andygrove commented on code in PR #4234:
URL: https://github.com/apache/datafusion-comet/pull/4234#discussion_r3506358563


##########
spark/src/main/spark-4.x/org/apache/spark/sql/execution/python/CometArrowPythonRunnerBase.scala:
##########
@@ -0,0 +1,378 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+
+package org.apache.spark.sql.execution.python
+
+import java.io.{DataInputStream, DataOutputStream}
+import java.nio.channels.Channels
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicBoolean
+
+import scala.jdk.CollectionConverters._
+
+import org.apache.arrow.vector.{BaseFixedWidthVector, 
BaseLargeVariableWidthVector, BaseVariableWidthVector, FieldVector, 
VectorSchemaRoot}
+import org.apache.arrow.vector.complex.{LargeListVector, ListVector, 
StructVector}
+import org.apache.arrow.vector.ipc.{ArrowStreamReader, ArrowStreamWriter}
+import org.apache.arrow.vector.types.pojo.{ArrowType, Field, FieldType}
+import org.apache.spark.{SparkEnv, TaskContext}
+import org.apache.spark.api.python.{BasePythonRunner, PythonRDD, PythonWorker, 
SpecialLengths}
+import org.apache.spark.sql.comet.util.Utils
+import org.apache.spark.sql.execution.metric.SQLMetric
+import org.apache.spark.sql.internal.SQLConf
+import org.apache.spark.sql.types.StructType
+import org.apache.spark.sql.vectorized.{ColumnarBatch, ColumnVector}
+import org.apache.spark.unsafe.Platform
+
+import org.apache.comet.CometArrowAllocator
+import org.apache.comet.vector.{CometDecodedVector, CometVector}
+
+/**
+ * Shared base for Comet's Arrow Python runners (Spark 4.0 / 4.1 / 4.2).
+ *
+ * Unlike a stock `ArrowPythonRunner`, this does not extend Spark's 
`PythonArrowInput` /
+ * `BasicPythonArrowOutput` traits. Those traits expose Spark's Arrow types 
(`VectorSchemaRoot`,
+ * `Schema`) in their members, and the packaged `comet-spark` jar relocates 
`org.apache.arrow` to
+ * `org.apache.comet.shaded.arrow`, so mixing them in produces a class whose 
synthetic Arrow
+ * members no longer match Spark's unshaded trait contract (an 
`AbstractMethodError` at runtime).
+ *
+ * Instead it extends only the Arrow-agnostic `BasePythonRunner` and performs 
the Arrow IPC
+ * exchange itself using Comet's (shaded) Arrow. The Python worker only ever 
sees a standard Arrow
+ * IPC byte stream, which is version-neutral, so nothing crosses the 
shaded/unshaded boundary:
+ *   - Input: each Comet `ColumnarBatch` is copied into a shaded struct root 
and written to the
+ *     worker with a shaded `ArrowStreamWriter`.
+ *   - Output: the worker's Arrow IPC is read with a shaded 
`ArrowStreamReader` straight into
+ *     `CometVector`s, which is exactly what `CometMapInBatchExec` and 
downstream native operators
+ *     consume.
+ *
+ * `BasePythonRunner` has the same shape across Spark 4.0/4.1/4.2; only the 
subclass constructor
+ * arguments and `writeUDF` differ, so those stay in the per-version 
subclasses.
+ */
+private[python] trait CometArrowPythonRunnerBase
+    extends BasePythonRunner[Iterator[ColumnarBatch], ColumnarBatch] {
+
+  /** Worker configuration written to the Python worker before execution. */
+  protected def workerConf: Map[String, String]
+
+  /** Comet's Python SQL metrics (data sent/received, rows). */
+  protected def pythonMetrics: Map[String, SQLMetric]
+
+  /** Version-specific UDF command serialization. */
+  protected def writeUDF(dataOut: DataOutputStream): Unit
+
+  /**
+   * Input schema as Comet hands it to the runner: a single non-nullable 
struct named "struct"
+   * whose children are the user's input columns. Comet's FFI-imported vectors 
carry Arrow
+   * `Field`s with null names (Comet uses positional schema), so these names 
are the source of
+   * truth for the field names written into the IPC stream that the Python 
worker reads by name.
+   */
+  protected def schema: StructType
+
+  override val pythonExec: String =
+    
SQLConf.get.pysparkWorkerPythonExecutable.getOrElse(funcs.head.funcs.head.pythonExec)
+
+  override val faultHandlerEnabled: Boolean = 
SQLConf.get.pythonUDFWorkerFaulthandlerEnabled
+  override val idleTimeoutSeconds: Long = 
SQLConf.get.pythonUDFWorkerIdleTimeoutSeconds
+  override val hideTraceback: Boolean = SQLConf.get.pysparkHideTraceback
+  override val simplifiedTraceback: Boolean = 
SQLConf.get.pysparkSimplifiedTraceback
+
+  override val bufferSize: Int = SQLConf.get.pandasUDFBufferSize
+  require(
+    bufferSize >= 4,
+    "Pandas execution requires more than 4 bytes. Please set higher buffer. " +
+      s"Please change '${SQLConf.PANDAS_UDF_BUFFER_SIZE.key}'.")
+
+  override protected def newWriter(
+      env: SparkEnv,
+      worker: PythonWorker,
+      inputIterator: Iterator[Iterator[ColumnarBatch]],
+      partitionIndex: Int,
+      context: TaskContext): Writer = {
+    new Writer(env, worker, inputIterator, partitionIndex, context) {
+
+      private val allocator =
+        CometArrowAllocator.newChildAllocator(s"stdout writer for 
$pythonExec", 0, Long.MaxValue)
+      private var currentGroup: Iterator[ColumnarBatch] = _
+      private var arrowWriter: ArrowStreamWriter = _
+      private var writeRoot: VectorSchemaRoot = _
+      private var structVec: StructVector = _
+
+      context.addTaskCompletionListener[Unit] { _ =>
+        if (writeRoot != null) {
+          writeRoot.close()
+        }
+        allocator.close()
+      }
+
+      protected override def writeCommand(dataOut: DataOutputStream): Unit = {
+        // handleMetadataBeforeExec: write the worker config as key/value 
string pairs.
+        dataOut.writeInt(workerConf.size)
+        for ((k, v) <- workerConf) {
+          PythonRDD.writeUTF(k, dataOut)
+          PythonRDD.writeUTF(v, dataOut)
+        }
+        writeUDF(dataOut)
+      }
+
+      /** Build the destination struct root and start the writer from the 
given child fields. */
+      private def startWriter(childFields: Seq[Field], dataOut: 
DataOutputStream): Unit = {
+        val structField =
+          new Field(
+            "struct",
+            new FieldType(false, ArrowType.Struct.INSTANCE, null),
+            childFields.asJava)
+        structVec = 
structField.createVector(allocator).asInstanceOf[StructVector]
+        writeRoot = new VectorSchemaRoot(Seq[FieldVector](structVec).asJava)
+        arrowWriter = new ArrowStreamWriter(writeRoot, null, 
Channels.newChannel(dataOut))
+        arrowWriter.start()
+      }
+
+      override def writeNextInputToStream(dataOut: DataOutputStream): Boolean 
= {
+        while (currentGroup == null || !currentGroup.hasNext) {
+          if (!inputIterator.hasNext) {
+            if (arrowWriter == null) {
+              // No input batch was ever produced (e.g. an upstream filter 
removed every row).
+              // Still emit a valid, empty Arrow IPC stream so the Python 
worker's
+              // ArrowStreamReader reads a schema and then sees zero batches, 
instead of failing
+              // on an absent stream ("Invalid IPC stream: negative 
continuation token"). There is
+              // no sample batch, so derive the schema from the Spark input 
schema. The timezone is
+              // irrelevant here because no rows are exchanged.
+              val inner = schema.head.dataType.asInstanceOf[StructType]
+              val childFields = inner.fields.toSeq.map(f =>
+                Utils.toArrowField(f.name, f.dataType, nullable = true, "UTC"))
+              startWriter(childFields, dataOut)
+            }
+            arrowWriter.end()
+            return false
+          }
+          currentGroup = inputIterator.next()
+        }
+
+        val cometBatch = currentGroup.next()
+        val startData = dataOut.size()
+
+        if (arrowWriter == null) {
+          // Build the destination struct root once, sized to the first 
batch's child fields.
+          // mapInArrow/mapInPandas exchange the columns under a single 
non-nullable struct.
+          // Comet's FFI-imported vectors leave the Arrow Field name null, so 
restore the real
+          // column names from the input schema (the worker reads columns by 
name, and shaded
+          // Arrow rejects a null field name). The field types and child 
structure are kept as-is
+          // so copyVector still walks the source and destination trees in 
lockstep.
+          val childNames = 
schema.head.dataType.asInstanceOf[StructType].fieldNames
+          val childFields = (0 until cometBatch.numCols()).map { i =>
+            val vecField =
+              
cometBatch.column(i).asInstanceOf[CometDecodedVector].getValueVector.getField
+            renamed(vecField, childNames(i), forceNullable = true)
+          }
+          startWriter(childFields, dataOut)
+        }
+
+        var i = 0
+        while (i < cometBatch.numCols()) {
+          val src = cometBatch
+            .column(i)
+            .asInstanceOf[CometDecodedVector]
+            .getValueVector
+            .asInstanceOf[FieldVector]
+          val dst = structVec.getChildByOrdinal(i).asInstanceOf[FieldVector]
+          copyVector(src, dst)
+          i += 1
+        }
+        val numRows = cometBatch.numRows()
+        structVec.setValueCount(numRows)
+        // Mark every row of the struct non-null (all-1 validity). The 
validity buffer is freshly
+        // allocated and zero-initialised, so without this Python would see an 
all-null struct.
+        val validityBytes = (numRows + 7) / 8
+        Platform.setMemory(
+          structVec.getValidityBuffer.memoryAddress(),
+          0xff.toByte,
+          validityBytes)
+        writeRoot.setRowCount(numRows)
+        arrowWriter.writeBatch()
+
+        pythonMetrics("pythonDataSent") += dataOut.size() - startData
+        true
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  override protected def newReaderIterator(
+      stream: DataInputStream,
+      writer: Writer,
+      startTime: Long,
+      env: SparkEnv,
+      worker: PythonWorker,
+      pid: Option[Int],
+      releasedOrClosed: AtomicBoolean,
+      context: TaskContext): Iterator[ColumnarBatch] = {
+    new ReaderIterator(stream, writer, startTime, env, worker, pid, 
releasedOrClosed, context) {
+
+      private val allocator =
+        CometArrowAllocator.newChildAllocator(s"stdin reader for $pythonExec", 
0, Long.MaxValue)
+      private var reader: ArrowStreamReader = _
+      private var root: VectorSchemaRoot = _
+      private var batchLoaded = true
+
+      context.addTaskCompletionListener[Unit] { _ =>
+        if (reader != null) {
+          reader.close(false)
+        }
+        allocator.close()
+      }
+
+      protected override def read(): ColumnarBatch = {
+        if (writer.exception.isDefined) {
+          throw writer.exception.get
+        }
+        try {
+          if (reader != null && batchLoaded) {
+            batchLoaded = reader.loadNextBatch()
+            if (batchLoaded) {
+              // Re-wrap the (reloaded) field vectors fresh each batch, 
mirroring Comet's
+              // StreamReader, so each ColumnarBatch reflects the current 
buffers.
+              val vectors: Array[ColumnVector] = 
root.getFieldVectors.asScala.map { vector =>
+                CometVector.getVector(vector, null).asInstanceOf[ColumnVector]
+              }.toArray
+              val batch = new ColumnarBatch(vectors)
+              batch.setNumRows(root.getRowCount)
+              pythonMetrics("pythonNumRowsReceived") += root.getRowCount

Review Comment:
   Fixed in 5802e7ca6. The reader now meters `reader.bytesRead()` around 
`loadNextBatch()` into `pythonDataReceived`, matching `BasicPythonArrowOutput`.



##########
spark/src/test/resources/pyspark/test_pyarrow_udf.py:
##########
@@ -0,0 +1,1177 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+# Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+# or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+# distributed with this work for additional information
+# regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+# to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+# "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+# with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+# software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+# "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+# KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+# specific language governing permissions and limitations
+# under the License.
+
+"""
+Pytest-driven integration tests for Comet's PyArrow UDF acceleration.
+
+Each test runs against two execution paths:
+  - "accelerated": spark.comet.exec.pyarrowUdf.enabled=true
+                   (plan should contain CometMapInBatch and no ColumnarToRow)
+  - "fallback":    spark.comet.exec.pyarrowUdf.enabled=false
+                   (plan should contain vanilla PythonMapInArrow / MapInArrow)
+
+Usage:
+    # Build Comet first:
+    make
+
+    # Then either let the test discover the jar from spark/target, or pass it
+    # explicitly via COMET_JAR:
+    export 
COMET_JAR=$PWD/spark/target/comet-spark-spark3.5_2.12-0.16.0-SNAPSHOT.jar
+
+    pip install pyspark==3.5.8 pyarrow pandas pytest
+    pytest -v spark/src/test/resources/pyspark/test_pyarrow_udf.py
+"""
+
+import datetime as dt
+import os
+from decimal import Decimal
+
+import pyarrow as pa
+import pytest
+from pyspark.sql import SparkSession, types as T
+
+from conftest import resolve_comet_jar
+
+
[email protected](scope="session")
+def spark():
+    jar = resolve_comet_jar()
+    # PYSPARK_SUBMIT_ARGS is consumed when pyspark launches its JVM. Setting
+    # --jars puts the Comet jar on both driver and executor classpaths so the
+    # CometPlugin can be loaded.
+    os.environ["PYSPARK_SUBMIT_ARGS"] = (
+        f"--jars {jar} --driver-class-path {jar} pyspark-shell"
+    )
+    session = (
+        SparkSession.builder.master("local[2]")
+        .appName("comet-pyarrow-udf-tests")
+        .config("spark.plugins", "org.apache.spark.CometPlugin")
+        .config("spark.comet.enabled", "true")
+        .config("spark.comet.exec.enabled", "true")
+        # spark.comet.exec.shuffle.enabled defaults to true, and
+        # CometSparkSessionExtensions.isCometLoaded refuses to register 
Comet's rules
+        # at all when shuffle is on but spark.shuffle.manager is not the Comet 
manager.
+        # These tests do not need Comet shuffle, so disable it explicitly to 
keep
+        # Comet's scan and exec rules active without configuring shuffle.
+        .config("spark.comet.exec.shuffle.enabled", "false")
+        .config("spark.memory.offHeap.enabled", "true")
+        .config("spark.memory.offHeap.size", "2g")
+        .getOrCreate()
+    )
+    try:
+        yield session
+    finally:
+        session.stop()
+
+
[email protected](params=[True, False], ids=["accelerated", "fallback"])
+def accelerated(request, spark) -> bool:
+    spark.conf.set(
+        "spark.comet.exec.pyarrowUdf.enabled",
+        "true" if request.param else "false",
+    )
+    return request.param
+
+
+def _executed_plan(df) -> str:
+    return df._jdf.queryExecution().executedPlan().toString()
+
+
+def _assert_plan_matches_mode(
+    plan: str, accelerated: bool, vanilla_node: str = "MapInArrow"
+) -> None:
+    if accelerated:
+        assert "CometMapInBatch" in plan, (
+            f"expected CometMapInBatch in accelerated plan, got:\n{plan}"
+        )
+        assert "ColumnarToRow" not in plan, (
+            f"unexpected ColumnarToRow in accelerated plan:\n{plan}"
+        )
+    else:
+        assert "CometMapInBatch" not in plan, (
+            f"unexpected CometMapInBatch in fallback plan:\n{plan}"
+        )
+        assert vanilla_node in plan, (
+            f"expected {vanilla_node} in fallback plan, got:\n{plan}"
+        )
+
+
+def test_map_in_arrow_doubles_value(spark, tmp_path, accelerated):
+    data = [(i, float(i * 1.5), f"name_{i}") for i in range(100)]
+    src = str(tmp_path / "src.parquet")
+    spark.createDataFrame(data, ["id", "value", "name"]).write.parquet(src)
+
+    def double_value(iterator):
+        for batch in iterator:
+            pdf = batch.to_pandas()
+            pdf["value"] = pdf["value"] * 2
+            yield pa.RecordBatch.from_pandas(pdf)
+
+    schema = T.StructType(
+        [
+            T.StructField("id", T.LongType()),
+            T.StructField("value", T.DoubleType()),
+            T.StructField("name", T.StringType()),
+        ]
+    )
+    result_df = spark.read.parquet(src).mapInArrow(double_value, schema)
+
+    _assert_plan_matches_mode(_executed_plan(result_df), accelerated)
+
+    rows = result_df.orderBy("id").collect()
+    assert len(rows) == len(data)
+    for row, original in zip(rows, data):
+        assert row["id"] == original[0]
+        assert abs(row["value"] - original[1] * 2) < 1e-6
+        assert row["name"] == original[2]
+
+
+# All other tests use the default `vanilla_node="MapInArrow"`. The mapInPandas 
tests below
+# pass `MapInPandas` explicitly. The substring is the same on Spark 3.5 
(PythonMapInArrowExec)
+# and Spark 4.x (MapInArrowExec) since the latter is a substring of the former.
+
+
+def test_map_in_arrow_changes_schema(spark, tmp_path, accelerated):
+    data = [(i, float(i)) for i in range(50)]
+    src = str(tmp_path / "src.parquet")
+    spark.createDataFrame(data, ["id", "value"]).write.parquet(src)
+
+    def add_computed_column(iterator):
+        for batch in iterator:
+            pdf = batch.to_pandas()
+            pdf["squared"] = pdf["value"] ** 2
+            pdf["label"] = pdf["id"].apply(lambda x: f"item_{x}")
+            yield pa.RecordBatch.from_pandas(pdf)
+
+    schema = T.StructType(
+        [
+            T.StructField("id", T.LongType()),
+            T.StructField("value", T.DoubleType()),
+            T.StructField("squared", T.DoubleType()),
+            T.StructField("label", T.StringType()),
+        ]
+    )
+    result_df = spark.read.parquet(src).mapInArrow(add_computed_column, schema)
+
+    _assert_plan_matches_mode(_executed_plan(result_df), accelerated)
+
+    rows = result_df.orderBy("id").collect()
+    assert len(rows) == 50
+    for i, row in enumerate(rows):
+        assert abs(row["squared"] - float(i) ** 2) < 1e-6
+        assert row["label"] == f"item_{i}"
+
+
+def test_map_in_pandas_doubles_value(spark, tmp_path, accelerated):
+    data = [(i, float(i * 1.5)) for i in range(100)]
+    src = str(tmp_path / "src.parquet")
+    spark.createDataFrame(data, ["id", "value"]).write.parquet(src)
+
+    def double_value(iterator):
+        for pdf in iterator:
+            pdf = pdf.copy()
+            pdf["value"] = pdf["value"] * 2
+            yield pdf
+
+    schema = T.StructType(
+        [
+            T.StructField("id", T.LongType()),
+            T.StructField("value", T.DoubleType()),
+        ]
+    )
+    result_df = spark.read.parquet(src).mapInPandas(double_value, schema)
+
+    _assert_plan_matches_mode(
+        _executed_plan(result_df), accelerated, vanilla_node="MapInPandas"
+    )
+
+    rows = result_df.orderBy("id").collect()
+    assert len(rows) == len(data)
+    for row, original in zip(rows, data):
+        assert row["id"] == original[0]
+        assert abs(row["value"] - original[1] * 2) < 1e-6
+
+
+def test_map_in_pandas_changes_schema(spark, tmp_path, accelerated):
+    data = [(i, float(i)) for i in range(50)]
+    src = str(tmp_path / "src.parquet")
+    spark.createDataFrame(data, ["id", "value"]).write.parquet(src)
+
+    def add_squared(iterator):
+        for pdf in iterator:
+            pdf = pdf.copy()
+            pdf["squared"] = pdf["value"] ** 2
+            yield pdf
+
+    schema = T.StructType(
+        [
+            T.StructField("id", T.LongType()),
+            T.StructField("value", T.DoubleType()),
+            T.StructField("squared", T.DoubleType()),
+        ]
+    )
+    result_df = spark.read.parquet(src).mapInPandas(add_squared, schema)
+
+    _assert_plan_matches_mode(
+        _executed_plan(result_df), accelerated, vanilla_node="MapInPandas"
+    )
+
+    rows = result_df.orderBy("id").collect()
+    assert len(rows) == 50
+    for i, row in enumerate(rows):
+        assert abs(row["squared"] - float(i) ** 2) < 1e-6
+
+
+def test_map_in_arrow_preserves_nulls(spark, tmp_path, accelerated):
+    schema_in = T.StructType(
+        [
+            T.StructField("id", T.LongType()),
+            T.StructField("name", T.StringType()),
+        ]
+    )
+    rows = [
+        (1, "a"),
+        (2, None),
+        (None, "c"),
+        (None, None),
+        (5, "e"),
+    ]
+    src = str(tmp_path / "src.parquet")
+    spark.createDataFrame(rows, schema_in).write.parquet(src)
+
+    def passthrough(iterator):
+        # Pure Arrow passthrough so nulls survive without a pandas roundtrip
+        # (pandas would coerce null longs to NaN floats).
+        for batch in iterator:
+            yield batch
+
+    result_df = spark.read.parquet(src).mapInArrow(passthrough, schema_in)
+    _assert_plan_matches_mode(_executed_plan(result_df), accelerated)
+
+    out = {(r["id"], r["name"]) for r in result_df.collect()}
+    assert out == set(rows)
+
+
+def test_map_in_arrow_empty_input(spark, tmp_path, accelerated):
+    schema_in = T.StructType(
+        [
+            T.StructField("id", T.LongType()),
+            T.StructField("value", T.DoubleType()),
+        ]
+    )
+    src = str(tmp_path / "src.parquet")
+    spark.createDataFrame([(1, 1.0), (2, 2.0)], schema_in).write.parquet(src)
+
+    def passthrough(iterator):
+        for batch in iterator:
+            yield batch
+
+    # Filter all rows out so the operator sees an empty stream from CometScan.
+    result_df = (
+        spark.read.parquet(src).where("id < 0").mapInArrow(passthrough, 
schema_in)
+    )
+    _assert_plan_matches_mode(_executed_plan(result_df), accelerated)
+
+    assert result_df.count() == 0
+
+
+def test_map_in_arrow_python_exception_propagates(spark, tmp_path, 
accelerated):
+    schema_in = T.StructType([T.StructField("id", T.LongType())])
+    data = [(i,) for i in range(10)]
+    src = str(tmp_path / "src.parquet")
+    spark.createDataFrame(data, schema_in).write.parquet(src)
+
+    sentinel = "boom-from-pyarrow-udf"
+
+    def boom(iterator):
+        for _batch in iterator:
+            raise ValueError(sentinel)
+        # Unreachable, but mapInArrow requires the callable to be a generator.
+        yield  # pragma: no cover
+
+    result_df = spark.read.parquet(src).mapInArrow(boom, schema_in)
+    _assert_plan_matches_mode(_executed_plan(result_df), accelerated)
+
+    with pytest.raises(Exception) as exc_info:
+        result_df.collect()
+    assert sentinel in str(exc_info.value), (
+        f"expected sentinel {sentinel!r} in exception, got: {exc_info.value}"
+    )
+
+
+def test_map_in_arrow_decimal_type(spark, tmp_path, accelerated):
+    schema_in = T.StructType(
+        [
+            T.StructField("id", T.LongType()),
+            T.StructField("amount", T.DecimalType(18, 6)),
+        ]
+    )
+    rows = [
+        (1, Decimal("123.456789")),
+        (2, Decimal("0.000001")),
+        (3, Decimal("-99999999.999999")),
+        (4, None),
+    ]
+    src = str(tmp_path / "src.parquet")
+    spark.createDataFrame(rows, schema_in).write.parquet(src)
+
+    def passthrough(iterator):
+        for batch in iterator:
+            yield batch
+
+    result_df = spark.read.parquet(src).mapInArrow(passthrough, schema_in)
+    _assert_plan_matches_mode(_executed_plan(result_df), accelerated)
+
+    out = {(r["id"], r["amount"]) for r in result_df.collect()}
+    assert out == set(rows)
+
+
[email protected](
+    "precision,scale",
+    [
+        (1, 0),
+        (9, 0),
+        (9, 4),
+        (17, 8),
+        (18, 0),
+        (18, 18),
+        (19, 0),
+        (28, 14),
+        (38, 0),
+        (38, 18),
+        (38, 38),
+    ],
+)
+def test_map_in_arrow_decimal_precision_sweep(

Review Comment:
   Fixed. Rewrote the rationale: the Arrow `DecimalVector` on this path is 
always 16 bytes wide, and the 8-byte long-backed form is Spark's `UnsafeRow` 
encoding the Arrow copy never sees. The docstring now says the sweep guards the 
precision/scale extremes and the 18/19 point where Spark changes its own 
representation, rather than an Arrow buffer-width boundary.



##########
spark/src/main/spark-4.x/org/apache/spark/sql/execution/python/CometArrowPythonRunnerBase.scala:
##########
@@ -0,0 +1,378 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+
+package org.apache.spark.sql.execution.python
+
+import java.io.{DataInputStream, DataOutputStream}
+import java.nio.channels.Channels
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicBoolean
+
+import scala.jdk.CollectionConverters._
+
+import org.apache.arrow.vector.{BaseFixedWidthVector, 
BaseLargeVariableWidthVector, BaseVariableWidthVector, FieldVector, 
VectorSchemaRoot}
+import org.apache.arrow.vector.complex.{LargeListVector, ListVector, 
StructVector}
+import org.apache.arrow.vector.ipc.{ArrowStreamReader, ArrowStreamWriter}
+import org.apache.arrow.vector.types.pojo.{ArrowType, Field, FieldType}
+import org.apache.spark.{SparkEnv, TaskContext}
+import org.apache.spark.api.python.{BasePythonRunner, PythonRDD, PythonWorker, 
SpecialLengths}
+import org.apache.spark.sql.comet.util.Utils
+import org.apache.spark.sql.execution.metric.SQLMetric
+import org.apache.spark.sql.internal.SQLConf
+import org.apache.spark.sql.types.StructType
+import org.apache.spark.sql.vectorized.{ColumnarBatch, ColumnVector}
+import org.apache.spark.unsafe.Platform
+
+import org.apache.comet.CometArrowAllocator
+import org.apache.comet.vector.{CometDecodedVector, CometVector}
+
+/**
+ * Shared base for Comet's Arrow Python runners (Spark 4.0 / 4.1 / 4.2).
+ *
+ * Unlike a stock `ArrowPythonRunner`, this does not extend Spark's 
`PythonArrowInput` /
+ * `BasicPythonArrowOutput` traits. Those traits expose Spark's Arrow types 
(`VectorSchemaRoot`,
+ * `Schema`) in their members, and the packaged `comet-spark` jar relocates 
`org.apache.arrow` to
+ * `org.apache.comet.shaded.arrow`, so mixing them in produces a class whose 
synthetic Arrow
+ * members no longer match Spark's unshaded trait contract (an 
`AbstractMethodError` at runtime).
+ *
+ * Instead it extends only the Arrow-agnostic `BasePythonRunner` and performs 
the Arrow IPC
+ * exchange itself using Comet's (shaded) Arrow. The Python worker only ever 
sees a standard Arrow
+ * IPC byte stream, which is version-neutral, so nothing crosses the 
shaded/unshaded boundary:
+ *   - Input: each Comet `ColumnarBatch` is copied into a shaded struct root 
and written to the
+ *     worker with a shaded `ArrowStreamWriter`.
+ *   - Output: the worker's Arrow IPC is read with a shaded 
`ArrowStreamReader` straight into
+ *     `CometVector`s, which is exactly what `CometMapInBatchExec` and 
downstream native operators
+ *     consume.
+ *
+ * `BasePythonRunner` has the same shape across Spark 4.0/4.1/4.2; only the 
subclass constructor
+ * arguments and `writeUDF` differ, so those stay in the per-version 
subclasses.
+ */
+private[python] trait CometArrowPythonRunnerBase
+    extends BasePythonRunner[Iterator[ColumnarBatch], ColumnarBatch] {
+
+  /** Worker configuration written to the Python worker before execution. */
+  protected def workerConf: Map[String, String]
+
+  /** Comet's Python SQL metrics (data sent/received, rows). */
+  protected def pythonMetrics: Map[String, SQLMetric]
+
+  /** Version-specific UDF command serialization. */
+  protected def writeUDF(dataOut: DataOutputStream): Unit
+
+  /**
+   * Input schema as Comet hands it to the runner: a single non-nullable 
struct named "struct"
+   * whose children are the user's input columns. Comet's FFI-imported vectors 
carry Arrow
+   * `Field`s with null names (Comet uses positional schema), so these names 
are the source of
+   * truth for the field names written into the IPC stream that the Python 
worker reads by name.
+   */
+  protected def schema: StructType
+
+  override val pythonExec: String =
+    
SQLConf.get.pysparkWorkerPythonExecutable.getOrElse(funcs.head.funcs.head.pythonExec)
+
+  override val faultHandlerEnabled: Boolean = 
SQLConf.get.pythonUDFWorkerFaulthandlerEnabled
+  override val idleTimeoutSeconds: Long = 
SQLConf.get.pythonUDFWorkerIdleTimeoutSeconds
+  override val hideTraceback: Boolean = SQLConf.get.pysparkHideTraceback
+  override val simplifiedTraceback: Boolean = 
SQLConf.get.pysparkSimplifiedTraceback
+
+  override val bufferSize: Int = SQLConf.get.pandasUDFBufferSize
+  require(
+    bufferSize >= 4,
+    "Pandas execution requires more than 4 bytes. Please set higher buffer. " +
+      s"Please change '${SQLConf.PANDAS_UDF_BUFFER_SIZE.key}'.")
+
+  override protected def newWriter(
+      env: SparkEnv,
+      worker: PythonWorker,
+      inputIterator: Iterator[Iterator[ColumnarBatch]],
+      partitionIndex: Int,
+      context: TaskContext): Writer = {
+    new Writer(env, worker, inputIterator, partitionIndex, context) {
+
+      private val allocator =
+        CometArrowAllocator.newChildAllocator(s"stdout writer for 
$pythonExec", 0, Long.MaxValue)
+      private var currentGroup: Iterator[ColumnarBatch] = _
+      private var arrowWriter: ArrowStreamWriter = _
+      private var writeRoot: VectorSchemaRoot = _
+      private var structVec: StructVector = _
+
+      context.addTaskCompletionListener[Unit] { _ =>
+        if (writeRoot != null) {
+          writeRoot.close()
+        }
+        allocator.close()
+      }
+
+      protected override def writeCommand(dataOut: DataOutputStream): Unit = {
+        // handleMetadataBeforeExec: write the worker config as key/value 
string pairs.
+        dataOut.writeInt(workerConf.size)
+        for ((k, v) <- workerConf) {
+          PythonRDD.writeUTF(k, dataOut)
+          PythonRDD.writeUTF(v, dataOut)
+        }
+        writeUDF(dataOut)
+      }
+
+      /** Build the destination struct root and start the writer from the 
given child fields. */
+      private def startWriter(childFields: Seq[Field], dataOut: 
DataOutputStream): Unit = {
+        val structField =
+          new Field(
+            "struct",
+            new FieldType(false, ArrowType.Struct.INSTANCE, null),
+            childFields.asJava)
+        structVec = 
structField.createVector(allocator).asInstanceOf[StructVector]
+        writeRoot = new VectorSchemaRoot(Seq[FieldVector](structVec).asJava)
+        arrowWriter = new ArrowStreamWriter(writeRoot, null, 
Channels.newChannel(dataOut))
+        arrowWriter.start()
+      }
+
+      override def writeNextInputToStream(dataOut: DataOutputStream): Boolean 
= {
+        while (currentGroup == null || !currentGroup.hasNext) {
+          if (!inputIterator.hasNext) {
+            if (arrowWriter == null) {
+              // No input batch was ever produced (e.g. an upstream filter 
removed every row).
+              // Still emit a valid, empty Arrow IPC stream so the Python 
worker's
+              // ArrowStreamReader reads a schema and then sees zero batches, 
instead of failing
+              // on an absent stream ("Invalid IPC stream: negative 
continuation token"). There is
+              // no sample batch, so derive the schema from the Spark input 
schema. The timezone is
+              // irrelevant here because no rows are exchanged.
+              val inner = schema.head.dataType.asInstanceOf[StructType]
+              val childFields = inner.fields.toSeq.map(f =>
+                Utils.toArrowField(f.name, f.dataType, nullable = true, "UTC"))
+              startWriter(childFields, dataOut)
+            }
+            arrowWriter.end()
+            return false
+          }
+          currentGroup = inputIterator.next()
+        }
+
+        val cometBatch = currentGroup.next()
+        val startData = dataOut.size()
+
+        if (arrowWriter == null) {
+          // Build the destination struct root once, sized to the first 
batch's child fields.
+          // mapInArrow/mapInPandas exchange the columns under a single 
non-nullable struct.
+          // Comet's FFI-imported vectors leave the Arrow Field name null, so 
restore the real
+          // column names from the input schema (the worker reads columns by 
name, and shaded
+          // Arrow rejects a null field name). The field types and child 
structure are kept as-is
+          // so copyVector still walks the source and destination trees in 
lockstep.
+          val childNames = 
schema.head.dataType.asInstanceOf[StructType].fieldNames
+          val childFields = (0 until cometBatch.numCols()).map { i =>
+            val vecField =
+              
cometBatch.column(i).asInstanceOf[CometDecodedVector].getValueVector.getField
+            renamed(vecField, childNames(i), forceNullable = true)
+          }
+          startWriter(childFields, dataOut)
+        }
+
+        var i = 0
+        while (i < cometBatch.numCols()) {
+          val src = cometBatch
+            .column(i)
+            .asInstanceOf[CometDecodedVector]
+            .getValueVector
+            .asInstanceOf[FieldVector]
+          val dst = structVec.getChildByOrdinal(i).asInstanceOf[FieldVector]
+          copyVector(src, dst)
+          i += 1
+        }
+        val numRows = cometBatch.numRows()
+        structVec.setValueCount(numRows)
+        // Mark every row of the struct non-null (all-1 validity). The 
validity buffer is freshly
+        // allocated and zero-initialised, so without this Python would see an 
all-null struct.
+        val validityBytes = (numRows + 7) / 8
+        Platform.setMemory(
+          structVec.getValidityBuffer.memoryAddress(),
+          0xff.toByte,
+          validityBytes)
+        writeRoot.setRowCount(numRows)
+        arrowWriter.writeBatch()
+
+        pythonMetrics("pythonDataSent") += dataOut.size() - startData
+        true
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  override protected def newReaderIterator(
+      stream: DataInputStream,
+      writer: Writer,
+      startTime: Long,
+      env: SparkEnv,
+      worker: PythonWorker,
+      pid: Option[Int],
+      releasedOrClosed: AtomicBoolean,
+      context: TaskContext): Iterator[ColumnarBatch] = {
+    new ReaderIterator(stream, writer, startTime, env, worker, pid, 
releasedOrClosed, context) {
+
+      private val allocator =
+        CometArrowAllocator.newChildAllocator(s"stdin reader for $pythonExec", 
0, Long.MaxValue)
+      private var reader: ArrowStreamReader = _
+      private var root: VectorSchemaRoot = _
+      private var batchLoaded = true
+
+      context.addTaskCompletionListener[Unit] { _ =>
+        if (reader != null) {
+          reader.close(false)
+        }
+        allocator.close()
+      }
+
+      protected override def read(): ColumnarBatch = {
+        if (writer.exception.isDefined) {
+          throw writer.exception.get
+        }
+        try {
+          if (reader != null && batchLoaded) {
+            batchLoaded = reader.loadNextBatch()
+            if (batchLoaded) {
+              // Re-wrap the (reloaded) field vectors fresh each batch, 
mirroring Comet's
+              // StreamReader, so each ColumnarBatch reflects the current 
buffers.
+              val vectors: Array[ColumnVector] = 
root.getFieldVectors.asScala.map { vector =>
+                CometVector.getVector(vector, null).asInstanceOf[ColumnVector]
+              }.toArray
+              val batch = new ColumnarBatch(vectors)
+              batch.setNumRows(root.getRowCount)
+              pythonMetrics("pythonNumRowsReceived") += root.getRowCount
+              batch
+            } else {
+              reader.close(false)
+              allocator.close()
+              read()
+            }
+          } else {
+            stream.readInt() match {
+              case SpecialLengths.START_ARROW_STREAM =>
+                reader = new ArrowStreamReader(stream, allocator)
+                root = reader.getVectorSchemaRoot()
+                read()
+              case SpecialLengths.TIMING_DATA =>
+                handleTimingData()
+                read()
+              case SpecialLengths.PYTHON_EXCEPTION_THROWN =>
+                throw handlePythonException()
+              case SpecialLengths.END_OF_DATA_SECTION =>
+                handleEndOfDataSection()
+                null
+            }
+          }
+        } catch handleException
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Rebuild `field` with `name`, preserving its Arrow type and child 
structure. Any nested child
+   * whose name Comet's FFI import left null is given a positional placeholder 
so shaded Arrow can
+   * materialize the struct. Keeping the type and structure intact means the 
destination tree
+   * still mirrors the Comet source tree for [[copyVector]].
+   */
+  private def renamed(field: Field, name: String, forceNullable: Boolean): 
Field = {
+    // A Map's descendants must keep their original nullability: Arrow 
requires the entries struct
+    // (and its key) to be non-nullable, and `MapVector.createVector` rejects 
a nullable entries
+    // struct. Stop forcing nullable once we enter a Map subtree.
+    val childrenForceNullable = forceNullable && 
!field.getType.isInstanceOf[ArrowType.Map]
+    val children = field.getChildren
+    val newChildren =
+      if (children.isEmpty) children
+      else
+        children.asScala.zipWithIndex.map { case (child, idx) =>
+          renamed(
+            child,
+            if (child.getName == null) s"_$idx" else child.getName,
+            childrenForceNullable)
+        }.asJava
+    // Force the field nullable where allowed. Comet's FFI-imported vectors 
may carry a
+    // non-nullable Arrow `Field` even for columns that contain nulls (Comet 
uses positional schema
+    // and does not round-trip Spark's nullability), and the worker rejects a 
null value under a
+    // non-nullable field (`from_pandas(pdf, schema=batch.schema)` raises). 
Marking the field
+    // nullable is a safe superset; `copyVector` fills an all-valid validity 
buffer when the source
+    // has no nulls.
+    val ft = field.getFieldType
+    val nullable = forceNullable || ft.isNullable
+    val newFt = new FieldType(nullable, ft.getType, ft.getDictionary, 
ft.getMetadata)
+    new Field(name, newFt, newChildren)
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Copy a Comet column into the destination FieldVector. Walks both trees in 
lockstep: sizes
+   * each destination node from the source, copies every buffer with 
`ArrowBuf.setBytes`, then
+   * sets value counts bottom-up so `setValueCount` does not rewrite the 
offset bytes we just
+   * copied. Both source and destination are Comet's (shaded) Arrow vectors, 
so no shaded /
+   * unshaded type crosses.
+   */
+  private def copyVector(src: FieldVector, dst: FieldVector): Unit = {
+    val valueCount = src.getValueCount
+
+    dst match {
+      case bfwv: BaseFixedWidthVector =>
+        bfwv.allocateNew(valueCount)
+      case bvwv: BaseVariableWidthVector =>
+        bvwv.allocateNew(src.getDataBuffer.readableBytes, valueCount)
+      case blvwv: BaseLargeVariableWidthVector =>
+        blvwv.allocateNew(src.getDataBuffer.readableBytes, valueCount)
+      case _ =>
+        dst.setInitialCapacity(valueCount)
+        dst.allocateNew()
+    }
+
+    val srcBufs = src.getFieldBuffers
+    val dstBufs = dst.getFieldBuffers
+    require(
+      srcBufs.size == dstBufs.size,
+      s"buffer count mismatch for ${dst.getField}: src=${srcBufs.size}, 
dst=${dstBufs.size}")
+    var b = 0
+    while (b < srcBufs.size) {

Review Comment:
   Done, switched to `srcBufs.asScala.zip(dstBufs.asScala).foreach { case (s, 
d) => d.setBytes(0, s, 0, s.readableBytes) }` with the buffer-count `require` 
kept ahead of it.



##########
spark/src/main/spark-4.x/org/apache/spark/sql/execution/python/CometArrowPythonRunnerBase.scala:
##########
@@ -0,0 +1,378 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+
+package org.apache.spark.sql.execution.python
+
+import java.io.{DataInputStream, DataOutputStream}
+import java.nio.channels.Channels
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicBoolean
+
+import scala.jdk.CollectionConverters._
+
+import org.apache.arrow.vector.{BaseFixedWidthVector, 
BaseLargeVariableWidthVector, BaseVariableWidthVector, FieldVector, 
VectorSchemaRoot}
+import org.apache.arrow.vector.complex.{LargeListVector, ListVector, 
StructVector}
+import org.apache.arrow.vector.ipc.{ArrowStreamReader, ArrowStreamWriter}
+import org.apache.arrow.vector.types.pojo.{ArrowType, Field, FieldType}
+import org.apache.spark.{SparkEnv, TaskContext}
+import org.apache.spark.api.python.{BasePythonRunner, PythonRDD, PythonWorker, 
SpecialLengths}
+import org.apache.spark.sql.comet.util.Utils
+import org.apache.spark.sql.execution.metric.SQLMetric
+import org.apache.spark.sql.internal.SQLConf
+import org.apache.spark.sql.types.StructType
+import org.apache.spark.sql.vectorized.{ColumnarBatch, ColumnVector}
+import org.apache.spark.unsafe.Platform
+
+import org.apache.comet.CometArrowAllocator
+import org.apache.comet.vector.{CometDecodedVector, CometVector}
+
+/**
+ * Shared base for Comet's Arrow Python runners (Spark 4.0 / 4.1 / 4.2).
+ *
+ * Unlike a stock `ArrowPythonRunner`, this does not extend Spark's 
`PythonArrowInput` /
+ * `BasicPythonArrowOutput` traits. Those traits expose Spark's Arrow types 
(`VectorSchemaRoot`,
+ * `Schema`) in their members, and the packaged `comet-spark` jar relocates 
`org.apache.arrow` to
+ * `org.apache.comet.shaded.arrow`, so mixing them in produces a class whose 
synthetic Arrow
+ * members no longer match Spark's unshaded trait contract (an 
`AbstractMethodError` at runtime).
+ *
+ * Instead it extends only the Arrow-agnostic `BasePythonRunner` and performs 
the Arrow IPC
+ * exchange itself using Comet's (shaded) Arrow. The Python worker only ever 
sees a standard Arrow
+ * IPC byte stream, which is version-neutral, so nothing crosses the 
shaded/unshaded boundary:
+ *   - Input: each Comet `ColumnarBatch` is copied into a shaded struct root 
and written to the
+ *     worker with a shaded `ArrowStreamWriter`.
+ *   - Output: the worker's Arrow IPC is read with a shaded 
`ArrowStreamReader` straight into
+ *     `CometVector`s, which is exactly what `CometMapInBatchExec` and 
downstream native operators
+ *     consume.
+ *
+ * `BasePythonRunner` has the same shape across Spark 4.0/4.1/4.2; only the 
subclass constructor
+ * arguments and `writeUDF` differ, so those stay in the per-version 
subclasses.
+ */
+private[python] trait CometArrowPythonRunnerBase
+    extends BasePythonRunner[Iterator[ColumnarBatch], ColumnarBatch] {
+
+  /** Worker configuration written to the Python worker before execution. */
+  protected def workerConf: Map[String, String]
+
+  /** Comet's Python SQL metrics (data sent/received, rows). */
+  protected def pythonMetrics: Map[String, SQLMetric]
+
+  /** Version-specific UDF command serialization. */
+  protected def writeUDF(dataOut: DataOutputStream): Unit
+
+  /**
+   * Input schema as Comet hands it to the runner: a single non-nullable 
struct named "struct"
+   * whose children are the user's input columns. Comet's FFI-imported vectors 
carry Arrow
+   * `Field`s with null names (Comet uses positional schema), so these names 
are the source of
+   * truth for the field names written into the IPC stream that the Python 
worker reads by name.
+   */
+  protected def schema: StructType
+
+  override val pythonExec: String =
+    
SQLConf.get.pysparkWorkerPythonExecutable.getOrElse(funcs.head.funcs.head.pythonExec)
+
+  override val faultHandlerEnabled: Boolean = 
SQLConf.get.pythonUDFWorkerFaulthandlerEnabled
+  override val idleTimeoutSeconds: Long = 
SQLConf.get.pythonUDFWorkerIdleTimeoutSeconds
+  override val hideTraceback: Boolean = SQLConf.get.pysparkHideTraceback
+  override val simplifiedTraceback: Boolean = 
SQLConf.get.pysparkSimplifiedTraceback
+
+  override val bufferSize: Int = SQLConf.get.pandasUDFBufferSize
+  require(
+    bufferSize >= 4,
+    "Pandas execution requires more than 4 bytes. Please set higher buffer. " +
+      s"Please change '${SQLConf.PANDAS_UDF_BUFFER_SIZE.key}'.")
+
+  override protected def newWriter(
+      env: SparkEnv,
+      worker: PythonWorker,
+      inputIterator: Iterator[Iterator[ColumnarBatch]],
+      partitionIndex: Int,
+      context: TaskContext): Writer = {
+    new Writer(env, worker, inputIterator, partitionIndex, context) {
+
+      private val allocator =
+        CometArrowAllocator.newChildAllocator(s"stdout writer for 
$pythonExec", 0, Long.MaxValue)
+      private var currentGroup: Iterator[ColumnarBatch] = _
+      private var arrowWriter: ArrowStreamWriter = _
+      private var writeRoot: VectorSchemaRoot = _
+      private var structVec: StructVector = _
+
+      context.addTaskCompletionListener[Unit] { _ =>
+        if (writeRoot != null) {
+          writeRoot.close()
+        }
+        allocator.close()
+      }
+
+      protected override def writeCommand(dataOut: DataOutputStream): Unit = {
+        // handleMetadataBeforeExec: write the worker config as key/value 
string pairs.
+        dataOut.writeInt(workerConf.size)
+        for ((k, v) <- workerConf) {
+          PythonRDD.writeUTF(k, dataOut)
+          PythonRDD.writeUTF(v, dataOut)
+        }
+        writeUDF(dataOut)
+      }
+
+      /** Build the destination struct root and start the writer from the 
given child fields. */
+      private def startWriter(childFields: Seq[Field], dataOut: 
DataOutputStream): Unit = {
+        val structField =
+          new Field(
+            "struct",
+            new FieldType(false, ArrowType.Struct.INSTANCE, null),
+            childFields.asJava)
+        structVec = 
structField.createVector(allocator).asInstanceOf[StructVector]
+        writeRoot = new VectorSchemaRoot(Seq[FieldVector](structVec).asJava)
+        arrowWriter = new ArrowStreamWriter(writeRoot, null, 
Channels.newChannel(dataOut))
+        arrowWriter.start()
+      }
+
+      override def writeNextInputToStream(dataOut: DataOutputStream): Boolean 
= {
+        while (currentGroup == null || !currentGroup.hasNext) {
+          if (!inputIterator.hasNext) {
+            if (arrowWriter == null) {
+              // No input batch was ever produced (e.g. an upstream filter 
removed every row).
+              // Still emit a valid, empty Arrow IPC stream so the Python 
worker's
+              // ArrowStreamReader reads a schema and then sees zero batches, 
instead of failing
+              // on an absent stream ("Invalid IPC stream: negative 
continuation token"). There is
+              // no sample batch, so derive the schema from the Spark input 
schema. The timezone is
+              // irrelevant here because no rows are exchanged.
+              val inner = schema.head.dataType.asInstanceOf[StructType]

Review Comment:
   Done. Hoisted to a single `lazy val inputStructType` on the Writer; both the 
empty-stream and first-batch arms use it.



##########
spark/src/main/spark-4.x/org/apache/spark/sql/execution/python/CometArrowPythonRunnerBase.scala:
##########
@@ -0,0 +1,378 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+
+package org.apache.spark.sql.execution.python
+
+import java.io.{DataInputStream, DataOutputStream}
+import java.nio.channels.Channels
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicBoolean
+
+import scala.jdk.CollectionConverters._
+
+import org.apache.arrow.vector.{BaseFixedWidthVector, 
BaseLargeVariableWidthVector, BaseVariableWidthVector, FieldVector, 
VectorSchemaRoot}
+import org.apache.arrow.vector.complex.{LargeListVector, ListVector, 
StructVector}
+import org.apache.arrow.vector.ipc.{ArrowStreamReader, ArrowStreamWriter}
+import org.apache.arrow.vector.types.pojo.{ArrowType, Field, FieldType}
+import org.apache.spark.{SparkEnv, TaskContext}
+import org.apache.spark.api.python.{BasePythonRunner, PythonRDD, PythonWorker, 
SpecialLengths}
+import org.apache.spark.sql.comet.util.Utils
+import org.apache.spark.sql.execution.metric.SQLMetric
+import org.apache.spark.sql.internal.SQLConf
+import org.apache.spark.sql.types.StructType
+import org.apache.spark.sql.vectorized.{ColumnarBatch, ColumnVector}
+import org.apache.spark.unsafe.Platform
+
+import org.apache.comet.CometArrowAllocator
+import org.apache.comet.vector.{CometDecodedVector, CometVector}
+
+/**
+ * Shared base for Comet's Arrow Python runners (Spark 4.0 / 4.1 / 4.2).
+ *
+ * Unlike a stock `ArrowPythonRunner`, this does not extend Spark's 
`PythonArrowInput` /
+ * `BasicPythonArrowOutput` traits. Those traits expose Spark's Arrow types 
(`VectorSchemaRoot`,
+ * `Schema`) in their members, and the packaged `comet-spark` jar relocates 
`org.apache.arrow` to
+ * `org.apache.comet.shaded.arrow`, so mixing them in produces a class whose 
synthetic Arrow
+ * members no longer match Spark's unshaded trait contract (an 
`AbstractMethodError` at runtime).
+ *
+ * Instead it extends only the Arrow-agnostic `BasePythonRunner` and performs 
the Arrow IPC
+ * exchange itself using Comet's (shaded) Arrow. The Python worker only ever 
sees a standard Arrow
+ * IPC byte stream, which is version-neutral, so nothing crosses the 
shaded/unshaded boundary:
+ *   - Input: each Comet `ColumnarBatch` is copied into a shaded struct root 
and written to the
+ *     worker with a shaded `ArrowStreamWriter`.
+ *   - Output: the worker's Arrow IPC is read with a shaded 
`ArrowStreamReader` straight into
+ *     `CometVector`s, which is exactly what `CometMapInBatchExec` and 
downstream native operators
+ *     consume.
+ *
+ * `BasePythonRunner` has the same shape across Spark 4.0/4.1/4.2; only the 
subclass constructor
+ * arguments and `writeUDF` differ, so those stay in the per-version 
subclasses.
+ */
+private[python] trait CometArrowPythonRunnerBase
+    extends BasePythonRunner[Iterator[ColumnarBatch], ColumnarBatch] {
+
+  /** Worker configuration written to the Python worker before execution. */
+  protected def workerConf: Map[String, String]
+
+  /** Comet's Python SQL metrics (data sent/received, rows). */
+  protected def pythonMetrics: Map[String, SQLMetric]
+
+  /** Version-specific UDF command serialization. */
+  protected def writeUDF(dataOut: DataOutputStream): Unit
+
+  /**
+   * Input schema as Comet hands it to the runner: a single non-nullable 
struct named "struct"
+   * whose children are the user's input columns. Comet's FFI-imported vectors 
carry Arrow
+   * `Field`s with null names (Comet uses positional schema), so these names 
are the source of
+   * truth for the field names written into the IPC stream that the Python 
worker reads by name.
+   */
+  protected def schema: StructType
+
+  override val pythonExec: String =
+    
SQLConf.get.pysparkWorkerPythonExecutable.getOrElse(funcs.head.funcs.head.pythonExec)
+
+  override val faultHandlerEnabled: Boolean = 
SQLConf.get.pythonUDFWorkerFaulthandlerEnabled
+  override val idleTimeoutSeconds: Long = 
SQLConf.get.pythonUDFWorkerIdleTimeoutSeconds
+  override val hideTraceback: Boolean = SQLConf.get.pysparkHideTraceback
+  override val simplifiedTraceback: Boolean = 
SQLConf.get.pysparkSimplifiedTraceback
+
+  override val bufferSize: Int = SQLConf.get.pandasUDFBufferSize
+  require(
+    bufferSize >= 4,
+    "Pandas execution requires more than 4 bytes. Please set higher buffer. " +
+      s"Please change '${SQLConf.PANDAS_UDF_BUFFER_SIZE.key}'.")
+
+  override protected def newWriter(
+      env: SparkEnv,
+      worker: PythonWorker,
+      inputIterator: Iterator[Iterator[ColumnarBatch]],
+      partitionIndex: Int,
+      context: TaskContext): Writer = {
+    new Writer(env, worker, inputIterator, partitionIndex, context) {
+
+      private val allocator =
+        CometArrowAllocator.newChildAllocator(s"stdout writer for 
$pythonExec", 0, Long.MaxValue)
+      private var currentGroup: Iterator[ColumnarBatch] = _
+      private var arrowWriter: ArrowStreamWriter = _
+      private var writeRoot: VectorSchemaRoot = _
+      private var structVec: StructVector = _
+
+      context.addTaskCompletionListener[Unit] { _ =>
+        if (writeRoot != null) {
+          writeRoot.close()
+        }
+        allocator.close()
+      }
+
+      protected override def writeCommand(dataOut: DataOutputStream): Unit = {
+        // handleMetadataBeforeExec: write the worker config as key/value 
string pairs.
+        dataOut.writeInt(workerConf.size)
+        for ((k, v) <- workerConf) {
+          PythonRDD.writeUTF(k, dataOut)
+          PythonRDD.writeUTF(v, dataOut)
+        }
+        writeUDF(dataOut)
+      }
+
+      /** Build the destination struct root and start the writer from the 
given child fields. */
+      private def startWriter(childFields: Seq[Field], dataOut: 
DataOutputStream): Unit = {
+        val structField =
+          new Field(
+            "struct",
+            new FieldType(false, ArrowType.Struct.INSTANCE, null),
+            childFields.asJava)
+        structVec = 
structField.createVector(allocator).asInstanceOf[StructVector]
+        writeRoot = new VectorSchemaRoot(Seq[FieldVector](structVec).asJava)
+        arrowWriter = new ArrowStreamWriter(writeRoot, null, 
Channels.newChannel(dataOut))
+        arrowWriter.start()
+      }
+
+      override def writeNextInputToStream(dataOut: DataOutputStream): Boolean 
= {
+        while (currentGroup == null || !currentGroup.hasNext) {
+          if (!inputIterator.hasNext) {
+            if (arrowWriter == null) {
+              // No input batch was ever produced (e.g. an upstream filter 
removed every row).
+              // Still emit a valid, empty Arrow IPC stream so the Python 
worker's
+              // ArrowStreamReader reads a schema and then sees zero batches, 
instead of failing
+              // on an absent stream ("Invalid IPC stream: negative 
continuation token"). There is
+              // no sample batch, so derive the schema from the Spark input 
schema. The timezone is
+              // irrelevant here because no rows are exchanged.
+              val inner = schema.head.dataType.asInstanceOf[StructType]
+              val childFields = inner.fields.toSeq.map(f =>
+                Utils.toArrowField(f.name, f.dataType, nullable = true, "UTC"))
+              startWriter(childFields, dataOut)
+            }
+            arrowWriter.end()
+            return false
+          }
+          currentGroup = inputIterator.next()
+        }
+
+        val cometBatch = currentGroup.next()
+        val startData = dataOut.size()
+
+        if (arrowWriter == null) {
+          // Build the destination struct root once, sized to the first 
batch's child fields.
+          // mapInArrow/mapInPandas exchange the columns under a single 
non-nullable struct.
+          // Comet's FFI-imported vectors leave the Arrow Field name null, so 
restore the real
+          // column names from the input schema (the worker reads columns by 
name, and shaded
+          // Arrow rejects a null field name). The field types and child 
structure are kept as-is
+          // so copyVector still walks the source and destination trees in 
lockstep.
+          val childNames = 
schema.head.dataType.asInstanceOf[StructType].fieldNames
+          val childFields = (0 until cometBatch.numCols()).map { i =>
+            val vecField =
+              
cometBatch.column(i).asInstanceOf[CometDecodedVector].getValueVector.getField
+            renamed(vecField, childNames(i), forceNullable = true)
+          }
+          startWriter(childFields, dataOut)
+        }
+
+        var i = 0
+        while (i < cometBatch.numCols()) {
+          val src = cometBatch
+            .column(i)
+            .asInstanceOf[CometDecodedVector]
+            .getValueVector
+            .asInstanceOf[FieldVector]
+          val dst = structVec.getChildByOrdinal(i).asInstanceOf[FieldVector]
+          copyVector(src, dst)
+          i += 1
+        }
+        val numRows = cometBatch.numRows()
+        structVec.setValueCount(numRows)
+        // Mark every row of the struct non-null (all-1 validity). The 
validity buffer is freshly
+        // allocated and zero-initialised, so without this Python would see an 
all-null struct.
+        val validityBytes = (numRows + 7) / 8
+        Platform.setMemory(
+          structVec.getValidityBuffer.memoryAddress(),
+          0xff.toByte,
+          validityBytes)
+        writeRoot.setRowCount(numRows)
+        arrowWriter.writeBatch()
+
+        pythonMetrics("pythonDataSent") += dataOut.size() - startData
+        true
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  override protected def newReaderIterator(
+      stream: DataInputStream,
+      writer: Writer,
+      startTime: Long,
+      env: SparkEnv,
+      worker: PythonWorker,
+      pid: Option[Int],
+      releasedOrClosed: AtomicBoolean,
+      context: TaskContext): Iterator[ColumnarBatch] = {
+    new ReaderIterator(stream, writer, startTime, env, worker, pid, 
releasedOrClosed, context) {
+
+      private val allocator =
+        CometArrowAllocator.newChildAllocator(s"stdin reader for $pythonExec", 
0, Long.MaxValue)
+      private var reader: ArrowStreamReader = _
+      private var root: VectorSchemaRoot = _
+      private var batchLoaded = true
+
+      context.addTaskCompletionListener[Unit] { _ =>
+        if (reader != null) {
+          reader.close(false)
+        }
+        allocator.close()
+      }
+
+      protected override def read(): ColumnarBatch = {
+        if (writer.exception.isDefined) {
+          throw writer.exception.get
+        }
+        try {
+          if (reader != null && batchLoaded) {
+            batchLoaded = reader.loadNextBatch()
+            if (batchLoaded) {
+              // Re-wrap the (reloaded) field vectors fresh each batch, 
mirroring Comet's
+              // StreamReader, so each ColumnarBatch reflects the current 
buffers.
+              val vectors: Array[ColumnVector] = 
root.getFieldVectors.asScala.map { vector =>
+                CometVector.getVector(vector, null).asInstanceOf[ColumnVector]
+              }.toArray
+              val batch = new ColumnarBatch(vectors)
+              batch.setNumRows(root.getRowCount)
+              pythonMetrics("pythonNumRowsReceived") += root.getRowCount
+              batch
+            } else {
+              reader.close(false)
+              allocator.close()
+              read()
+            }
+          } else {
+            stream.readInt() match {
+              case SpecialLengths.START_ARROW_STREAM =>
+                reader = new ArrowStreamReader(stream, allocator)
+                root = reader.getVectorSchemaRoot()
+                read()
+              case SpecialLengths.TIMING_DATA =>
+                handleTimingData()
+                read()
+              case SpecialLengths.PYTHON_EXCEPTION_THROWN =>
+                throw handlePythonException()
+              case SpecialLengths.END_OF_DATA_SECTION =>
+                handleEndOfDataSection()
+                null
+            }
+          }
+        } catch handleException
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Rebuild `field` with `name`, preserving its Arrow type and child 
structure. Any nested child
+   * whose name Comet's FFI import left null is given a positional placeholder 
so shaded Arrow can
+   * materialize the struct. Keeping the type and structure intact means the 
destination tree
+   * still mirrors the Comet source tree for [[copyVector]].
+   */
+  private def renamed(field: Field, name: String, forceNullable: Boolean): 
Field = {
+    // A Map's descendants must keep their original nullability: Arrow 
requires the entries struct
+    // (and its key) to be non-nullable, and `MapVector.createVector` rejects 
a nullable entries
+    // struct. Stop forcing nullable once we enter a Map subtree.
+    val childrenForceNullable = forceNullable && 
!field.getType.isInstanceOf[ArrowType.Map]
+    val children = field.getChildren
+    val newChildren =
+      if (children.isEmpty) children
+      else
+        children.asScala.zipWithIndex.map { case (child, idx) =>
+          renamed(
+            child,
+            if (child.getName == null) s"_$idx" else child.getName,

Review Comment:
   Added a comment noting the positional `_$idx` placeholder is only applied to 
null-named FFI children and assumes no real sibling uses the `_N` form.



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