no dirty extent overlaps the range.
+ *   mixed   -- HEADER_CLEAR unset; range has both dirty and clear bytes.
+ *   dirty   -- HEADER_CLEAR unset; range is fully dirty.
+ *
+ * Clear allocation fallback order
+ * -------------------------------
+ *
+ * For a clear (CLEAR_ALLOCATION) request, the allocator walks the free
+ * trees in this order:
+ *
+ *     clear -> mixed -> dirty
+ *
+ * A single augment bit subtree_has_clear (set for any block that is not
+ * fully dirty) drives rbtree_last_clear_free_block() in O(log N).
+ */
+
+static u64 extent_size(struct gpu_dirty_extent *dirty_extent)
+{
+       return dirty_extent->end - dirty_extent->start;
+}
+
+RB_DECLARE_CALLBACKS_MAX(static, gpu_dirty_augment_cb,
+                        struct gpu_dirty_extent, rb,
+                        u64, subtree_max_size,
+                        extent_size)
+
+static struct gpu_dirty_extent *extent_alloc(struct gpu_dirty_tracker 
*dirty_tracker)
+{
+       struct gpu_dirty_extent *dirty_extent;
+
+       dirty_extent = mempool_alloc(dirty_tracker->extent_pool, GFP_KERNEL);
+
+       return dirty_extent;
+}
+
+static void extent_free(struct gpu_dirty_tracker *dirty_tracker,
+                       struct gpu_dirty_extent *dirty_extent)
+{
+       mempool_free(dirty_extent, dirty_tracker->extent_pool);
+}
+
+/* Return the rightmost extent whose start is strictly below @offset. */
+static struct gpu_dirty_extent *
+prev_extent(struct gpu_dirty_tracker *dirty_tracker, u64 offset)
+{
+       struct rb_node *rb = dirty_tracker->root.rb_node;
+       struct gpu_dirty_extent *dirty_extent = NULL;
+
+       while (rb) {
+               struct gpu_dirty_extent *tmp_extent =
+                       rb_entry(rb, struct gpu_dirty_extent, rb);
+
+               if (tmp_extent->start < offset) {
+                       dirty_extent = tmp_extent;
+                       rb = rb->rb_right;
+               } else {
+                       rb = rb->rb_left;
+               }
+       }
+
+       return dirty_extent;
+}
+
+/* Return the leftmost extent whose start is at or above @offset. */
+static struct gpu_dirty_extent *
+next_extent(struct gpu_dirty_tracker *dirty_tracker, u64 offset)
+{
+       struct rb_node *rb = dirty_tracker->root.rb_node;
+       struct gpu_dirty_extent *dirty_extent = NULL;
+
+       while (rb) {
+               struct gpu_dirty_extent *tmp_extent =
+                       rb_entry(rb, struct gpu_dirty_extent, rb);
+
+               if (tmp_extent->start >= offset) {
+                       dirty_extent = tmp_extent;
+                       rb = rb->rb_left;
+               } else {
+                       rb = rb->rb_right;
+               }
+       }
+
+       return dirty_extent;
+}
+
+static void insert_extent(struct gpu_dirty_tracker *dirty_tracker,
+                         struct gpu_dirty_extent *dirty_extent)
+{
+       struct rb_node **link = &dirty_tracker->root.rb_node;
+       struct rb_node *parent = NULL;
+       u64 size = extent_size(dirty_extent);
+
+       while (*link) {
+               struct gpu_dirty_extent *tmp_extent;
+
+               parent = *link;
+               tmp_extent = rb_entry(parent, struct gpu_dirty_extent, rb);
+
+               if (tmp_extent->subtree_max_size < size)
+                       tmp_extent->subtree_max_size = size;
+
+               if (dirty_extent->start < tmp_extent->start)
+                       link = &parent->rb_left;
+               else
+                       link = &parent->rb_right;
+       }
+
+       dirty_extent->subtree_max_size = size;
+       rb_link_node(&dirty_extent->rb, parent, link);
+       rb_insert_augmented(&dirty_extent->rb, &dirty_tracker->root, 
&gpu_dirty_augment_cb);
+}
+
+static void remove_extent(struct gpu_dirty_tracker *dirty_tracker,
+                         struct gpu_dirty_extent *dirty_extent)
+{
+       rb_erase_augmented(&dirty_extent->rb, &dirty_tracker->root, 
&gpu_dirty_augment_cb);
+       RB_CLEAR_NODE(&dirty_extent->rb);
+}
+
+static int gpu_dirty_tracker_init(struct gpu_dirty_tracker *dirty_tracker)
+{
+       dirty_tracker->root = RB_ROOT;
+       dirty_tracker->total_dirty = 0;
+
+       dirty_tracker->extent_pool =
+               mempool_create_slab_pool(GPU_DIRTY_EXTENT_POOL_MIN, 
slab_extents);
+       if (!dirty_tracker->extent_pool)
+               return -ENOMEM;
+
+       return 0;
+}
+
+static void gpu_dirty_tracker_empty(struct gpu_dirty_tracker *dirty_tracker)
+{
+       struct rb_node *rb;
+
+       while ((rb = rb_first(&dirty_tracker->root))) {
+               struct gpu_dirty_extent *dirty_extent =
+                       rb_entry(rb, struct gpu_dirty_extent, rb);
+
+               remove_extent(dirty_tracker, dirty_extent);
+               extent_free(dirty_tracker, dirty_extent);
+       }
+
+       dirty_tracker->total_dirty = 0;
+}
+
+static void gpu_dirty_tracker_fini(struct gpu_dirty_tracker *dirty_tracker)
+{
+       gpu_dirty_tracker_empty(dirty_tracker);
+       mempool_destroy(dirty_tracker->extent_pool);
+       dirty_tracker->extent_pool = NULL;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Mark the range [start, start + size] as dirty. Merge with the neighbour on
+ * each side if they are contiguous, so the tree never holds two adjacent 
ranges.
+ */
+static void gpu_dirty_tracker_mark_dirty(struct gpu_dirty_tracker 
*dirty_tracker,
+                                        u64 start, u64 size)
+{
+       struct gpu_dirty_extent *left, *right, *dirty_extent;
+       u64 end = start + size;
+
+       if (!size)
+               return;
+
+       /* Find contiguous neighbours, if any. */
+       left = prev_extent(dirty_tracker, start);
+       if (left && left->end != start)
+               left = NULL;
+
+       right = next_extent(dirty_tracker, end);
+       if (right && right->start != end)
+               right = NULL;
+
+       if (left && right) {
+               /* Merge left + new + right into a single extent. */
+               remove_extent(dirty_tracker, left);
+               remove_extent(dirty_tracker, right);
+               left->end = right->end;
+               extent_free(dirty_tracker, right);
+               insert_extent(dirty_tracker, left);
+       } else if (left) {
+               /* Extend left neighbour rightwards. */
+               remove_extent(dirty_tracker, left);
+               left->end = end;
+               insert_extent(dirty_tracker, left);
+       } else if (right) {
+               /* Extend right neighbour leftwards. */
+               remove_extent(dirty_tracker, right);
+               right->start = start;
+               insert_extent(dirty_tracker, right);
+       } else {
+               /* Standalone extent. */
+               dirty_extent = extent_alloc(dirty_tracker);
+               dirty_extent->start = start;
+               dirty_extent->end   = end;
+               insert_extent(dirty_tracker, dirty_extent);
+       }
+
+       dirty_tracker->total_dirty += size;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Remove the range [start, start + size] from the dirty tracker. Punch the
+ * range out of every overlapping dirty extent, splitting one extent in two if
+ * the removed range falls strictly inside it.
+ */
+static void gpu_dirty_tracker_remove_range(struct gpu_dirty_tracker 
*dirty_tracker,
+                                          u64 start, u64 size)
+{
+       struct gpu_dirty_extent *dirty_extent, *next;
+       u64 end = start + size;
+
+       if (!size)
+               return;
+
+       dirty_extent = prev_extent(dirty_tracker, start + 1);
+       if (!dirty_extent)
+               dirty_extent = next_extent(dirty_tracker, start);
+
+       while (dirty_extent && dirty_extent->start < end) {
+               struct rb_node *next_node = rb_next(&dirty_extent->rb);
+               u64 extent_start = dirty_extent->start;
+               u64 extent_end = dirty_extent->end;
+
+               if (next_node)
+                       next = rb_entry(next_node, struct gpu_dirty_extent, rb);
+               else
+                       next = NULL;
+
+               /* Skip a non-overlapping neighbour returned by prev_extent(). 
*/
+               if (extent_end <= start) {
+                       dirty_extent = next;
+                       continue;
+               }
+
+               if (extent_start < start && extent_end > end) {
+                       /*
+                        * Removed range lies strictly inside this dirty extent:
+                        * split it into the dirty left and right halves.
+                        */
+                       struct gpu_dirty_extent *right = 
extent_alloc(dirty_tracker);
+
+                       remove_extent(dirty_tracker, dirty_extent);
+
+                       dirty_extent->end = start;
+                       right->start = end;
+                       right->end   = extent_end;
+
+                       insert_extent(dirty_tracker, dirty_extent);
+                       insert_extent(dirty_tracker, right);
+
+                       dirty_tracker->total_dirty -= size;
+               } else if (extent_start >= start && extent_end <= end) {
+                       /* Extent fully covered: drop it. */
+                       remove_extent(dirty_tracker, dirty_extent);
+                       extent_free(dirty_tracker, dirty_extent);
+
+                       dirty_tracker->total_dirty -= (extent_end - 
extent_start);
+               } else if (extent_start < start) {
+                       /* Extent overlaps from the left: trim its right end. */
+                       remove_extent(dirty_tracker, dirty_extent);
+                       dirty_extent->end = start;
+                       insert_extent(dirty_tracker, dirty_extent);
+
+                       dirty_tracker->total_dirty -= (extent_end - start);
+               } else {
+                       /* Extent overlaps from the right: trim its left end. */
+                       remove_extent(dirty_tracker, dirty_extent);
+                       dirty_extent->start = end;
+                       insert_extent(dirty_tracker, dirty_extent);
+
+                       dirty_tracker->total_dirty -= (end - extent_start);
+               }
+
+               dirty_extent = next;
+       }
+}
+
+static enum gpu_block_state
+gpu_query_block_state(struct gpu_dirty_tracker *dirty_tracker,
+                     u64 start, u64 size)
+{
+       struct gpu_dirty_extent *dirty_extent;
+       u64 end = start + size;
+
+       dirty_extent = prev_extent(dirty_tracker, start + 1);
+       if (dirty_extent) {
+               if (dirty_extent->start <= start && dirty_extent->end >= end)
+                       return GPU_BLOCK_DIRTY;
+               if (dirty_extent->start < end && dirty_extent->end > start)
+                       return GPU_BLOCK_MIXED;
+       }
+
+       dirty_extent = next_extent(dirty_tracker, start);
+       if (dirty_extent && dirty_extent->start < end)
+               return GPU_BLOCK_MIXED;
+
+       return GPU_BLOCK_CLEAR;
+}
+
+static struct rb_node *
+dirty_tracker_descend_right(struct rb_node *node, u64 min_size)
+{
+       while (node->rb_right) {
+               struct gpu_dirty_extent *tmp_extent;
+
+               tmp_extent = rb_entry(node->rb_right, struct gpu_dirty_extent, 
rb);
+
+               if (tmp_extent->subtree_max_size < min_size)
+                       break;
+               node = node->rb_right;
+       }
+
+       return node;
+}
+
+static struct gpu_dirty_extent *
+gpu_dirty_tracker_find(struct gpu_dirty_tracker *dirty_tracker,
+                      u64 min_size, u64 *aligned_start_out)
+{
+       struct rb_node *rb = dirty_tracker->root.rb_node;
+       struct gpu_dirty_extent *root_extent;
+       struct rb_node *parent;
+
+       if (!min_size || !is_power_of_2(min_size))
+               return NULL;
+
+       if (!rb)
+               return NULL;
+
+       root_extent = rb_entry(rb, struct gpu_dirty_extent, rb);
+       if (root_extent->subtree_max_size < min_size)
+               return NULL;
+
+       rb = dirty_tracker_descend_right(rb, min_size);
+
+       while (rb) {
+               struct gpu_dirty_extent *dirty_extent;
+               u64 aligned_start;
+
+               dirty_extent = rb_entry(rb, struct gpu_dirty_extent, rb);
+               aligned_start = ALIGN(dirty_extent->start, min_size);
+
+               /* Check if a min_size block fits after the alignment skip. */
+               if (aligned_start <= dirty_extent->end &&
+                   dirty_extent->end - aligned_start >= min_size) {
+                       *aligned_start_out = aligned_start;
+                       return dirty_extent;
+               }
+
+               if (rb->rb_left) {
+                       struct gpu_dirty_extent *tmp_extent;
+
+                       tmp_extent = rb_entry(rb->rb_left, struct 
gpu_dirty_extent, rb);
+                       if (tmp_extent->subtree_max_size >= min_size) {
+                               rb = dirty_tracker_descend_right(rb->rb_left, 
min_size);
+                               continue;
+                       }
+               }
+
+               /* Walk up until we exit a node via its right child. */
+               parent = rb_parent(rb);
+               while (parent && parent->rb_right != rb) {
+                       rb = parent;
+                       parent = rb_parent(rb);
+               }
+               rb = parent;
+       }
+
+       return NULL;
+}
 
 static unsigned int
 gpu_buddy_block_state(struct gpu_buddy_block *block)
@@ -67,10 +480,87 @@ static unsigned int 
gpu_buddy_block_offset_alignment(struct gpu_buddy_block *blo
        return __ffs64(offset);
 }
 
-RB_DECLARE_CALLBACKS_MAX(static, gpu_buddy_augment_cb,
-                        struct gpu_buddy_block, rb,
-                        unsigned int, subtree_max_alignment,
-                        gpu_buddy_block_offset_alignment);
+static inline void gpu_buddy_augment_compute(struct gpu_buddy_block *block)
+{
+       struct gpu_buddy_block *right;
+       struct gpu_buddy_block *left;
+       unsigned int max_align;
+       bool has_clear;
+
+       max_align = gpu_buddy_block_offset_alignment(block);
+       has_clear = block->has_clear;
+
+       left = rb_entry_safe(block->rb.rb_left, struct gpu_buddy_block, rb);
+       if (left) {
+               if (left->subtree_max_alignment > max_align)
+                       max_align = left->subtree_max_alignment;
+
+               has_clear |= left->subtree_has_clear;
+       }
+
+       right = rb_entry_safe(block->rb.rb_right, struct gpu_buddy_block, rb);
+       if (right) {
+               if (right->subtree_max_alignment > max_align)
+                       max_align = right->subtree_max_alignment;
+
+               has_clear |= right->subtree_has_clear;
+       }
+
+       block->subtree_max_alignment = max_align;
+       block->subtree_has_clear = has_clear;
+}
+
+static void gpu_buddy_augment_propagate(struct rb_node *rb, struct rb_node 
*stop)
+{
+       while (rb != stop) {
+               struct gpu_buddy_block *block;
+               unsigned int old_align;
+               bool old_has_clear;
+
+               block = rb_entry(rb, struct gpu_buddy_block, rb);
+               old_align = block->subtree_max_alignment;
+               old_has_clear = block->subtree_has_clear;
+
+               gpu_buddy_augment_compute(block);
+               if (block->subtree_max_alignment == old_align &&
+                   block->subtree_has_clear == old_has_clear)
+                       break;
+
+               rb = rb_parent(&block->rb);
+       }
+}
+
+static void gpu_buddy_augment_copy(struct rb_node *rb_old, struct rb_node 
*rb_new)
+{
+       struct gpu_buddy_block *old;
+       struct gpu_buddy_block *new;
+
+       old = rb_entry(rb_old, struct gpu_buddy_block, rb);
+       new = rb_entry(rb_new, struct gpu_buddy_block, rb);
+
+       new->subtree_max_alignment = old->subtree_max_alignment;
+       new->subtree_has_clear = old->subtree_has_clear;
+}
+
+static void gpu_buddy_augment_rotate(struct rb_node *rb_old, struct rb_node 
*rb_new)
+{
+       struct gpu_buddy_block *old;
+       struct gpu_buddy_block *new;
+
+       old = rb_entry(rb_old, struct gpu_buddy_block, rb);
+       new = rb_entry(rb_new, struct gpu_buddy_block, rb);
+
+       new->subtree_max_alignment = old->subtree_max_alignment;
+       new->subtree_has_clear = old->subtree_has_clear;
+
+       gpu_buddy_augment_compute(old);
+}
+
+static const struct rb_augment_callbacks gpu_buddy_augment_cb = {
+       .propagate = gpu_buddy_augment_propagate,
+       .copy      = gpu_buddy_augment_copy,
+       .rotate    = gpu_buddy_augment_rotate,
+};
 
 static struct gpu_buddy_block *gpu_block_alloc(struct gpu_buddy *mm,
                                               struct gpu_buddy_block *parent,
@@ -101,13 +591,6 @@ static void gpu_block_free(struct gpu_buddy *mm,
        kmem_cache_free(slab_blocks, block);
 }
 
-static enum gpu_buddy_free_tree
-get_block_tree(struct gpu_buddy_block *block)
-{
-       return gpu_buddy_block_is_clear(block) ?
-              GPU_BUDDY_CLEAR_TREE : GPU_BUDDY_DIRTY_TREE;
-}
-
 static struct gpu_buddy_block *
 rbtree_get_free_block(const struct rb_node *node)
 {
@@ -120,24 +603,55 @@ rbtree_last_free_block(struct rb_root *root)
        return rbtree_get_free_block(rb_last(root));
 }
 
-static bool rbtree_is_empty(struct rb_root *root)
+static struct gpu_buddy_block *
+rbtree_last_clear_free_block(struct rb_root *root)
+{
+       struct gpu_buddy_block *block = NULL;
+       struct rb_node *node = root->rb_node;
+
+       while (node) {
+               struct gpu_buddy_block *right_block;
+               struct gpu_buddy_block *node_block;
+
+               node_block = rbtree_get_free_block(node);
+               right_block = rbtree_get_free_block(node->rb_right);
+
+               if (right_block && right_block->subtree_has_clear) {
+                       node = node->rb_right;
+                       continue;
+               }
+
+               if (node_block->has_clear) {
+                       block = node_block;
+                       break;
+               }
+
+               node = node->rb_left;
+       }
+
+       return block;
+}
+
+static inline void gpu_buddy_sync_clear_avail(struct gpu_buddy *mm)
 {
-       return RB_EMPTY_ROOT(root);
+       mm->clear_avail = mm->avail - mm->dirty.total_dirty;
 }
 
 static void rbtree_insert(struct gpu_buddy *mm,
-                         struct gpu_buddy_block *block,
-                         enum gpu_buddy_free_tree tree)
+                         struct gpu_buddy_block *block)
 {
        struct rb_node **link, *parent = NULL;
-       unsigned int block_alignment, order;
        struct gpu_buddy_block *node;
+       unsigned int block_alignment;
        struct rb_root *root;
+       bool block_has_clear;
+       unsigned int order;
 
        order = gpu_buddy_block_order(block);
        block_alignment = gpu_buddy_block_offset_alignment(block);
+       block_has_clear = block->has_clear;
 
-       root = &mm->free_trees[tree][order];
+       root = &mm->free_tree[order];
        link = &root->rb_node;
 
        while (*link) {
@@ -147,10 +661,12 @@ static void rbtree_insert(struct gpu_buddy *mm,
                 * Manual augmentation update during insertion traversal. 
Required
                 * because rb_insert_augmented() only calls rotate callback 
during
                 * rotations. This ensures all ancestors on the insertion path 
have
-                * correct subtree_max_alignment values.
+                * correct subtree_max_alignment / subtree_has_clear values.
                 */
                if (node->subtree_max_alignment < block_alignment)
                        node->subtree_max_alignment = block_alignment;
+               if (block_has_clear)
+                       node->subtree_has_clear = true;
 
                if (gpu_buddy_block_offset(block) < 
gpu_buddy_block_offset(node))
                        link = &parent->rb_left;
@@ -159,6 +675,7 @@ static void rbtree_insert(struct gpu_buddy *mm,
        }
 
        block->subtree_max_alignment = block_alignment;
+       block->subtree_has_clear = block_has_clear;
        rb_link_node(&block->rb, parent, link);
        rb_insert_augmented(&block->rb, root, &gpu_buddy_augment_cb);
 }
@@ -167,26 +684,11 @@ static void rbtree_remove(struct gpu_buddy *mm,
                          struct gpu_buddy_block *block)
 {
        unsigned int order = gpu_buddy_block_order(block);
-       enum gpu_buddy_free_tree tree;
-       struct rb_root *root;
 
-       tree = get_block_tree(block);
-       root = &mm->free_trees[tree][order];
-
-       rb_erase_augmented(&block->rb, root, &gpu_buddy_augment_cb);
+       rb_erase_augmented(&block->rb, &mm->free_tree[order], 
&gpu_buddy_augment_cb);
        RB_CLEAR_NODE(&block->rb);
 }
 
-static void clear_reset(struct gpu_buddy_block *block)
-{
-       block->header &= ~GPU_BUDDY_HEADER_CLEAR;
-}
-
-static void mark_cleared(struct gpu_buddy_block *block)
-{
-       block->header |= GPU_BUDDY_HEADER_CLEAR;
-}
-
 static void mark_allocated(struct gpu_buddy *mm,
                           struct gpu_buddy_block *block)
 {
@@ -199,21 +701,36 @@ static void mark_allocated(struct gpu_buddy *mm,
        rbtree_remove(mm, block);
 }
 
-static void mark_free(struct gpu_buddy *mm,
-                     struct gpu_buddy_block *block)
+static void __mark_free(struct gpu_buddy *mm,
+                       struct gpu_buddy_block *block,
+                       enum gpu_block_state block_state)
 {
-       enum gpu_buddy_free_tree tree;
-
        if (gpu_buddy_block_is_allocated(block))
                mm->used_scoreboard[gpu_buddy_block_order(block)]--;
 
        block->header &= ~GPU_BUDDY_HEADER_STATE;
        block->header |= GPU_BUDDY_FREE;
 
+       block->header &= ~GPU_BUDDY_HEADER_CLEAR;
+
+       block->has_clear = (block_state != GPU_BLOCK_DIRTY);
+       if (block_state == GPU_BLOCK_CLEAR)
+               block->header |= GPU_BUDDY_HEADER_CLEAR;
+
        mm->free_scoreboard[gpu_buddy_block_order(block)]++;
 
-       tree = get_block_tree(block);
-       rbtree_insert(mm, block, tree);
+       rbtree_insert(mm, block);
+}
+
+static void mark_free(struct gpu_buddy *mm,
+                     struct gpu_buddy_block *block)
+{
+       enum gpu_block_state block_state;
+
+       block_state = gpu_query_block_state(&mm->dirty,
+                                           gpu_buddy_block_offset(block),
+                                           gpu_buddy_block_size(mm, block));
+       __mark_free(mm, block, block_state);
 }
 
 static void mark_split(struct gpu_buddy *mm,
@@ -253,37 +770,37 @@ __get_buddy(struct gpu_buddy_block *block)
 }
 
 static unsigned int __gpu_buddy_free(struct gpu_buddy *mm,
-                                    struct gpu_buddy_block *block,
-                                    bool force_merge)
+                                    struct gpu_buddy_block *block)
 {
+       enum gpu_block_state block_state;
        struct gpu_buddy_block *parent;
        unsigned int order;
 
-       while ((parent = block->parent)) {
-               struct gpu_buddy_block *buddy;
+       block_state = gpu_buddy_block_is_clear(block) ? GPU_BLOCK_CLEAR :
+                                                       GPU_BLOCK_DIRTY;
 
-               buddy = __get_buddy(block);
+       while ((parent = block->parent)) {
+               struct gpu_buddy_block *buddy = __get_buddy(block);
 
                if (!gpu_buddy_block_is_free(buddy))
                        break;
 
-               if (!force_merge) {
-                       /*
-                        * Check the block and its buddy clear state and exit
-                        * the loop if they both have the dissimilar state.
-                        */
-                       if (gpu_buddy_block_is_clear(block) !=
-                           gpu_buddy_block_is_clear(buddy))
-                               break;
+               if (block_state != GPU_BLOCK_MIXED) {
+                       enum gpu_block_state buddy_state;
 
-                       if (gpu_buddy_block_is_clear(block))
-                               mark_cleared(parent);
+                       if (gpu_buddy_block_is_clear(buddy))
+                               buddy_state = GPU_BLOCK_CLEAR;
+                       else if (!buddy->has_clear)
+                               buddy_state = GPU_BLOCK_DIRTY;
+                       else
+                               buddy_state = GPU_BLOCK_MIXED;
+
+                       if (buddy_state != block_state)
+                               block_state = GPU_BLOCK_MIXED;
                }
 
                rbtree_remove(mm, buddy);
                mm->free_scoreboard[gpu_buddy_block_order(buddy)]--;
-               if (force_merge && gpu_buddy_block_is_clear(buddy))
-                       mm->clear_avail -= gpu_buddy_block_size(mm, buddy);
 
                if (gpu_buddy_block_is_allocated(block))
                        mm->used_scoreboard[gpu_buddy_block_order(block)]--;
@@ -295,74 +812,11 @@ static unsigned int __gpu_buddy_free(struct gpu_buddy *mm,
        }
 
        order = gpu_buddy_block_order(block);
-       mark_free(mm, block);
+       __mark_free(mm, block, block_state);
 
        return order;
 }
 
-static int __force_merge(struct gpu_buddy *mm,
-                        u64 start,
-                        u64 end,
-                        unsigned int min_order)
-{
-       unsigned int tree, order;
-       int i;
-
-       if (!min_order)
-               return -ENOMEM;
-
-       if (min_order > mm->max_order)
-               return -EINVAL;
-
-       for_each_free_tree(tree) {
-               for (i = min_order - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
-                       struct rb_node *iter = 
rb_last(&mm->free_trees[tree][i]);
-
-                       while (iter) {
-                               struct gpu_buddy_block *block, *buddy;
-                               u64 block_start, block_end;
-
-                               block = rbtree_get_free_block(iter);
-                               iter = rb_prev(iter);
-
-                               if (!block || !block->parent)
-                                       continue;
-
-                               block_start = gpu_buddy_block_offset(block);
-                               block_end = block_start + 
gpu_buddy_block_size(mm, block) - 1;
-
-                               if (!contains(start, end, block_start, 
block_end))
-                                       continue;
-
-                               buddy = __get_buddy(block);
-                               if (!gpu_buddy_block_is_free(buddy))
-                                       continue;
-
-                               
gpu_buddy_assert(gpu_buddy_block_is_clear(block) !=
-                                                
gpu_buddy_block_is_clear(buddy));
-
-                               /*
-                                * Advance to the next node when the current 
node is the buddy,
-                                * as freeing the block will also remove its 
buddy from the tree.
-                                */
-                               if (iter == &buddy->rb)
-                                       iter = rb_prev(iter);
-
-                               rbtree_remove(mm, block);
-                               
mm->free_scoreboard[gpu_buddy_block_order(block)]--;
-                               if (gpu_buddy_block_is_clear(block))
-                                       mm->clear_avail -= 
gpu_buddy_block_size(mm, block);
-
-                               order = __gpu_buddy_free(mm, block, true);
-                               if (order >= min_order)
-                                       return 0;
-                       }
-               }
-       }
-
-       return -ENOMEM;
-}
-
 /**
  * gpu_buddy_init - init memory manager
  *
@@ -377,7 +831,7 @@ static int __force_merge(struct gpu_buddy *mm,
  */
 int gpu_buddy_init(struct gpu_buddy *mm, u64 size, u64 chunk_size)
 {
-       unsigned int i, j, root_count = 0;
+       unsigned int root_count = 0;
        u64 offset = 0;
 
        if (size < chunk_size)
@@ -411,22 +865,14 @@ int gpu_buddy_init(struct gpu_buddy *mm, u64 size, u64 
chunk_size)
        if (!mm->used_scoreboard)
                goto out_free_free_scoreboard;
 
-       mm->free_trees = kmalloc_array(GPU_BUDDY_MAX_FREE_TREES,
-                                      sizeof(*mm->free_trees),
-                                      GFP_KERNEL);
-       if (!mm->free_trees)
+       mm->free_tree = kcalloc(mm->max_order + 1,
+                               sizeof(struct rb_root),
+                               GFP_KERNEL);
+       if (!mm->free_tree)
                goto out_free_used_scoreboard;
 
-       for_each_free_tree(i) {
-               mm->free_trees[i] = kmalloc_array(mm->max_order + 1,
-                                                 sizeof(struct rb_root),
-                                                 GFP_KERNEL);
-               if (!mm->free_trees[i])
-                       goto out_free_tree;
-
-               for (j = 0; j <= mm->max_order; ++j)
-                       mm->free_trees[i][j] = RB_ROOT;
-       }
+       if (gpu_dirty_tracker_init(&mm->dirty))
+               goto out_free_tree;
 
        mm->n_roots = hweight64(size);
 
@@ -452,7 +898,8 @@ int gpu_buddy_init(struct gpu_buddy *mm, u64 size, u64 
chunk_size)
                if (!root)
                        goto out_free_roots;
 
-               mark_free(mm, root);
+               gpu_dirty_tracker_mark_dirty(&mm->dirty, offset, root_size);
+               __mark_free(mm, root, GPU_BLOCK_DIRTY);
 
                BUG_ON(root_count > mm->max_order);
                BUG_ON(gpu_buddy_block_size(mm, root) < chunk_size);
@@ -474,9 +921,8 @@ int gpu_buddy_init(struct gpu_buddy *mm, u64 size, u64 
chunk_size)
                gpu_block_free(mm, mm->roots[root_count]);
        kfree(mm->roots);
 out_free_tree:
-       while (i--)
-               kfree(mm->free_trees[i]);
-       kfree(mm->free_trees);
+       gpu_dirty_tracker_fini(&mm->dirty);
+       kfree(mm->free_tree);
 out_free_used_scoreboard:
        kfree(mm->used_scoreboard);
 out_free_free_scoreboard:
@@ -494,7 +940,7 @@ EXPORT_SYMBOL(gpu_buddy_init);
  */
 void gpu_buddy_fini(struct gpu_buddy *mm)
 {
-       u64 root_size, size, start;
+       u64 root_size, size;
        unsigned int order;
        int i;
 
@@ -502,14 +948,10 @@ void gpu_buddy_fini(struct gpu_buddy *mm)
 
        for (i = 0; i < mm->n_roots; ++i) {
                order = ilog2(size) - ilog2(mm->chunk_size);
-               start = gpu_buddy_block_offset(mm->roots[i]);
-               __force_merge(mm, start, start + size, order);
+               root_size = mm->chunk_size << order;
 
                gpu_buddy_assert(gpu_buddy_block_is_free(mm->roots[i]));
-
                gpu_block_free(mm, mm->roots[i]);
-
-               root_size = mm->chunk_size << order;
                size -= root_size;
        }
 
@@ -518,9 +960,8 @@ void gpu_buddy_fini(struct gpu_buddy *mm)
        for (i = 0; i <= mm->max_order; ++i)
                gpu_buddy_assert(!mm->used_scoreboard[i]);
 
-       for_each_free_tree(i)
-               kfree(mm->free_trees[i]);
-       kfree(mm->free_trees);
+       gpu_dirty_tracker_fini(&mm->dirty);
+       kfree(mm->free_tree);
        kfree(mm->roots);
        kfree(mm->free_scoreboard);
        kfree(mm->used_scoreboard);
@@ -532,6 +973,7 @@ static int split_block(struct gpu_buddy *mm,
 {
        unsigned int block_order = gpu_buddy_block_order(block) - 1;
        u64 offset = gpu_buddy_block_offset(block);
+       enum gpu_block_state parent_state;
 
        BUG_ON(!gpu_buddy_block_is_free(block));
        BUG_ON(!gpu_buddy_block_order(block));
@@ -547,17 +989,23 @@ static int split_block(struct gpu_buddy *mm,
                return -ENOMEM;
        }
 
+       if (gpu_buddy_block_is_clear(block))
+               parent_state = GPU_BLOCK_CLEAR;
+       else if (!block->has_clear)
+               parent_state = GPU_BLOCK_DIRTY;
+       else
+               parent_state = GPU_BLOCK_MIXED;
+
        mark_split(mm, block);
 
-       if (gpu_buddy_block_is_clear(block)) {
-               mark_cleared(block->left);
-               mark_cleared(block->right);
-               clear_reset(block);
+       if (parent_state == GPU_BLOCK_MIXED) {
+               mark_free(mm, block->left);
+               mark_free(mm, block->right);
+       } else {
+               __mark_free(mm, block->left, parent_state);
+               __mark_free(mm, block->right, parent_state);
        }
 
-       mark_free(mm, block->left);
-       mark_free(mm, block->right);
-
        return 0;
 }
 
@@ -572,42 +1020,39 @@ static int split_block(struct gpu_buddy *mm,
  */
 void gpu_buddy_reset_clear(struct gpu_buddy *mm, bool is_clear)
 {
-       enum gpu_buddy_free_tree src_tree, dst_tree;
-       u64 root_size, size, start;
-       unsigned int order;
-       int i;
+       unsigned int i;
 
        gpu_buddy_driver_lock_held(mm);
-       size = mm->size;
-       for (i = 0; i < mm->n_roots; ++i) {
-               order = ilog2(size) - ilog2(mm->chunk_size);
-               start = gpu_buddy_block_offset(mm->roots[i]);
-               __force_merge(mm, start, start + size, order);
-
-               root_size = mm->chunk_size << order;
-               size -= root_size;
-       }
 
-       src_tree = is_clear ? GPU_BUDDY_DIRTY_TREE : GPU_BUDDY_CLEAR_TREE;
-       dst_tree = is_clear ? GPU_BUDDY_CLEAR_TREE : GPU_BUDDY_DIRTY_TREE;
+       gpu_dirty_tracker_empty(&mm->dirty);
 
        for (i = 0; i <= mm->max_order; ++i) {
-               struct rb_root *root = &mm->free_trees[src_tree][i];
                struct gpu_buddy_block *block, *tmp;
 
-               rbtree_postorder_for_each_entry_safe(block, tmp, root, rb) {
-                       rbtree_remove(mm, block);
+               rbtree_postorder_for_each_entry_safe(block, tmp,
+                                                    &mm->free_tree[i], rb) {
                        if (is_clear) {
-                               mark_cleared(block);
-                               mm->clear_avail += gpu_buddy_block_size(mm, 
block);
+                               if (!gpu_buddy_block_is_clear(block))
+                                       block->header |= GPU_BUDDY_HEADER_CLEAR;
+                               block->has_clear = true;
+                       } else if (gpu_buddy_block_is_clear(block)) {
+                               block->header &= ~GPU_BUDDY_HEADER_CLEAR;
+                               block->has_clear = false;
+                               gpu_dirty_tracker_mark_dirty(&mm->dirty,
+                                                            
gpu_buddy_block_offset(block),
+                                                            
gpu_buddy_block_size(mm, block));
                        } else {
-                               clear_reset(block);
-                               mm->clear_avail -= gpu_buddy_block_size(mm, 
block);
+                               block->has_clear = false;
+                               gpu_dirty_tracker_mark_dirty(&mm->dirty,
+                                                            
gpu_buddy_block_offset(block),
+                                                            
gpu_buddy_block_size(mm, block));
                        }
 
-                       rbtree_insert(mm, block, dst_tree);
+                       gpu_buddy_augment_compute(block);
                }
        }
+
+       gpu_buddy_sync_clear_avail(mm);
 }
 EXPORT_SYMBOL(gpu_buddy_reset_clear);
 
@@ -620,13 +1065,18 @@ EXPORT_SYMBOL(gpu_buddy_reset_clear);
 void gpu_buddy_free_block(struct gpu_buddy *mm,
                          struct gpu_buddy_block *block)
 {
+       u64 size = gpu_buddy_block_size(mm, block);
+       u64 offset = gpu_buddy_block_offset(block);
+
        gpu_buddy_driver_lock_held(mm);
        BUG_ON(!gpu_buddy_block_is_allocated(block));
-       mm->avail += gpu_buddy_block_size(mm, block);
-       if (gpu_buddy_block_is_clear(block))
-               mm->clear_avail += gpu_buddy_block_size(mm, block);
 
-       __gpu_buddy_free(mm, block, false);
+       mm->avail += size;
+       if (!gpu_buddy_block_is_clear(block))
+               gpu_dirty_tracker_mark_dirty(&mm->dirty, offset, size);
+
+       gpu_buddy_sync_clear_avail(mm);
+       __gpu_buddy_free(mm, block);
 }
 EXPORT_SYMBOL(gpu_buddy_free_block);
 
@@ -641,9 +1091,9 @@ static void __gpu_buddy_free_list(struct gpu_buddy *mm,
 
        list_for_each_entry_safe(block, on, objects, link) {
                if (mark_clear)
-                       mark_cleared(block);
+                       block->header |= GPU_BUDDY_HEADER_CLEAR;
                else if (mark_dirty)
-                       clear_reset(block);
+                       block->header &= ~GPU_BUDDY_HEADER_CLEAR;
                gpu_buddy_free_block(mm, block);
                cond_resched();
        }
@@ -679,13 +1129,6 @@ void gpu_buddy_free_list(struct gpu_buddy *mm,
 }
 EXPORT_SYMBOL(gpu_buddy_free_list);
 
-static bool block_incompatible(struct gpu_buddy_block *block, unsigned int 
flags)
-{
-       bool needs_clear = flags & GPU_BUDDY_CLEAR_ALLOCATION;
-
-       return needs_clear != gpu_buddy_block_is_clear(block);
-}
-
 static void __gpu_buddy_undo_splits(struct gpu_buddy *mm,
                                    struct gpu_buddy_block *block)
 {
@@ -696,7 +1139,7 @@ static void __gpu_buddy_undo_splits(struct gpu_buddy *mm,
             gpu_buddy_block_is_free(buddy))) {
                rbtree_remove(mm, block);
                mm->free_scoreboard[gpu_buddy_block_order(block)]--;
-               __gpu_buddy_free(mm, block, false);
+               __gpu_buddy_free(mm, block);
        }
 }
 
@@ -704,8 +1147,7 @@ static struct gpu_buddy_block *
 __alloc_range_bias(struct gpu_buddy *mm,
                   u64 start, u64 end,
                   unsigned int order,
-                  unsigned long flags,
-                  bool fallback)
+                  unsigned long flags)
 {
        u64 req_size = mm->chunk_size << order;
        struct gpu_buddy_block *block;
@@ -715,7 +1157,15 @@ __alloc_range_bias(struct gpu_buddy *mm,
 
        end = end - 1;
 
-       for (i = 0; i < mm->n_roots; ++i)
+       /*
+        * This range-constrained search hands back the highest/right-most
+        * address that satisfies the request: the roots are seeded high-to-low
+        * and the right (higher-address) child is descended first, making
+        * top-down the default placement here. A non-top-down clear request is
+        * the only exception, where the descent is biased towards clear or
+        * clear-containing subtrees to satisfy the clear preference.
+        */
+       for (i = mm->n_roots - 1; i >= 0; --i)
                list_add_tail(&mm->roots[i]->tmp_link, &dfs);
 
        do {
@@ -751,9 +1201,6 @@ __alloc_range_bias(struct gpu_buddy *mm,
                                continue;
                }
 
-               if (!fallback && block_incompatible(block, flags))
-                       continue;
-
                if (contains(start, end, block_start, block_end) &&
                    order == gpu_buddy_block_order(block)) {
                        /*
@@ -771,8 +1218,38 @@ __alloc_range_bias(struct gpu_buddy *mm,
                                goto err_undo;
                }
 
-               list_add(&block->right->tmp_link, &dfs);
-               list_add(&block->left->tmp_link, &dfs);
+               /*
+                * Top-down is a strict address-placement policy, so when it is
+                * requested we ignore clear steering and simply descend the
+                * right (higher-address) child first. Only a non-top-down clear
+                * request biases the descent towards clear/has_clear subtrees.
+                */
+               if ((flags & GPU_BUDDY_CLEAR_ALLOCATION) &&
+                   !(flags & GPU_BUDDY_TOPDOWN_ALLOCATION)) {
+                       struct gpu_buddy_block *prefer;
+
+                       if (gpu_buddy_block_is_clear(block->right))
+                               prefer = block->right;
+                       else if (gpu_buddy_block_is_clear(block->left))
+                               prefer = block->left;
+                       else if (block->right->has_clear)
+                               prefer = block->right;
+                       else if (block->left->has_clear)
+                               prefer = block->left;
+                       else
+                               prefer = block->right;
+
+                       if (prefer == block->right) {
+                               list_add(&block->left->tmp_link, &dfs);
+                               list_add(&block->right->tmp_link, &dfs);
+                       } else {
+                               list_add(&block->right->tmp_link, &dfs);
+                               list_add(&block->left->tmp_link, &dfs);
+                       }
+               } else {
+                       list_add(&block->left->tmp_link, &dfs);
+                       list_add(&block->right->tmp_link, &dfs);
+               }
        } while (1);
 
        return ERR_PTR(-ENOSPC);
@@ -787,48 +1264,32 @@ __alloc_range_bias(struct gpu_buddy *mm,
        return ERR_PTR(err);
 }
 
-static struct gpu_buddy_block *
-__gpu_buddy_alloc_range_bias(struct gpu_buddy *mm,
-                            u64 start, u64 end,
-                            unsigned int order,
-                            unsigned long flags)
-{
-       struct gpu_buddy_block *block;
-       bool fallback = false;
-
-       block = __alloc_range_bias(mm, start, end, order,
-                                  flags, fallback);
-       if (IS_ERR(block))
-               return __alloc_range_bias(mm, start, end, order,
-                                         flags, !fallback);
-
-       return block;
-}
-
+/* Return the highest-address free block of at least @order. */
 static struct gpu_buddy_block *
 get_maxblock(struct gpu_buddy *mm,
-            unsigned int order,
-            enum gpu_buddy_free_tree tree)
+            unsigned int order)
 {
-       struct gpu_buddy_block *max_block = NULL, *block = NULL;
-       struct rb_root *root;
+       struct gpu_buddy_block *max_block;
+       struct gpu_buddy_block *block;
        unsigned int i;
 
+       /*
+        * Top-down allocation is a strict address-placement policy: the block
+        * is chosen purely by offset, regardless of its clear/dirty state.
+        * Clear state is re-derived from the dirty tracker once the allocation
+        * completes, and the driver is responsible for issuing the clear pass
+        * if a clear region is required.
+        */
+       max_block = NULL;
+
        for (i = order; i <= mm->max_order; ++i) {
-               root = &mm->free_trees[tree][i];
-               block = rbtree_last_free_block(root);
+               block = rbtree_last_free_block(&mm->free_tree[i]);
                if (!block)
                        continue;
 
-               if (!max_block) {
-                       max_block = block;
-                       continue;
-               }
-
-               if (gpu_buddy_block_offset(block) >
-                   gpu_buddy_block_offset(max_block)) {
+               if (!max_block ||
+                   gpu_buddy_block_offset(block) > 
gpu_buddy_block_offset(max_block))
                        max_block = block;
-               }
        }
 
        return max_block;
@@ -840,45 +1301,33 @@ alloc_from_freetree(struct gpu_buddy *mm,
                    unsigned long flags)
 {
        struct gpu_buddy_block *block = NULL;
-       struct rb_root *root;
-       enum gpu_buddy_free_tree tree;
        unsigned int tmp;
        int err;
 
-       tree = (flags & GPU_BUDDY_CLEAR_ALLOCATION) ?
-               GPU_BUDDY_CLEAR_TREE : GPU_BUDDY_DIRTY_TREE;
-
        if (flags & GPU_BUDDY_TOPDOWN_ALLOCATION) {
-               block = get_maxblock(mm, order, tree);
+               block = get_maxblock(mm, order);
                if (block)
-                       /* Store the obtained block order */
                        tmp = gpu_buddy_block_order(block);
        } else {
-               for (tmp = order; tmp <= mm->max_order; ++tmp) {
-                       /* Get RB tree root for this order and tree */
-                       root = &mm->free_trees[tree][tmp];
-                       block = rbtree_last_free_block(root);
-                       if (block)
-                               break;
+               if (flags & GPU_BUDDY_CLEAR_ALLOCATION) {
+                       for (tmp = order; tmp <= mm->max_order; ++tmp) {
+                               block = 
rbtree_last_clear_free_block(&mm->free_tree[tmp]);
+                               if (block)
+                                       break;
+                       }
                }
-       }
-
-       if (!block) {
-               /* Try allocating from the other tree */
-               tree = (tree == GPU_BUDDY_CLEAR_TREE) ?
-                       GPU_BUDDY_DIRTY_TREE : GPU_BUDDY_CLEAR_TREE;
-
-               for (tmp = order; tmp <= mm->max_order; ++tmp) {
-                       root = &mm->free_trees[tree][tmp];
-                       block = rbtree_last_free_block(root);
-                       if (block)
-                               break;
+               if (!block) {
+                       for (tmp = order; tmp <= mm->max_order; ++tmp) {
+                               block = 
rbtree_last_free_block(&mm->free_tree[tmp]);
+                               if (block)
+                                       break;
+                       }
                }
-
-               if (!block)
-                       return ERR_PTR(-ENOSPC);
        }
 
+       if (!block)
+               return ERR_PTR(-ENOSPC);
+
        BUG_ON(!gpu_buddy_block_is_free(block));
 
        while (tmp != order) {
@@ -886,7 +1335,26 @@ alloc_from_freetree(struct gpu_buddy *mm,
                if (unlikely(err))
                        goto err_undo;
 
-               block = block->right;
+               if ((flags & GPU_BUDDY_CLEAR_ALLOCATION) &&
+                   !(flags & GPU_BUDDY_TOPDOWN_ALLOCATION)) {
+                       bool right_clear, left_clear;
+
+                       right_clear = gpu_buddy_block_is_clear(block->right);
+                       left_clear = gpu_buddy_block_is_clear(block->left);
+
+                       if (right_clear)
+                               block = block->right;
+                       else if (left_clear)
+                               block = block->left;
+                       else if (block->right->has_clear)
+                               block = block->right;
+                       else if (block->left->has_clear)
+                               block = block->left;
+                       else
+                               block = block->right;
+               } else {
+                       block = block->right;
+               }
                tmp--;
        }
        return block;
@@ -913,12 +1381,10 @@ static bool gpu_buddy_subtree_can_satisfy(struct rb_node 
*node,
 
 static struct gpu_buddy_block *
 gpu_buddy_find_block_aligned(struct gpu_buddy *mm,
-                            enum gpu_buddy_free_tree tree,
                             unsigned int order,
-                            unsigned int alignment,
-                            unsigned long flags)
+                            unsigned int alignment)
 {
-       struct rb_root *root = &mm->free_trees[tree][order];
+       struct rb_root *root = &mm->free_tree[order];
        struct rb_node *rb = root->rb_node;
 
        while (rb) {
@@ -951,12 +1417,10 @@ gpu_buddy_find_block_aligned(struct gpu_buddy *mm,
 static struct gpu_buddy_block *
 gpu_buddy_offset_aligned_allocation(struct gpu_buddy *mm,
                                    u64 size,
-                                   u64 min_block_size,
-                                   unsigned long flags)
+                                   u64 min_block_size)
 {
        struct gpu_buddy_block *block = NULL;
        unsigned int order, tmp, alignment;
-       enum gpu_buddy_free_tree tree;
        unsigned long pages;
        int err;
 
@@ -964,19 +1428,15 @@ gpu_buddy_offset_aligned_allocation(struct gpu_buddy *mm,
        pages = size >> ilog2(mm->chunk_size);
        order = fls(pages) - 1;
 
-       tree = (flags & GPU_BUDDY_CLEAR_ALLOCATION) ?
-               GPU_BUDDY_CLEAR_TREE : GPU_BUDDY_DIRTY_TREE;
-
+       /*
+        * Offset-aligned allocation is a strict address-placement policy: the
+        * block is chosen purely by its offset alignment, regardless of its
+        * clear/dirty state. Clear state is re-derived from the dirty tracker
+        * once the allocation completes, and the driver is responsible for
+        * issuing the clear pass if a clear region is required.
+        */
        for (tmp = order; tmp <= mm->max_order; ++tmp) {
-               block = gpu_buddy_find_block_aligned(mm, tree, tmp,
-                                                    alignment, flags);
-               if (!block) {
-                       tree = (tree == GPU_BUDDY_CLEAR_TREE) ?
-                               GPU_BUDDY_DIRTY_TREE : GPU_BUDDY_CLEAR_TREE;
-                       block = gpu_buddy_find_block_aligned(mm, tree, tmp,
-                                                            alignment, flags);
-               }
-
+               block = gpu_buddy_find_block_aligned(mm, tmp, alignment);
                if (block)
                        break;
        }
@@ -1015,6 +1475,7 @@ gpu_buddy_offset_aligned_allocation(struct gpu_buddy *mm,
 static int __alloc_range(struct gpu_buddy *mm,
                         struct list_head *dfs,
                         u64 start, u64 size,
+                        unsigned long flags,
                         struct list_head *blocks,
                         u64 *total_allocated_on_err)
 {
@@ -1051,16 +1512,33 @@ static int __alloc_range(struct gpu_buddy *mm,
 
                if (contains(start, end, block_start, block_end)) {
                        if (gpu_buddy_block_is_free(block)) {
+                               bool block_clear = false;
+                               u64 block_offset;
+                               u64 block_size;
+
+                               block_size = gpu_buddy_block_size(mm, block);
+                               block_offset = gpu_buddy_block_offset(block);
+
+                               if (flags & GPU_BUDDY_CLEAR_ALLOCATION)
+                                       block_clear = 
gpu_buddy_block_is_clear(block);
+
+                               if (!gpu_buddy_block_is_clear(block))
+                                       
gpu_dirty_tracker_remove_range(&mm->dirty,
+                                                                      
block_offset,
+                                                                      
block_size);
+
                                mark_allocated(mm, block);
-                               total_allocated += gpu_buddy_block_size(mm, 
block);
-                               mm->avail -= gpu_buddy_block_size(mm, block);
-                               if (gpu_buddy_block_is_clear(block))
-                                       mm->clear_avail -= 
gpu_buddy_block_size(mm, block);
+                               total_allocated += block_size;
+                               mm->avail -= block_size;
+
+                               block->header &= ~GPU_BUDDY_HEADER_CLEAR;
+                               if (block_clear)
+                                       block->header |= GPU_BUDDY_HEADER_CLEAR;
+
+                               gpu_buddy_sync_clear_avail(mm);
+
                                list_add_tail(&block->link, &allocated);
                                continue;
-                       } else if (!mm->clear_avail) {
-                               err = -ENOSPC;
-                               goto err_free;
                        }
                }
 
@@ -1105,6 +1583,7 @@ static int __alloc_range(struct gpu_buddy *mm,
 static int __gpu_buddy_alloc_range(struct gpu_buddy *mm,
                                   u64 start,
                                   u64 size,
+                                  unsigned long flags,
                                   u64 *total_allocated_on_err,
                                   struct list_head *blocks)
 {
@@ -1114,20 +1593,23 @@ static int __gpu_buddy_alloc_range(struct gpu_buddy *mm,
        for (i = 0; i < mm->n_roots; ++i)
                list_add_tail(&mm->roots[i]->tmp_link, &dfs);
 
-       return __alloc_range(mm, &dfs, start, size,
+       return __alloc_range(mm, &dfs, start, size, flags,
                             blocks, total_allocated_on_err);
 }
 
 static int __alloc_contig_try_harder(struct gpu_buddy *mm,
                                     u64 size,
                                     u64 min_block_size,
+                                    unsigned long flags,
                                     struct list_head *blocks)
 {
        u64 rhs_offset, lhs_offset, lhs_size, filled;
        struct gpu_buddy_block *block;
-       unsigned int tree, order;
        LIST_HEAD(blocks_lhs);
+       struct rb_root *root;
+       struct rb_node *iter;
        unsigned long pages;
+       unsigned int order;
        u64 modify_size;
        int err;
 
@@ -1137,45 +1619,40 @@ static int __alloc_contig_try_harder(struct gpu_buddy 
*mm,
        if (order == 0)
                return -ENOSPC;
 
-       for_each_free_tree(tree) {
-               struct rb_root *root;
-               struct rb_node *iter;
-
-               root = &mm->free_trees[tree][order];
-               if (rbtree_is_empty(root))
-                       continue;
+       root = &mm->free_tree[order];
+       if (RB_EMPTY_ROOT(root))
+               return -ENOSPC;
 
-               iter = rb_last(root);
-               while (iter) {
-                       block = rbtree_get_free_block(iter);
-
-                       /* Allocate blocks traversing RHS */
-                       rhs_offset = gpu_buddy_block_offset(block);
-                       err =  __gpu_buddy_alloc_range(mm, rhs_offset, size,
-                                                      &filled, blocks);
-                       if (!err || err != -ENOSPC)
-                               return err;
-
-                       lhs_size = max((size - filled), min_block_size);
-                       if (!IS_ALIGNED(lhs_size, min_block_size))
-                               lhs_size = round_up(lhs_size, min_block_size);
-
-                       /* Allocate blocks traversing LHS */
-                       lhs_offset = gpu_buddy_block_offset(block) - lhs_size;
-                       err =  __gpu_buddy_alloc_range(mm, lhs_offset, lhs_size,
-                                                      NULL, &blocks_lhs);
-                       if (!err) {
-                               list_splice(&blocks_lhs, blocks);
-                               return 0;
-                       } else if (err != -ENOSPC) {
-                               gpu_buddy_free_list_internal(mm, blocks);
-                               return err;
-                       }
-                       /* Free blocks for the next iteration */
+       iter = rb_last(root);
+       while (iter) {
+               block = rbtree_get_free_block(iter);
+
+               /* Allocate blocks traversing RHS */
+               rhs_offset = gpu_buddy_block_offset(block);
+               err =  __gpu_buddy_alloc_range(mm, rhs_offset, size,
+                                              flags, &filled, blocks);
+               if (!err || err != -ENOSPC)
+                       return err;
+
+               lhs_size = max((size - filled), min_block_size);
+               if (!IS_ALIGNED(lhs_size, min_block_size))
+                       lhs_size = round_up(lhs_size, min_block_size);
+
+               /* Allocate blocks traversing LHS */
+               lhs_offset = gpu_buddy_block_offset(block) - lhs_size;
+               err =  __gpu_buddy_alloc_range(mm, lhs_offset, lhs_size,
+                                              flags, NULL, &blocks_lhs);
+               if (!err) {
+                       list_splice(&blocks_lhs, blocks);
+                       return 0;
+               } else if (err != -ENOSPC) {
                        gpu_buddy_free_list_internal(mm, blocks);
-
-                       iter = rb_prev(iter);
+                       return err;
                }
+               /* Free blocks for the next iteration */
+               gpu_buddy_free_list_internal(mm, blocks);
+
+               iter = rb_prev(iter);
        }
 
        return -ENOSPC;
@@ -1209,6 +1686,7 @@ int gpu_buddy_block_trim(struct gpu_buddy *mm,
        struct gpu_buddy_block *block;
        u64 block_start, block_end;
        LIST_HEAD(dfs);
+       bool was_clear;
        u64 new_start;
        int err;
 
@@ -1251,22 +1729,38 @@ int gpu_buddy_block_trim(struct gpu_buddy *mm,
        }
 
        list_del(&block->link);
-       mark_free(mm, block);
+
+       was_clear = gpu_buddy_block_is_clear(block);
+       block->header &= ~GPU_BUDDY_HEADER_CLEAR;
+
+       if (!was_clear)
+               gpu_dirty_tracker_mark_dirty(&mm->dirty,
+                                            gpu_buddy_block_offset(block),
+                                            gpu_buddy_block_size(mm, block));
+
+       __mark_free(mm, block, was_clear ? GPU_BLOCK_CLEAR : GPU_BLOCK_DIRTY);
        mm->avail += gpu_buddy_block_size(mm, block);
-       if (gpu_buddy_block_is_clear(block))
-               mm->clear_avail += gpu_buddy_block_size(mm, block);
+       gpu_buddy_sync_clear_avail(mm);
 
        /* Prevent recursively freeing this node */
        parent = block->parent;
        block->parent = NULL;
 
        list_add(&block->tmp_link, &dfs);
-       err =  __alloc_range(mm, &dfs, new_start, new_size, blocks, NULL);
+       err =  __alloc_range(mm, &dfs, new_start, new_size,
+                            was_clear ? GPU_BUDDY_CLEAR_ALLOCATION : 0,
+                            blocks, NULL);
        if (err) {
                mark_allocated(mm, block);
                mm->avail -= gpu_buddy_block_size(mm, block);
-               if (gpu_buddy_block_is_clear(block))
-                       mm->clear_avail -= gpu_buddy_block_size(mm, block);
+               if (!was_clear) {
+                       gpu_dirty_tracker_remove_range(&mm->dirty,
+                                                      
gpu_buddy_block_offset(block),
+                                                      gpu_buddy_block_size(mm, 
block));
+               }
+               if (was_clear)
+                       block->header |= GPU_BUDDY_HEADER_CLEAR;
+               gpu_buddy_sync_clear_avail(mm);
                list_add(&block->link, blocks);
        }
 
@@ -1275,6 +1769,22 @@ int gpu_buddy_block_trim(struct gpu_buddy *mm,
 }
 EXPORT_SYMBOL(gpu_buddy_block_trim);
 
+static bool dirty_steer_window(struct gpu_buddy *mm, u64 req_size,
+                              u64 *start, u64 *end, unsigned long *flags)
+{
+       u64 aligned_start;
+       struct gpu_dirty_extent *ext =
+               gpu_dirty_tracker_find(&mm->dirty, req_size, &aligned_start);
+
+       if (!ext)
+               return false;
+
+       *start  = aligned_start;
+       *end    = ext->end;
+       *flags |= GPU_BUDDY_RANGE_ALLOCATION;
+       return true;
+}
+
 static struct gpu_buddy_block *
 __gpu_buddy_alloc_blocks(struct gpu_buddy *mm,
                         u64 start, u64 end,
@@ -1282,18 +1792,36 @@ __gpu_buddy_alloc_blocks(struct gpu_buddy *mm,
                         unsigned int order,
                         unsigned long flags)
 {
-       if (flags & GPU_BUDDY_RANGE_ALLOCATION)
+       struct gpu_buddy_block *block;
+       bool steered = false;
+
+       /* Allocate from dirty tracker */
+       if (!(flags & GPU_BUDDY_RANGE_ALLOCATION) &&
+           !(flags & GPU_BUDDY_CLEAR_ALLOCATION) &&
+           size >= min_block_size &&
+           mm->clear_avail && mm->dirty.total_dirty) {
+               u64 block_size = mm->chunk_size << order;
+
+               steered = dirty_steer_window(mm, block_size,
+                                            &start, &end, &flags);
+       }
+
+       if (flags & GPU_BUDDY_RANGE_ALLOCATION) {
                /* Allocate traversing within the range */
-               return  __gpu_buddy_alloc_range_bias(mm, start, end,
-                                                    order, flags);
-       else if (size < min_block_size)
+               block = __alloc_range_bias(mm, start, end, order, flags);
+               if (!IS_ERR(block) || !steered)
+                       return block;
+
+               flags &= ~GPU_BUDDY_RANGE_ALLOCATION;
+       }
+
+       if (size < min_block_size)
                /* Allocate from an offset-aligned region without size rounding 
*/
                return gpu_buddy_offset_aligned_allocation(mm, size,
-                                                          min_block_size,
-                                                          flags);
-       else
-               /* Allocate from freetree */
-               return alloc_from_freetree(mm, order, flags);
+                                                          min_block_size);
+
+       /* Allocate from freetree */
+       return alloc_from_freetree(mm, order, flags);
 }
 
 /**
@@ -1354,7 +1882,7 @@ int gpu_buddy_alloc_blocks(struct gpu_buddy *mm,
                if (!IS_ALIGNED(start | end, min_block_size))
                        return -EINVAL;
 
-               return __gpu_buddy_alloc_range(mm, start, size, NULL, blocks);
+               return __gpu_buddy_alloc_range(mm, start, size, flags, NULL, 
blocks);
        }
 
        original_size = size;
@@ -1380,12 +1908,15 @@ int gpu_buddy_alloc_blocks(struct gpu_buddy *mm,
                if ((flags & GPU_BUDDY_CONTIGUOUS_ALLOCATION) &&
                    !(flags & GPU_BUDDY_RANGE_ALLOCATION))
                        return __alloc_contig_try_harder(mm, original_size,
-                                                        original_min_size, 
blocks);
+                                                        original_min_size,
+                                                        flags, blocks);
 
                return -EINVAL;
        }
 
        do {
+               bool block_clear = false;
+
                order = min(order, (unsigned int)fls(pages) - 1);
                BUG_ON(order > mm->max_order);
                /*
@@ -1395,8 +1926,6 @@ int gpu_buddy_alloc_blocks(struct gpu_buddy *mm,
                BUG_ON(size >= min_block_size && order < min_order);
 
                do {
-                       unsigned int fallback_order;
-
                        block = __gpu_buddy_alloc_blocks(mm, start,
                                                         end,
                                                         size,
@@ -1406,48 +1935,48 @@ int gpu_buddy_alloc_blocks(struct gpu_buddy *mm,
                        if (!IS_ERR(block))
                                break;
 
-                       if (size < min_block_size) {
-                               fallback_order = order;
-                       } else if (order == min_order) {
-                               fallback_order = min_order;
-                       } else {
+                       if (size >= min_block_size && order > min_order) {
                                order--;
                                continue;
                        }
 
-                       /* Try allocation through force merge method */
-                       if (mm->clear_avail &&
-                           !__force_merge(mm, start, end, fallback_order)) {
-                               block = __gpu_buddy_alloc_blocks(mm, start,
-                                                                end,
-                                                                size,
-                                                                min_block_size,
-                                                                fallback_order,
-                                                                flags);
-                               if (!IS_ERR(block)) {
-                                       order = fallback_order;
-                                       break;
-                               }
-                       }
-
                        /*
                         * Try contiguous block allocation through
                         * try harder method.
                         */
                        if (flags & GPU_BUDDY_CONTIGUOUS_ALLOCATION &&
-                           !(flags & GPU_BUDDY_RANGE_ALLOCATION))
-                               return __alloc_contig_try_harder(mm,
-                                                                original_size,
-                                                                
original_min_size,
-                                                                blocks);
+                           !(flags & GPU_BUDDY_RANGE_ALLOCATION)) {
+                               err = __alloc_contig_try_harder(mm,
+                                                               original_size,
+                                                               
original_min_size,
+                                                               flags,
+                                                               blocks);
+                               if (!err)
+                                       return 0;
+                               if (err != -ENOSPC)
+                                       return err;
+                               goto err_free;
+                       }
                        err = -ENOSPC;
                        goto err_free;
                } while (1);
 
+               if (flags & GPU_BUDDY_CLEAR_ALLOCATION)
+                       block_clear = gpu_buddy_block_is_clear(block);
+
+               if (!gpu_buddy_block_is_clear(block))
+                       gpu_dirty_tracker_remove_range(&mm->dirty,
+                                                      
gpu_buddy_block_offset(block),
+                                                      gpu_buddy_block_size(mm, 
block));
+
                mark_allocated(mm, block);
                mm->avail -= gpu_buddy_block_size(mm, block);
-               if (gpu_buddy_block_is_clear(block))
-                       mm->clear_avail -= gpu_buddy_block_size(mm, block);
+
+               block->header &= ~GPU_BUDDY_HEADER_CLEAR;
+               if (block_clear)
+                       block->header |= GPU_BUDDY_HEADER_CLEAR;
+
+               gpu_buddy_sync_clear_avail(mm);
                kmemleak_update_trace(block);
                list_add_tail(&block->link, &allocated);
 
@@ -1542,6 +2071,7 @@ EXPORT_SYMBOL(gpu_buddy_print);
 
 static void gpu_buddy_module_exit(void)
 {
+       kmem_cache_destroy(slab_extents);
        kmem_cache_destroy(slab_blocks);
 }
 
@@ -1551,7 +2081,15 @@ static int __init gpu_buddy_module_init(void)
        if (!slab_blocks)
                return -ENOMEM;
 
+       slab_extents = KMEM_CACHE(gpu_dirty_extent, 0);
+       if (!slab_extents)
+               goto err_destroy_blocks;
+
        return 0;
+
+err_destroy_blocks:
+       kmem_cache_destroy(slab_blocks);
+       return -ENOMEM;
 }
 
 module_init(gpu_buddy_module_init);
diff --git a/drivers/gpu/tests/gpu_buddy_test.c 
b/drivers/gpu/tests/gpu_buddy_test.c
index 7df5c2ae83bb..e31f368ada95 100644
--- a/drivers/gpu/tests/gpu_buddy_test.c
+++ b/drivers/gpu/tests/gpu_buddy_test.c
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ static void 
gpu_test_buddy_subtree_offset_alignment_stress(struct kunit *test)
        };
        struct list_head allocated[ARRAY_SIZE(alignments)];
        unsigned int i, max_subtree_align = 0;
-       int ret, tree, order;
+       int ret, order;
        struct gpu_buddy mm;
 
        KUNIT_ASSERT_FALSE_MSG(test, gpu_buddy_init(&mm, mm_size, SZ_4K),
@@ -78,15 +78,11 @@ static void 
gpu_test_buddy_subtree_offset_alignment_stress(struct kunit *test)
                }
 
                for (order = mm.max_order; order >= 0 && !root; order--) {
-                       for (tree = 0; tree < 2; tree++) {
-                               node = mm.free_trees[tree][order].rb_node;
-                               if (node) {
-                                       root = container_of(node,
-                                                           struct 
gpu_buddy_block,
-                                                           rb);
-                                       break;
-                               }
-                       }
+                       node = mm.free_tree[order].rb_node;
+                       if (node)
+                               root = container_of(node,
+                                                   struct gpu_buddy_block,
+                                                   rb);
                }
 
                KUNIT_ASSERT_NOT_NULL(test, root);
@@ -97,15 +93,13 @@ static void 
gpu_test_buddy_subtree_offset_alignment_stress(struct kunit *test)
                gpu_buddy_free_list(&mm, &allocated[i], 0);
 
                for (order = 0; order <= mm.max_order; order++) {
-                       for (tree = 0; tree < 2; tree++) {
-                               node = mm.free_trees[tree][order].rb_node;
-                               if (!node)
-                                       continue;
-
-                               block = container_of(node, struct 
gpu_buddy_block, rb);
-                               max_subtree_align = max(max_subtree_align,
-                                                       
block->subtree_max_alignment);
-                       }
+                       node = mm.free_tree[order].rb_node;
+                       if (!node)
+                               continue;
+
+                       block = container_of(node, struct gpu_buddy_block, rb);
+                       max_subtree_align = max(max_subtree_align,
+                                               block->subtree_max_alignment);
                }
 
                KUNIT_EXPECT_GE(test, max_subtree_align, ilog2(alignments[i]));
diff --git a/include/linux/gpu_buddy.h b/include/linux/gpu_buddy.h
index e037714563d8..0fde5c33ccbd 100644
--- a/include/linux/gpu_buddy.h
+++ b/include/linux/gpu_buddy.h
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@
 
 #include <linux/bitops.h>
 #include <linux/list.h>
+#include <linux/mempool.h>
 #include <linux/slab.h>
 #include <linux/sched.h>
 #include <linux/rbtree.h>
@@ -43,8 +44,8 @@
 /**
  * GPU_BUDDY_CLEAR_ALLOCATION - Prefer pre-cleared (zeroed) memory
  *
- * Attempt to allocate from the clear tree first. If insufficient clear
- * memory is available, falls back to dirty memory. Useful when the
+ * Attempt to allocate outside dirty-tracked ranges first. If insufficient
+ * clear memory is available, falls back to dirty memory. Useful when the
  * caller needs zeroed memory and wants to avoid GPU clear operations.
  */
 #define GPU_BUDDY_CLEAR_ALLOCATION             BIT(3)
@@ -53,8 +54,8 @@
  * GPU_BUDDY_CLEARED - Mark returned blocks as cleared
  *
  * Used with gpu_buddy_free_list() to indicate that the memory being
- * freed has been cleared (zeroed). The blocks will be placed in the
- * clear tree for future GPU_BUDDY_CLEAR_ALLOCATION requests.
+ * freed has been cleared (zeroed). The blocks will be removed from the
+ * dirty tracker for future GPU_BUDDY_CLEAR_ALLOCATION requests.
  */
 #define GPU_BUDDY_CLEARED                      BIT(4)
 
@@ -67,15 +68,6 @@
  */
 #define GPU_BUDDY_TRIM_DISABLE                 BIT(5)
 
-enum gpu_buddy_free_tree {
-       GPU_BUDDY_CLEAR_TREE = 0,
-       GPU_BUDDY_DIRTY_TREE,
-       GPU_BUDDY_MAX_FREE_TREES,
-};
-
-#define for_each_free_tree(tree) \
-       for ((tree) = 0; (tree) < GPU_BUDDY_MAX_FREE_TREES; (tree)++)
-
 /**
  * struct gpu_buddy_block - Block within a buddy allocator
  *
@@ -103,6 +95,13 @@ struct gpu_buddy_block {
 #define   GPU_BUDDY_ALLOCATED     (1 << 10)
 #define   GPU_BUDDY_FREE          (2 << 10)
 #define   GPU_BUDDY_SPLIT         (3 << 10)
+/*
+ * GPU_BUDDY_HEADER_CLEAR has two roles:
+ *  - FREE state:      set when the block's full range is cleared (dirty
+ *                     tracker confirmed no overlap).
+ *  - ALLOCATED state: set when the block was served from cleared memory,
+ *                     informing the caller that no GPU clear pass is needed.
+ */
 #define GPU_BUDDY_HEADER_CLEAR  GENMASK_ULL(9, 9)
 /* Free to be used, if needed in the future */
 #define GPU_BUDDY_HEADER_UNUSED GENMASK_ULL(8, 6)
@@ -130,11 +129,49 @@ struct gpu_buddy_block {
 /* private: */
        struct list_head tmp_link;
        unsigned int subtree_max_alignment;
+       bool has_clear;
+       bool subtree_has_clear;
 };
 
 /* Order-zero must be at least SZ_4K */
 #define GPU_BUDDY_MAX_ORDER (63 - 12)
 
+/**
+ * struct gpu_dirty_extent - a contiguous dirty address range
+ *
+ * Tracks a single contiguous address range whose memory content is known
+ * to be dirty.  Extents are non-overlapping and stored in an augmented
+ * red-black tree sorted by @start.  The augmented value @subtree_max_size
+ * allows O(log N) search for an extent of at least a given size.
+ */
+struct gpu_dirty_extent {
+/* private: */
+       struct rb_node  rb;
+       u64             start;
+       u64             end;
+       u64             subtree_max_size;
+};
+
+/**
+ * struct gpu_dirty_tracker - tracks dirty address intervals
+ *
+ * Maintains a set of non-overlapping dirty extents as an augmented
+ * red-black tree.
+ *
+ * @total_dirty: Total bytes of dirty memory currently tracked.
+ * @extent_pool: Mempool backing extent node allocations. sashiko reported
+ *              that a __GFP_NOFAIL allocation on the free path could
+ *              deadlock during memory reclaim, so a per-tracker mempool is
+ *              used to guarantee extent nodes without __GFP_NOFAIL.
+ */
+struct gpu_dirty_tracker {
+/* private: */
+       struct rb_root  root;
+       mempool_t       *extent_pool;
+/* public: */
+       u64             total_dirty;
+};
+
 /**
  * struct gpu_buddy - GPU binary buddy allocator
  *
@@ -152,20 +189,24 @@ struct gpu_buddy_block {
  * @chunk_size: Minimum allocation granularity in bytes. Must be at least 
SZ_4K.
  * @size: Total size of the address space managed by this allocator in bytes.
  * @avail: Total free space currently available for allocation in bytes.
- * @clear_avail: Free space available in the clear tree (zeroed memory) in 
bytes.
- *               This is a subset of @avail.
+ * @clear_avail: Free space that is clear (zeroed) in bytes. A subset of 
@avail.
+ *               Maintained as @avail - dirty.total_dirty, since the tracker
+ *               records the dirty extents. Zero at init, as a fresh pool is
+ *               fully dirty.
  * @lock_dep_map: Annotates gpu_buddy API with a driver provided lock.
  */
 struct gpu_buddy {
 /* private: */
+       /* Tracker of dirty address ranges (decoupled from free_tree). */
+       struct gpu_dirty_tracker dirty;
        /*
-        * Array of red-black trees for free block management.
-        * Indexed as free_trees[clear/dirty][order] where:
-        * - Index 0 (GPU_BUDDY_CLEAR_TREE): blocks with zeroed content
-        * - Index 1 (GPU_BUDDY_DIRTY_TREE): blocks with unknown content
-        * Each tree holds free blocks of the corresponding order.
+        * One RB-tree per order containing all free blocks (clear and
+        * dirty alike).  The augment field subtree_has_clear lets clear
+        * allocations find subtrees with clear inventory in O(log N).
+        * Dirty free blocks coexist here but are also indexed by the
+        * @dirty tracker for fast dirty allocation lookups.
         */
-       struct rb_root **free_trees;
+       struct rb_root *free_tree;
        /*
         * Array of root blocks representing the top-level blocks of the
         * binary tree(s). Multiple roots exist when the total size is not

base-commit: 7a4b7122a623e3d57fc15cf843a9d45fbd72c6ab
-- 
2.34.1

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