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https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/LUCENE-10375?page=com.atlassian.jira.plugin.system.issuetabpanels:comment-tabpanel&focusedCommentId=17475446#comment-17475446
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Michael Sokolov commented on LUCENE-10375:
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Ooh, exciting. That code was complicated and tricky to get right too. I guess 
in hindsight it's not too surprising that it added some overhead. I will check 
out the PR; thanks for this!

> Speed up HNSW merge by writing combined vector data
> ---------------------------------------------------
>
>                 Key: LUCENE-10375
>                 URL: https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/LUCENE-10375
>             Project: Lucene - Core
>          Issue Type: Improvement
>            Reporter: Julie Tibshirani
>            Priority: Major
>          Time Spent: 1.5h
>  Remaining Estimate: 0h
>
> When merging segments together, the HNSW writer creates a VectorValues 
> instance that gives a merged view of all the segments' VectorValues. This 
> merged instance is used when constructing the new HNSW graph. Graph building 
> needs random access, and the merged VectorValues support this by mapping from 
> merged ordinals -> segments and segment ordinals.
> This mapping seems to add overhead. The nightly indexing benchmarks sometimes 
> show substantial time in Arrays.binarySearch (used to map an ordinal to a 
> segment): 
> https://blunders.io/jfr-demo/indexing-1kb-vectors-2022.01.09.18.03.19/top_down_cpu_samples.
> Instead of using a merged VectorValues to create the graph, maybe we could 
> first write all the segment vectors to a file, and use that file to build the 
> graph.



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