Steve said: Also, is there a plausible argument that society would be worse off using a procedure which doesn't rigorously comply with participation? I reply: I think it's just more of a theoretical embarrassment (for all methods other than point systems). Maybe its weaker relative, Monotonicity, is just an embarrassment too, but it's a much more embarrassing embarrassment, and an easy one to avoid, since there's only one active "reform" proposal that fails it: IRV. I certainly don't think people would stay home as a strategy due to Participation or No-Show. But they certainly stay home because of the LO2E problem, and the spoiler problem, showing that the defensive strategy criteria are genuinely important in a practical way. Mike Ossipoff Mike Ossipoff ________________________________________________________________________ Get Your Private, Free E-mail from MSN Hotmail at http://www.hotmail.com