As far as published studies, I have found many through the Psychology of
Programming Interest Group, which has a web site
http://www.ppig.org/
and an archived mailing list
http://www.mail-archive.com/discuss%40ppig.org/
with a fairly high density of reports on (formal) empirical studies on
related issues. Asking the question on their mailing list is likely to
be return quite a few references to proper studies.
Jacques
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