Petroleum Reserves Definitions
Preamble Petroleum is the world's major source of energy and is a key factor in the continued development of world economies. It is essential for future planning that governments and industry have a clear assessment of the quantities of petroleum available for production and quantities which are anticipated to become available within a practical time frame through additional field development, technological advances, or exploration. To achieve such an assessment, it is imperative that the industry adopt a consistent nomenclature for assessing the current and future quantities of petroleum expected to be recovered from naturally occurring underground accumulations. Such quantities are defined as reserves, and their assessment is of considerable importance to governments, international agencies, economists, bankers, and the international energy industry. The terminology used in classifying petroleum substances and the various categories of reserves have been the subject of much study and discussion for many years. Attempts to standardize reserves terminology began in the mid 1930's when the American Petroleum Institute considered classification for petroleum and definitions of various reserves categories. Since then, the evolution of technology has yielded more precise engineering methods to determine reserves and has intensified the need for an improved nomenclature to achieve consistency among professionals working with reserves terminology. Working entirely separately, the Society of Petroleum Engineers (SPE) and the World Petroleum Congresses (WPC) produced strikingly similar sets of petroleum reserve definitions for known accumulations which were introduced in early 1987. These have become the preferred standards for reserves classification across the industry. Soon after, it became apparent to both organizations that these could be combined into a singl e set of definitions which could be used by the industry worldwide. Contacts between representatives of the two organizations started in 1987, shortly after the publication of the initial sets of definitions. During the World Petroleum Congress in June 1994, it was recognized that while any revisions to the current definitions would require the approval of the respective Boards of Directors, the effort to establish a worldwide nomenclature should be increased. A common nomenclature would present an enhanced opportunity for acceptance and would signify a common and unique stance on an essential technical and professional issue facing the international petroleum industry. As a first step in the process, the organizations issued a joint statement which presented a broad set of principles on which reserves estimations and definitions should be based. A task force was established by the Boards of SPE and WPC to develop a common set of definitions based on this statement of principles. The following joint statement of principles was published in the January 1996 issue of the SPE Journal of Petroleum Technology and in the June 1996 issue of the WPC Newsletter: There is a growing awareness worldwide of the need for a consistent set of reserves definitions for use by governments and industry in the classification of petroleum reserves. Since their introduction in 1987, the Society of Petroleum Engineers and the World Petroleum Congresses reserves definitions have been standards for reserves classification and evaluation worldwide. SPE and WPC have begun efforts toward achieving consistency in the classification of reserves. As a first step in this process, SPE and WPC issue the following joint statement of principles. SPE and WPC recognize that both organizations have developed a widely accepted and simple nomenclature of petroleum reserves. SPE and WPC emphasize that the definitions are intended as standard, general guidelines for petroleum reserves classification which should allow for the proper comparison of quantities on a worldwide basis. SPE and WPC emphasize that, although the definition of petroleum reserves should not in any manner be construed to be compulsory or obligatory, countries and organizations should be encouraged to use the core definitions as defined in these principles and also to expand on these definitions according to special local conditions and circumstances. SPE and WPC recognize that suitable mathematical techniques can be used as required and that it is left to the country to fix the exact criteria for reasonable certainty of existence of petroleum reserves. No methods of calculation are excluded, however, if probabilistic methods are used, the chosen percentages should be unequivocally stated. SPE and WPC agree that the petroleum nomenclature as proposed applies only to known discovered hydrocarbon accumulations and their associated potential deposits. SPE and WPC stress that petroleum proved reserves should be based on current economic conditions, including all factors affecting the viability of the projects. SPE and WPC recognize that the term is general and not restricted to costs and price only. Probable and possible reserves could be based on anticipated developments and/or the extrapolation of current economic conditions. SPE and WPC accept that petroleum reserves definitions are not static and will evolve. A conscious effort was made to keep the recommended terminology as close to current common usage as possible in order to minimize the impact of previously reported quantities and changes required to bring about wide acceptance. The proposed terminology is not intended as a precise system of definitions and evaluation procedures to satisfy all situations. Due to the many forms of occurrence of petroleum, the wide range of characteristics, the uncertainty associated with the geological environment, and the constant evolution of evaluation technologies, a precise classification system is not practical. Furthermore, the complexity required for a precise system would detract from its understanding by those involved in petroleum matters. As a result, the recommended definitions do not represent a major change from the current SPE and WPC definitions which have become the standards across the industry. It is hoped that the recommended terminology will integrate the two sets of definitions and achieve better consiste ncy in reserves data across the international industry. Reserves derived under these definitions rely on the integrity, skill, and judgment of the evaluator and are affected by the geological complexity, stage of development, degree of depletion of the reservoirs, and amount of available data. Use of these definitions should sharpen the distinction between the various classifications and provide more consistent reserves reporting. Definitions Reserves are those quantities of petroleum which are anticipated to be commercially recovered from known accumulations from a given date forward. All reserve estimates involve some degree of uncertainty. The uncertainty depends chiefly on the amount of reliable geologic and engineering data available at the time of the estimate and the interpretation of these data. The relative degree of uncertainty may be conveyed by placing reserves into one of two principal classifications, either proved or unproved. Unproved reserves are less certain to be recovered than proved reserves and may be further sub-classified as probable and possible reserves to denote progressively increasing uncertainty in their recoverability. The intent of SPE and WPC in approving additional classifications beyond proved reserves is to facilitate consistency among professionals using such terms. In presenting these definitions, neither organization is recommending public disclosure of reserves classified as unproved. Public disclosure of the quantities classified as unproved reserves is left to the discretion of the countries or companies involved. Estimation of reserves is done under conditions of uncertainty. The method of estimation is called deterministic if a single best estimate of reserves is made based on known geological, engineering, and economic data. The method of estimation is called probabilistic when the known geological, engineering, and economic data are used to generate a range of estimates and their associated probabilities. Identifying reserves as proved, probable, and possible has been the most frequent classification method and gives an indication of the probability of recovery. Because of potential differences in uncertainty, caution should be exercised when aggregating reserves of different classifications. Reserves estimates will generally be revised as additional geologic or engineering data becomes available or as economic conditions change. Reserves do not include quantities of petroleum being held in inventory, and may be reduced for usage or processing losses if required for financial reporting. Reserves may be attributed to either natural energy or improved recovery methods. Improved recovery methods include all methods for supplementing natural energy or altering natural forces in the reservoir to increase ultimate recovery. Examples of such methods are pressure maintenance, cycling, waterflooding, thermal methods, chemical flooding, and the use of miscible and immiscible displacement fluids. Other improved recovery methods may be developed in the future as petroleum technology continues to evolve. Proved Reserves Proved reserves are those quantities of petroleum which, by analysis of geological and engineering data, can be estimated with reasonable certainty to be commercially recoverable, from a given date forward, from known reservoirs and under current economic conditions, operating methods, and government regulations. Proved reserves can be categorized as developed or undeveloped. If deterministic methods are used, the term reasonable certainty is intended to express a high degree of confidence that the quantities will be recovered. If probabilistic methods are used, there should be at least a 90% probability that the quantities actually recovered will equal or exceed the estimate. Establishment of current economic conditions should include relevant historical petroleum prices and associated costs and may involve an averaging period that is consistent with the purpose of the reserve estimate, appropriate contract obligations, corporate procedures, and government regulations involved in reporting these reserves. In general, reserves are considered proved if the commercial producibility of the reservoir is supported by actual production or formation tests. In this context, the term proved refers to the actual quantities of petroleum reserves and not just the productivity of the well or reservoir. In certain cases, proved reserves may be assigned on the basis of well logs and/or core analysis that indicate the subject reservoir is hydrocarbon bearing and is analogous to reservoirs in the same area that are producing or have demonstrated the ability to produce on formation tests. The area of the reservoir considered as proved includes (1) the area delineated by drilling and defined by fluid contacts, if any, and (2) the undrilled portions of the reservoir that can reasonably be judged as commercially productive on the basis of available geological and engineering data. In the absence of data on fluid contacts, the lowest known occurrence of hydrocarbons controls the proved limit unless otherwise indicated by definitive geological, engineering or performance data. Reserves may be classified as proved if facilities to process and transport those reserves to market are operational at the time of the estimate or there is a reasonable expectation that such facilities will be installed. Reserves in undeveloped locations may be classified as proved undeveloped provided (1) the locations are direct offsets to wells that have indicated commercial production in the objective formation, (2) it is reasonably certain such locations are within the known proved productive limits of the objective formation, (3) the locations conform to existing well spacing regulations where applicable, and (4) it is reasonably certain the locations will be developed. Reserves from other locations are categorized as proved undeveloped only where interpretations of geological and engineer ing data from wells indicate with reasonable certainty that the objective formation is laterally continuous and contains commercially recoverable petroleum at locations beyond direct offsets. Reserves which are to be produced through the application of established improved recovery methods are included in the proved classification when (1) successful testing by a pilot project or favorable response of an installed program in the same or an analogous reservoir with similar rock and fluid properties provides support for the analysis on which the project was based, and, (2) it is reasonably certain that the project will proceed. Reserves to be recovered by improved recovery methods that have yet to be established through commercially successful applications are included in the proved classification only (1) after a favorable production response from the subject reservoir from either (a) a representative pilot or (b) an installed program where the response provides support for the analysis on which the project is based and (2) it is reasonably certain the project will proceed. Unproved Reserves Unproved reserves are based on geologic and/or engineering data similar to that used in estimates of proved reserves; but technical, contractual, economic, or regulatory uncertainties preclude such reserves being classified as proved. Unproved reserves may be further classified as probable reserves and possible reserves. Unproved reserves may be estimated assuming future economic conditions different from those prevailing at the time of the estimate. The effect of possible future improvements in economic conditions and technological developments can be expressed by allocating appropriate quantities of reserves to the probable and possible classifications. Probable Reserves Probable reserves are those unproved reserves which analysis of geological and engineering data suggests are more likely than not to be recoverable. In this context, when probabilistic methods are used, there should be at least a 50% probability that the quantities actually recovered will equal or exceed the sum of estimated proved plus probable reserves. In general, probable reserves may include (1) reserves anticipated to be proved by normal step-out drilling where sub-surface control is inadequate to classify these reserves as proved, (2) reserves in formations that appear to be productive based on well log characteristics but lack core data or definitive tests and which are not analogous to producing or proved reservoirs in the area, (3) incremental reserves attributable to infill drilling that could have been classified as proved if closer statutory spacing had been approved at the time of the estimate, (4) reserves attributable to improved recovery methods that have been established by repeated commercially successful applications when (a) a project or pilot is planned but not in operation and (b) rock, fluid, and reservoir characteristics appear favorable for commercial application, (5) reserves in an area of the formation that appears to be separated from the proved area by faulting and the geologic interpretation indicates the subject area is structur ally higher than the proved area, (6) reserves attributable to a future workover, treatment, re-treatment, change of equipment, or other mechanical procedures, where such procedure has not been proved successful in wells which exhibit similar behavior in analogous reservoirs, and (7) incremental reserves in proved reservoirs where an alternative interpretation of performance or volumetric data indicates more reserves than can be classified as proved. Possible Reserves Possible reserves are those unproved reserves which analysis of geological and engineering data suggests are less likely to be recoverable than probable reserves. In this context, when probabilistic methods are used, there should be at least a 10% probability that the quantities actually recovered will equal or exceed the sum of estimated proved plus probable plus possible reserves. In general, possible reserves may include (1) reserves which, based on geological interpretations, could possibly exist beyond areas classified as probable, (2) reserves in formations that appear to be petroleum bearing based on log and core analysis but may not be productive at commercial rates, (3) incremental reserves attributed to infill drilling that are subject to technical uncertainty, (4) reserves attributed to improved recovery methods when (a) a project or pilot is planned but not in operation and (b) rock, fluid, and reservoir characteristics are such that a reasonable doubt exists that the project will be commercial, and (5) reserves in an area of the formation that appears to be separated from the proved area by faulting and geological interpretation indicates the subject area is structurally lower than the proved area. Reserve Status Categories Reserve status categories define the development and producing status of wells and reservoirs. Developed: Developed reserves are expected to be recovered from existing wells including reserves behind pipe. Improved recovery reserves are considered developed only after the necessary equipment has been installed, or when the costs to do so are relatively minor. Developed reserves may be sub-categorized as producing or non-producing. Producing: Reserves subcategorized as producing are expected to be recovered from completion intervals which are open and producing at the time of the estimate. Improved recovery reserves are considered producing only after the improved recovery project is in operation. Non-producing: Reserves subcategorized as non-producing include shut-in and behind-pipe reserves. Shut-in reserves are expected to be recovered from (1) completion intervals which are open at the time of the estimate but which have not started producing, (2) wells which were shut-in for market conditions or pipeline connections, or (3) wells not capable of production for mechanical reasons. Behind-pipe reserves are expected to be recovered from zones in existing wells, which will require additional completion work or future recompletion prior to the start of production. Undeveloped Reserves: Undeveloped reserves are expected to be recovered: (1) from new wells on undrilled acreage, (2) from deepening existing wells to a different reservoir, or (3) where a relatively large expenditure is required to (a) recomplete an existing well or (b) install production or transportation facilities for primary or improved recovery projects. Approved by the Board of Directors, Society of Petroleum Engineers (SPE) Inc., and the Executive Board, World Petroleum Congresses (WPC), March 1997. PETROLEUM: For the purpose of these definitions, the term petroleum refers to naturally occurring liquids and gases which are predominately comprised of hydrocarbon compounds. Petroleum may also contain non-hydrocarbon compounds in which sulfur, oxygen, and/or nitrogen atoms are combined with carbon and hydrogen. Common examples of non-hydrocarbons found in petroleum are nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen sulfide. source : http://www.spe.org/spe/cda/views/shared/viewChannelsMaster/0,2883,1648_19738_19746_24741,00.html --------------------------------------------------------------------- To unsubscribe, e-mail: [EMAIL PROTECTED] Visit IAGI Website: http://iagi.or.id IAGI-net Archive 1: http://www.mail-archive.com/iagi-net%40iagi.or.id/ IAGI-net Archive 2: http://groups.yahoo.com/group/iagi Komisi Sedimentologi (FOSI) : F. 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