dejii opened a new pull request, #38580:
URL: https://github.com/apache/beam/pull/38580

   ## Summary
   
   `SerializableDataFile.toByteArrayMap` used `ByteBuffer.array()` to extract 
bound bytes. `array()` returns the full backing array, ignoring the buffer's 
`[position, limit)` content window.
   
   Iceberg's 
[Conversions.toByteBuffer](https://github.com/apache/iceberg/blob/56013b72db456f774efb696e237b58de88c2e94e/parquet/src/main/java/org/apache/iceberg/parquet/ParquetMetrics.java#L247-L248)
 delegates to JDK 
[CharsetEncoder.encode(CharBuffer)](https://github.com/apache/iceberg/blob/56013b72db456f774efb696e237b58de88c2e94e/api/src/main/java/org/apache/iceberg/types/Conversions.java#L112),
 which sizes its allocation by `(int)(chars * averageBytesPerChar)`. For UTF-8 
the average is 1.1, so a 15-char string lands in a 16-byte buffer with 
position=0, limit=15, capacity=16. The 16th byte is the zero-initialized tail 
of the backing array.
   
   Reading via `.array()` leaks that tail into the byte[] form, and on the 
return trip `ByteBuffer.wrap(byte[])` treats it as content. The manifest ends 
up with a lower bound that is strictly greater than the real minimum 
byte-lexicographically. Query engines using Iceberg metadata for predicate 
pushdown decide `value < lower_bound` for any equality filter on that minimum 
and prune every file, returning 0 rows.
   
   
   ## Why the bug stays quiet for most queries
   
   All three must hold:
   
   1. **Encoded length 10–N bytes** (N = `truncate(N)` from metrics config, 
default 16). Below 10, the JDK encoder allocates exact-size buffers; above N, 
Iceberg trims the string first, so the bound holds a truncated form that a 
full-value query naturally sorts past.
   2. **Value is the file's actual lower bound** on that column. Other values 
never compare against the padding byte.
   3. **Predicate is eligible for bound pruning** (`=`, `IN`, etc.).
   
   ## Fix
   - Fix by copying the buffer's [position, limit) window. Added a regression 
test that builds a DataFile with bounds matching that shape, roundtrips through 
`SerializableDataFile`, and asserts the resulting byte[] match the encoded 
content rather than the inflated backing array.
   - New writes will produce correct bounds. Tables already written by the 
buggy sink keep broken bounds until their manifests are rewritten
   
   ------------------------
   
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