Dear Lee Ling, the nirākāra-(jñāna-)vāda (advocated by the Naiyāyikas, the Mīmāṃsakas, the Jainas, and the Vaibhāṣika Buddhists) can be called direct realism. The earliest text that formulates the nirākāra standpoint and sparks the nirākāra—sākāra debate is probably Śabara’s Śābarabhāṣya (to be more precise, the Vṛttikāra’s commentary cited by Śabara in Śābarabhāṣya I, 1, 5). Śabara’s commentator Kumārila Bhaṭṭa presents well-developed argumentation for the nirākāra-vāda in his Ślokavārttika (V, 4, the Śūnyavāda section). These two sources belong to Mīmāṃsā. The Nyāya source advocating the nirākāra-vāda I am familiar with is Bhaṭṭa Jayanta’s Nyāyamañjarī. For Bhaṭṭa Jayanta’s defence of the nirākāra-vāda, see
Kataoka, K. (2003). Critical edition of the Vijñānādvaitavāda section of Bhaṭṭa Jayanta’s Nyāyamañjarī. https://www2.lit.kyushu-u.ac.jp/~kkataoka/Kataoka/NMvijR.pdf. Watson, A., & Kataoka, K. (2010). Bhaṭṭa Jayanta’s refutation of the Yogācāra Buddhist doctrine of Vijñānavāda: Annotated translation and analysis. South Asian Classical Studies, 5, 285–352. This is one of many valuable publications I can recommend: Sinha, J. (1938). Indian realism. Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co. The nirākāra-vāda can be called direct realism, but the sākāra-vāda has no correspondence in Western philosophy. The sākāra-vāda encompasses two very different theories: indirect realism (representationalism) and phenomenalism. With best regards, Olena -- Ołena Łucyszyna, Dr. habil., Professor of the Institute<http://www.iksiopan.pl/index.php/en/structure/research-staff/867-olena-lucyszyna-phd-dr-habil> of Mediterranean and Oriental Cultures Polish Academy of Sciences Nowy Świat 72 00-330 Warsaw ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6972-649X ________________________________ Od: INDOLOGY <[email protected]> w imieniu użytkownika Lee Ling Ting via INDOLOGY <[email protected]> Wysłane: piątek, 14 czerwca 2024 10:06 Do: Indology List <[email protected]> Temat: [INDOLOGY] Direct Realism of Nyāya Dear members of the list, Greetings! I have a question to ask. What are some of the earliest Nyāya sources that explicitly spell out that Naiyāyikas uphold direct realism (not just realism)? I'd appreciate it if you could point me in the right direction. Thank you! Best regards, Lee Ling
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