On 7/14/21 10:23 AM, Jason Merrill wrote:
On 7/14/21 10:46 AM, Martin Sebor wrote:
On 7/13/21 9:39 PM, Jason Merrill wrote:
On 7/13/21 4:02 PM, Martin Sebor wrote:
On 7/13/21 12:37 PM, Jason Merrill wrote:
On 7/13/21 10:08 AM, Jonathan Wakely wrote:
On Mon, 12 Jul 2021 at 12:02, Richard Biener wrote:
Somebody with more C++ knowledge than me needs to approve the
vec.h changes - I don't feel competent to assess all effects of the change.

They look OK to me except for:

-extern vnull vNULL;
+static constexpr vnull vNULL{ };

Making vNULL have static linkage can make it an ODR violation to use
vNULL in templates and inline functions, because different
instantiations will refer to a different "vNULL" in each translation
unit.

The ODR says this is OK because it's a literal constant with the same value (6.2/12.2.1).

But it would be better without the explicit 'static'; then in C++17 it's implicitly inline instead of static.

I'll remove the static.


But then, do we really want to keep vNULL at all?  It's a weird blurring of the object/pointer boundary that is also dependent on vec being a thin wrapper around a pointer.  In almost all cases it can be replaced with {}; one exception is == comparison, where it seems to be testing that the embedded pointer is null, which is a weird thing to want to test.

The one use case I know of for vNULL where I can't think of
an equally good substitute is in passing a vec as an argument by
value.  The only way to do that that I can think of is to name
the full vec type (i.e., the specialization) which is more typing
and less generic than vNULL.  I don't use vNULL myself so I wouldn't
miss this trick if it were to be removed but others might feel
differently.

In C++11, it can be replaced by {} in that context as well.

Cool.  I thought I'd tried { } here but I guess not.


If not, I'm all for getting rid of vNULL but with over 350 uses
of it left, unless there's some clever trick to make the removal
(mostly) effortless and seamless, I'd much rather do it independently
of this initial change. I also don't know if I can commit to making
all this cleanup.

I already have a patch to replace all but one use of vNULL, but I'll hold off with it until after your patch.

So what's the next step?  The patch only removes a few uses of vNULL
but doesn't add any.  Is it good to go as is (without the static and
with the additional const changes Richard suggested)?  This patch is
attached to my reply to Richard:
https://gcc.gnu.org/pipermail/gcc-patches/2021-July/575199.html

As Richard wrote:

The pieces where you change vec<> passing to const vec<>& and the few
where you change vec<> * to const vec<> * are OK - this should make the
rest a smaller piece to review.

Please go ahead and apply those changes and send a new patch with the remainder of the changes.

I have just pushed r12-2418:
https://gcc.gnu.org/pipermail/gcc-cvs/2021-July/350886.html


A few other comments:

-                       omp_declare_simd_clauses);
+                       *omp_declare_simd_clauses);

Instead of doing this indirection in all of the callers, let's change c_finish_omp_declare_simd to take a pointer as well, and do the indirection in initializing a reference variable at the top of the function.

Okay.


+    sched_init_luids (bbs.to_vec ());
+    haifa_init_h_i_d (bbs.to_vec ());

Why are these to_vec changes needed when you are also changing the functions to take const&?

Calling to_vec() here isn't necessary so I've removed it.


-  vec<tree> checks = LOOP_VINFO_CHECK_NONZERO (loop_vinfo);
+  vec<tree> checks = LOOP_VINFO_CHECK_NONZERO (loop_vinfo).to_vec ();

Why not use a reference here and in other similar spots?

Sure, that works too.

Attached is what's left of the original changes now that r12-2418
has been applied.

Martin
Disable implicit conversion from auto_vec to vec.

gcc/c/ChangeLog:

	* c-parser.c (c_finish_omp_declare_simd): Adjust to vec change.
	(c_parser_omp_declare_simd): Same.
	* c-tree.h (c_build_function_call_vec): Same.
	* c-typeck.c (c_build_function_call_vec): Same.

gcc/ChangeLog:

	* dominance.c (prune_bbs_to_update_dominators): Adjust to vec change.
	(iterate_fix_dominators): Same.
	* dominance.h (iterate_fix_dominators): Same.
	* ipa-prop.h:
	* tree-ssa-pre.c (insert_into_preds_of_block): Same.
	* tree-vect-data-refs.c (vect_check_nonzero_value): Same.
	(vect_enhance_data_refs_alignment): Same.
	(vect_check_lower_bound): Same.
	(vect_prune_runtime_alias_test_list): Same.
	(vect_permute_store_chain): Same.
	* tree-vect-slp-patterns.c (vect_normalize_conj_loc): Same.
	* tree-vect-stmts.c (vect_create_vectorized_demotion_stmts): Same.
	* tree-vectorizer.h (vect_permute_store_chain): Same.
	* vec.c (test_init): New.
	(vec_c_tests): Call test_init.
	* vec.h (struct vnull): Simplify.
	(auto_vec::to_vec): New member function.
	(vl_ptr>::copy): Use value initialization.

diff --git a/gcc/c/c-parser.c b/gcc/c/c-parser.c
index 9a56e0c04c6..fa3c9fa3a1b 100644
--- a/gcc/c/c-parser.c
+++ b/gcc/c/c-parser.c
@@ -1489,7 +1489,8 @@ static tree c_parser_std_attribute_specifier_sequence (c_parser *);
 static void c_parser_external_declaration (c_parser *);
 static void c_parser_asm_definition (c_parser *);
 static void c_parser_declaration_or_fndef (c_parser *, bool, bool, bool,
-					   bool, bool, tree *, vec<c_token>,
+					   bool, bool, tree * = NULL,
+					   vec<c_token> * = NULL,
 					   bool have_attrs = false,
 					   tree attrs = NULL,
 					   struct oacc_routine_data * = NULL,
@@ -1774,13 +1775,12 @@ c_parser_external_declaration (c_parser *parser)
 	 an @interface or @protocol with prefix attributes).  We can
 	 only tell which after parsing the declaration specifiers, if
 	 any, and the first declarator.  */
-      c_parser_declaration_or_fndef (parser, true, true, true, false, true,
-				     NULL, vNULL);
+      c_parser_declaration_or_fndef (parser, true, true, true, false, true);
       break;
     }
 }
 
-static void c_finish_omp_declare_simd (c_parser *, tree, tree, vec<c_token>);
+static void c_finish_omp_declare_simd (c_parser *, tree, tree, vec<c_token> *);
 static void c_finish_oacc_routine (struct oacc_routine_data *, tree, bool);
 
 /* Build and add a DEBUG_BEGIN_STMT statement with location LOC.  */
@@ -1890,11 +1890,15 @@ static void
 c_parser_declaration_or_fndef (c_parser *parser, bool fndef_ok,
 			       bool static_assert_ok, bool empty_ok,
 			       bool nested, bool start_attr_ok,
-			       tree *objc_foreach_object_declaration,
-			       vec<c_token> omp_declare_simd_clauses,
-			       bool have_attrs, tree attrs,
-			       struct oacc_routine_data *oacc_routine_data,
-			       bool *fallthru_attr_p)
+			       tree *objc_foreach_object_declaration
+			       /* = NULL */,
+			       vec<c_token> *omp_declare_simd_clauses
+			       /* = NULL */,
+			       bool have_attrs /* = false */,
+			       tree attrs /* = NULL_TREE */,
+			       struct oacc_routine_data *oacc_routine_data
+			       /* = NULL */,
+			       bool *fallthru_attr_p /* = NULL */)
 {
   struct c_declspecs *specs;
   tree prefix_attrs;
@@ -2150,7 +2154,7 @@ c_parser_declaration_or_fndef (c_parser *parser, bool fndef_ok,
 					C_DTR_NORMAL, &dummy);
       if (declarator == NULL)
 	{
-	  if (omp_declare_simd_clauses.exists ())
+	  if (omp_declare_simd_clauses)
 	    c_finish_omp_declare_simd (parser, NULL_TREE, NULL_TREE,
 				       omp_declare_simd_clauses);
 	  if (oacc_routine_data)
@@ -2250,7 +2254,7 @@ c_parser_declaration_or_fndef (c_parser *parser, bool fndef_ok,
 				  chainon (postfix_attrs, all_prefix_attrs));
 		  if (!d)
 		    d = error_mark_node;
-		  if (omp_declare_simd_clauses.exists ())
+		  if (omp_declare_simd_clauses)
 		    c_finish_omp_declare_simd (parser, d, NULL_TREE,
 					       omp_declare_simd_clauses);
 		}
@@ -2262,7 +2266,7 @@ c_parser_declaration_or_fndef (c_parser *parser, bool fndef_ok,
 				  chainon (postfix_attrs, all_prefix_attrs));
 		  if (!d)
 		    d = error_mark_node;
-		  if (omp_declare_simd_clauses.exists ())
+		  if (omp_declare_simd_clauses)
 		    c_finish_omp_declare_simd (parser, d, NULL_TREE,
 					       omp_declare_simd_clauses);
 		  init_loc = c_parser_peek_token (parser)->location;
@@ -2342,7 +2346,7 @@ c_parser_declaration_or_fndef (c_parser *parser, bool fndef_ok,
 		      warn_parm_array_mismatch (lastloc, d, parms);
 		    }
 		}
-	      if (omp_declare_simd_clauses.exists ())
+	      if (omp_declare_simd_clauses)
 		{
 		  tree parms = NULL_TREE;
 		  if (d && TREE_CODE (d) == FUNCTION_DECL)
@@ -2496,9 +2500,9 @@ c_parser_declaration_or_fndef (c_parser *parser, bool fndef_ok,
       while (c_parser_next_token_is_not (parser, CPP_EOF)
 	     && c_parser_next_token_is_not (parser, CPP_OPEN_BRACE))
 	c_parser_declaration_or_fndef (parser, false, false, false,
-				       true, false, NULL, vNULL);
+				       true, false);
       store_parm_decls ();
-      if (omp_declare_simd_clauses.exists ())
+      if (omp_declare_simd_clauses)
 	c_finish_omp_declare_simd (parser, current_function_decl, NULL_TREE,
 				   omp_declare_simd_clauses);
       if (oacc_routine_data)
@@ -5699,7 +5703,7 @@ c_parser_compound_statement_nostart (c_parser *parser)
 	  bool fallthru_attr_p = false;
 	  c_parser_declaration_or_fndef (parser, true, !have_std_attrs,
 					 true, true, true, NULL,
-					 vNULL, have_std_attrs, std_attrs,
+					 NULL, have_std_attrs, std_attrs,
 					 NULL, &fallthru_attr_p);
 
 	  if (last_stmt && !fallthru_attr_p)
@@ -5731,7 +5735,7 @@ c_parser_compound_statement_nostart (c_parser *parser)
 	      last_label = false;
 	      mark_valid_location_for_stdc_pragma (false);
 	      c_parser_declaration_or_fndef (parser, true, true, true, true,
-					     true, NULL, vNULL);
+					     true);
 	      /* Following the old parser, __extension__ does not
 		 disable this diagnostic.  */
 	      restore_extension_diagnostics (ext);
@@ -6782,7 +6786,7 @@ c_parser_for_statement (c_parser *parser, bool ivdep, unsigned short unroll,
 	       || c_parser_nth_token_starts_std_attributes (parser, 1))
 	{
 	  c_parser_declaration_or_fndef (parser, true, true, true, true, true, 
-					 &object_expression, vNULL);
+					 &object_expression);
 	  parser->objc_could_be_foreach_context = false;
 	  
 	  if (c_parser_next_token_is_keyword (parser, RID_IN))
@@ -6813,7 +6817,7 @@ c_parser_for_statement (c_parser *parser, bool ivdep, unsigned short unroll,
 	      ext = disable_extension_diagnostics ();
 	      c_parser_consume_token (parser);
 	      c_parser_declaration_or_fndef (parser, true, true, true, true,
-					     true, &object_expression, vNULL);
+					     true, &object_expression);
 	      parser->objc_could_be_foreach_context = false;
 	      
 	      restore_extension_diagnostics (ext);
@@ -11277,7 +11281,7 @@ c_parser_objc_methodprotolist (c_parser *parser)
 	    }
 	  else
 	    c_parser_declaration_or_fndef (parser, false, false, true,
-					   false, true, NULL, vNULL);
+					   false, true);
 	  break;
 	}
     }
@@ -17273,12 +17277,12 @@ c_parser_oacc_routine (c_parser *parser, enum pragma_context context)
 	  while (c_parser_next_token_is (parser, CPP_KEYWORD)
 		 && c_parser_peek_token (parser)->keyword == RID_EXTENSION);
 	  c_parser_declaration_or_fndef (parser, true, true, true, false, true,
-					 NULL, vNULL, false, NULL, &data);
+					 NULL, NULL, false, NULL, &data);
 	  restore_extension_diagnostics (ext);
 	}
       else
 	c_parser_declaration_or_fndef (parser, true, true, true, false, true,
-				       NULL, vNULL, false, NULL, &data);
+				       NULL, NULL, false, NULL, &data);
     }
 }
 
@@ -18385,8 +18389,7 @@ c_parser_omp_for_loop (location_t loc, c_parser *parser, enum tree_code code,
 	    vec_safe_push (for_block, c_begin_compound_stmt (true));
 	  this_pre_body = push_stmt_list ();
 	  c_in_omp_for = true;
-	  c_parser_declaration_or_fndef (parser, true, true, true, true, true,
-					 NULL, vNULL);
+	  c_parser_declaration_or_fndef (parser, true, true, true, true, true);
 	  c_in_omp_for = false;
 	  if (this_pre_body)
 	    {
@@ -20327,12 +20330,12 @@ c_parser_omp_declare_simd (c_parser *parser, enum pragma_context context)
 	  while (c_parser_next_token_is (parser, CPP_KEYWORD)
 		 && c_parser_peek_token (parser)->keyword == RID_EXTENSION);
 	  c_parser_declaration_or_fndef (parser, true, true, true, false, true,
-					 NULL, clauses);
+					 NULL, &clauses);
 	  restore_extension_diagnostics (ext);
 	}
       else
 	c_parser_declaration_or_fndef (parser, true, true, true, false, true,
-				       NULL, clauses);
+				       NULL, &clauses);
       break;
     case pragma_struct:
     case pragma_param:
@@ -20353,7 +20356,7 @@ c_parser_omp_declare_simd (c_parser *parser, enum pragma_context context)
 	  if (c_parser_next_tokens_start_declaration (parser))
 	    {
 	      c_parser_declaration_or_fndef (parser, true, true, true, true,
-					     true, NULL, clauses);
+					     true, NULL, &clauses);
 	      restore_extension_diagnostics (ext);
 	      break;
 	    }
@@ -20362,7 +20365,7 @@ c_parser_omp_declare_simd (c_parser *parser, enum pragma_context context)
       else if (c_parser_next_tokens_start_declaration (parser))
 	{
 	  c_parser_declaration_or_fndef (parser, true, true, true, true, true,
-					 NULL, clauses);
+					 NULL, &clauses);
 	  break;
 	}
       error ("%<#pragma omp declare %s%> must be followed by "
@@ -20843,8 +20846,10 @@ c_finish_omp_declare_variant (c_parser *parser, tree fndecl, tree parms)
 
 static void
 c_finish_omp_declare_simd (c_parser *parser, tree fndecl, tree parms,
-			   vec<c_token> clauses)
+			   vec<c_token> *pclauses)
 {
+  vec<c_token> &clauses = *pclauses;
+
   /* Normally first token is CPP_NAME "simd" or "variant".  CPP_EOF there
      indicates error has been reported and CPP_PRAGMA that
      c_finish_omp_declare_simd has already processed the tokens.  */
diff --git a/gcc/dominance.c b/gcc/dominance.c
index 6a262ce8283..cc63391a39a 100644
--- a/gcc/dominance.c
+++ b/gcc/dominance.c
@@ -1227,7 +1227,7 @@ recompute_dominator (enum cdi_direction dir, basic_block bb)
    from BBS.  */
 
 static void
-prune_bbs_to_update_dominators (vec<basic_block> bbs,
+prune_bbs_to_update_dominators (vec<basic_block> &bbs,
 				bool conservative)
 {
   unsigned i;
@@ -1379,7 +1379,7 @@ determine_dominators_for_sons (struct graph *g, vec<basic_block> bbs,
    a block of BBS in the current dominance tree dominate it.  */
 
 void
-iterate_fix_dominators (enum cdi_direction dir, vec<basic_block> bbs,
+iterate_fix_dominators (enum cdi_direction dir, vec<basic_block> &bbs,
 			bool conservative)
 {
   unsigned i;
diff --git a/gcc/dominance.h b/gcc/dominance.h
index 1a8c248ee98..970da02c594 100644
--- a/gcc/dominance.h
+++ b/gcc/dominance.h
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ checking_verify_dominators (cdi_direction dir)
 
 basic_block recompute_dominator (enum cdi_direction, basic_block);
 extern void iterate_fix_dominators (enum cdi_direction,
-				    vec<basic_block> , bool);
+				    vec<basic_block> &, bool);
 extern void add_to_dominance_info (enum cdi_direction, basic_block);
 extern void delete_from_dominance_info (enum cdi_direction, basic_block);
 extern basic_block first_dom_son (enum cdi_direction, basic_block);
diff --git a/gcc/ipa-prop.h b/gcc/ipa-prop.h
index 2fe220acf84..d1cd42263f5 100644
--- a/gcc/ipa-prop.h
+++ b/gcc/ipa-prop.h
@@ -499,10 +499,10 @@ public:
      get reallocated, the member vectors and the underlying auto_vecs would get
      out of sync.  */
   ipa_call_arg_values (ipa_auto_call_arg_values *aavals)
-    : m_known_vals (aavals->m_known_vals),
-      m_known_contexts (aavals->m_known_contexts),
-      m_known_aggs (aavals->m_known_aggs),
-      m_known_value_ranges (aavals->m_known_value_ranges)
+    : m_known_vals (aavals->m_known_vals.to_vec ()),
+      m_known_contexts (aavals->m_known_contexts.to_vec ()),
+      m_known_aggs (aavals->m_known_aggs.to_vec ()),
+      m_known_value_ranges (aavals->m_known_value_ranges.to_vec ())
   {}
 
   /* If m_known_vals (vector of known "scalar" values) is sufficiantly long,
diff --git a/gcc/tree-ssa-pre.c b/gcc/tree-ssa-pre.c
index d2a7395dd8f..ebe95cc6c73 100644
--- a/gcc/tree-ssa-pre.c
+++ b/gcc/tree-ssa-pre.c
@@ -3107,7 +3107,7 @@ create_expression_by_pieces (basic_block block, pre_expr expr,
 
 static bool
 insert_into_preds_of_block (basic_block block, unsigned int exprnum,
-			    vec<pre_expr> avail)
+			    vec<pre_expr> &avail)
 {
   pre_expr expr = expression_for_id (exprnum);
   pre_expr newphi;
diff --git a/gcc/tree-vect-data-refs.c b/gcc/tree-vect-data-refs.c
index 6995efba899..b88e744e4a0 100644
--- a/gcc/tree-vect-data-refs.c
+++ b/gcc/tree-vect-data-refs.c
@@ -212,7 +212,7 @@ vect_mark_for_runtime_alias_test (ddr_p ddr, loop_vec_info loop_vinfo)
 static void
 vect_check_nonzero_value (loop_vec_info loop_vinfo, tree value)
 {
-  vec<tree> checks = LOOP_VINFO_CHECK_NONZERO (loop_vinfo);
+  vec<tree> &checks = LOOP_VINFO_CHECK_NONZERO (loop_vinfo);
   for (unsigned int i = 0; i < checks.length(); ++i)
     if (checks[i] == value)
       return;
@@ -2349,8 +2349,8 @@ vect_enhance_data_refs_alignment (loop_vec_info loop_vinfo)
 
   if (do_versioning)
     {
-      vec<stmt_vec_info> may_misalign_stmts
-        = LOOP_VINFO_MAY_MISALIGN_STMTS (loop_vinfo);
+      vec<stmt_vec_info> &may_misalign_stmts
+	= LOOP_VINFO_MAY_MISALIGN_STMTS (loop_vinfo);
       stmt_vec_info stmt_info;
 
       /* It can now be assumed that the data references in the statements
@@ -3364,7 +3364,8 @@ static void
 vect_check_lower_bound (loop_vec_info loop_vinfo, tree expr, bool unsigned_p,
 			poly_uint64 min_value)
 {
-  vec<vec_lower_bound> lower_bounds = LOOP_VINFO_LOWER_BOUNDS (loop_vinfo);
+  vec<vec_lower_bound> lower_bounds
+    = LOOP_VINFO_LOWER_BOUNDS (loop_vinfo).to_vec ();
   for (unsigned int i = 0; i < lower_bounds.length (); ++i)
     if (operand_equal_p (lower_bounds[i].expr, expr, 0))
       {
@@ -3466,7 +3467,7 @@ vect_prune_runtime_alias_test_list (loop_vec_info loop_vinfo)
   typedef pair_hash <tree_operand_hash, tree_operand_hash> tree_pair_hash;
   hash_set <tree_pair_hash> compared_objects;
 
-  vec<ddr_p> may_alias_ddrs = LOOP_VINFO_MAY_ALIAS_DDRS (loop_vinfo);
+  vec<ddr_p> may_alias_ddrs = LOOP_VINFO_MAY_ALIAS_DDRS (loop_vinfo).to_vec ();
   vec<dr_with_seg_len_pair_t> &comp_alias_ddrs
     = LOOP_VINFO_COMP_ALIAS_DDRS (loop_vinfo);
   vec<vec_object_pair> &check_unequal_addrs
@@ -5339,7 +5340,7 @@ vect_store_lanes_supported (tree vectype, unsigned HOST_WIDE_INT count,
    I4:  6 14 22 30  7 15 23 31.  */
 
 void
-vect_permute_store_chain (vec_info *vinfo, vec<tree> dr_chain,
+vect_permute_store_chain (vec_info *vinfo, vec<tree> &dr_chain,
 			  unsigned int length,
 			  stmt_vec_info stmt_info,
 			  gimple_stmt_iterator *gsi,
diff --git a/gcc/tree-vect-slp-patterns.c b/gcc/tree-vect-slp-patterns.c
index ad209deca79..b8d09b7832e 100644
--- a/gcc/tree-vect-slp-patterns.c
+++ b/gcc/tree-vect-slp-patterns.c
@@ -746,7 +746,7 @@ vect_match_call_complex_mla (slp_tree node, unsigned child,
    of the negate node.  */
 
 static inline bool
-vect_normalize_conj_loc (vec<slp_tree> args, bool *neg_first_p = NULL)
+vect_normalize_conj_loc (vec<slp_tree> &args, bool *neg_first_p = NULL)
 {
   gcc_assert (args.length () == 2);
   bool neg_found = false;
diff --git a/gcc/tree-vect-stmts.c b/gcc/tree-vect-stmts.c
index d71552296bb..d88f65f3550 100644
--- a/gcc/tree-vect-stmts.c
+++ b/gcc/tree-vect-stmts.c
@@ -4462,7 +4462,7 @@ static void
 vect_create_vectorized_demotion_stmts (vec_info *vinfo, vec<tree> *vec_oprnds,
 				       int multi_step_cvt,
 				       stmt_vec_info stmt_info,
-				       vec<tree> vec_dsts,
+				       vec<tree> &vec_dsts,
 				       gimple_stmt_iterator *gsi,
 				       slp_tree slp_node, enum tree_code code)
 {
diff --git a/gcc/tree-vectorizer.h b/gcc/tree-vectorizer.h
index deb22477e28..45b61fa4793 100644
--- a/gcc/tree-vectorizer.h
+++ b/gcc/tree-vectorizer.h
@@ -1990,8 +1990,8 @@ extern bool vect_grouped_store_supported (tree, unsigned HOST_WIDE_INT);
 extern bool vect_store_lanes_supported (tree, unsigned HOST_WIDE_INT, bool);
 extern bool vect_grouped_load_supported (tree, bool, unsigned HOST_WIDE_INT);
 extern bool vect_load_lanes_supported (tree, unsigned HOST_WIDE_INT, bool);
-extern void vect_permute_store_chain (vec_info *,
-				      vec<tree> ,unsigned int, stmt_vec_info,
+extern void vect_permute_store_chain (vec_info *, vec<tree> &,
+				      unsigned int, stmt_vec_info,
 				      gimple_stmt_iterator *, vec<tree> *);
 extern tree vect_setup_realignment (vec_info *,
 				    stmt_vec_info, gimple_stmt_iterator *,
diff --git a/gcc/vec.c b/gcc/vec.c
index f9dbb2cac31..6d767cc12c1 100644
--- a/gcc/vec.c
+++ b/gcc/vec.c
@@ -38,16 +38,6 @@ along with GCC; see the file COPYING3.  If not see
 #include "diagnostic-core.h"
 #endif
 
-/* vNULL is an empty type with a template cast operation that returns
-   a zero-initialized vec<T, A, L> instance.  Use this when you want
-   to assign nil values to new vec instances or pass a nil vector as
-   a function call argument.
-
-   We use this technique because vec<T, A, L> must be PODs (they are
-   stored in unions and passed in vararg functions), this means that
-   they cannot have ctors/dtors.  */
-vnull vNULL;
-
 /* Vector memory usage.  */
 class vec_usage: public mem_usage
 {
@@ -282,6 +272,42 @@ safe_push_range (vec <int>&v, int start, int limit)
     v.safe_push (i);
 }
 
+/* Verify forms of initialization.  */
+
+static void
+test_init ()
+{
+  {
+    vec<int> v1{ };
+    ASSERT_EQ (0, v1.length ());
+
+    vec<int> v2 (v1);
+    ASSERT_EQ (0, v2.length ());
+  }
+
+  {
+    vec<int> v1 = vec<int>();
+    ASSERT_EQ (0, v1.length ());
+
+    vec<int> v2 = v1;
+    ASSERT_EQ (0, v2.length ());
+  }
+
+  {
+    vec<int> v1 (vNULL);
+    ASSERT_EQ (0, v1.length ());
+    v1.safe_push (1);
+
+    vec<int> v2 (v1);
+    ASSERT_EQ (1, v1.length ());
+    v2.safe_push (1);
+
+    ASSERT_EQ (2, v1.length ());
+    ASSERT_EQ (2, v2.length ());
+    v1.release ();
+  }
+}
+
 /* Verify that vec::quick_push works correctly.  */
 
 static void
@@ -547,6 +573,7 @@ test_auto_delete_vec ()
 void
 vec_c_tests ()
 {
+  test_init ();
   test_quick_push ();
   test_safe_push ();
   test_truncate ();
diff --git a/gcc/vec.h b/gcc/vec.h
index 30ef9a69473..d005c908bf4 100644
--- a/gcc/vec.h
+++ b/gcc/vec.h
@@ -541,18 +541,16 @@ vec_copy_construct (T *dst, const T *src, unsigned n)
     ::new (static_cast<void*>(dst)) T (*src);
 }
 
-/* Type to provide NULL values for vec<T, A, L>.  This is used to
-   provide nil initializers for vec instances.  Since vec must be
-   a POD, we cannot have proper ctor/dtor for it.  To initialize
-   a vec instance, you can assign it the value vNULL.  This isn't
-   needed for file-scope and function-local static vectors, which
-   are zero-initialized by default.  */
-struct vnull
-{
-  template <typename T, typename A, typename L>
-  CONSTEXPR operator vec<T, A, L> () const { return vec<T, A, L>(); }
-};
-extern vnull vNULL;
+/* Type to provide zero-initialized values for vec<T, A, L>.  This is
+   used to  provide nil initializers for vec instances.  Since vec must
+   be a trivially copyable type that can be copied by memcpy and zeroed
+   out by memset, it must have defaulted default and copy ctor and copy
+   assignment.  To initialize a vec either use value initialization
+   (e.g., vec() or vec v{ };) or assign it the value vNULL.  This isn't
+   needed for file-scope and function-local static vectors, which are
+   zero-initialized by default.  */
+struct vnull { };
+constexpr vnull vNULL{ };
 
 
 /* Embeddable vector.  These vectors are suitable to be embedded
@@ -1431,10 +1429,34 @@ gt_pch_nx (vec<T, A, vl_embed> *v, gt_pointer_operator op, void *cookie)
    As long as we use C++03, we cannot have constructors nor
    destructors in classes that are stored in unions.  */
 
+template<typename T, size_t N = 0>
+class auto_vec;
+
 template<typename T>
 struct vec<T, va_heap, vl_ptr>
 {
 public:
+  /* Default ctors to ensure triviality.  Use value-initialization
+     (e.g., vec() or vec v{ };) or vNULL to create a zero-initialized
+     instance.  */
+  vec () = default;
+  vec (const vec &) = default;
+  /* Initialization from the generic vNULL.  */
+  vec (vnull): m_vec () { }
+  /* Same as default ctor: vec storage must be released manually.  */
+  ~vec () = default;
+
+  /* Defaulted same as copy ctor.  */
+  vec& operator= (const vec &) = default;
+
+  /* Prevent implicit conversion from auto_vec.  Use auto_vec::to_vec()
+     instead.  */
+  template <size_t N>
+  vec (auto_vec<T, N> &) = delete;
+
+  template <size_t N>
+  void operator= (auto_vec<T, N> &) = delete;
+
   /* Memory allocation and deallocation for the embedded vector.
      Needed because we cannot have proper ctors/dtors defined.  */
   void create (unsigned nelems CXX_MEM_STAT_INFO);
@@ -1522,7 +1544,7 @@ public:
    want to ask for internal storage for vectors on the stack because if the
    size of the vector is larger than the internal storage that space is wasted.
    */
-template<typename T, size_t N = 0>
+template<typename T, size_t N /* = 0 */>
 class auto_vec : public vec<T, va_heap>
 {
 public:
@@ -1549,6 +1571,13 @@ public:
     this->release ();
   }
 
+  /* Explicitly convert to the base class.  There is no conversion
+     from a const auto_vec because a copy of the returned vec can
+     be used to modify *THIS.  */
+  vec<T, va_heap> to_vec () {
+    return *static_cast<vec<T, va_heap> *>(this);
+  }
+
 private:
   vec<T, va_heap, vl_embed> m_auto;
   T m_data[MAX (N - 1, 1)];
@@ -1602,6 +1631,13 @@ public:
       return *this;
     }
 
+  /* Explicitly convert to the base class.  There is no conversion
+     from a const auto_vec because a copy of the returned vec can
+     be used to modify *THIS.  */
+  vec<T, va_heap> to_vec () {
+    return *static_cast<vec<T, va_heap> *>(this);
+  }
+
   // You probably don't want to copy a vector, so these are deleted to prevent
   // unintentional use.  If you really need a copy of the vectors contents you
   // can use copy ().
@@ -1781,7 +1817,7 @@ template<typename T>
 inline vec<T, va_heap, vl_ptr>
 vec<T, va_heap, vl_ptr>::copy (ALONE_MEM_STAT_DECL) const
 {
-  vec<T, va_heap, vl_ptr> new_vec = vNULL;
+  vec<T, va_heap, vl_ptr> new_vec{ };
   if (length ())
     new_vec.m_vec = m_vec->copy (ALONE_PASS_MEM_STAT);
   return new_vec;

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