cadonna commented on a change in pull request #10851:
URL: https://github.com/apache/kafka/pull/10851#discussion_r695633134



##########
File path: 
streams/src/main/java/org/apache/kafka/streams/processor/internals/assignment/ClientTagAwareStandbyTaskAssignor.java
##########
@@ -0,0 +1,208 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.kafka.streams.processor.internals.assignment;
+
+import org.apache.kafka.streams.processor.TaskId;
+import 
org.apache.kafka.streams.processor.internals.assignment.AssignorConfiguration.AssignmentConfigs;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.HashSet;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Map.Entry;
+import java.util.Optional;
+import java.util.Set;
+import java.util.UUID;
+import java.util.function.Function;
+
+import static java.util.stream.Collectors.toMap;
+
+/**
+ * Distributes standby tasks over different tag dimensions.
+ * Only tags specified via {@link AssignmentConfigs#rackAwareAssignmentTags} 
are taken into account.
+ * Standby task distribution is on a best-effort basis. For example, if there 
are not enough clients available
+ * on different tag dimensions compared to an active and corresponding standby 
task,
+ * in that case, the algorithm will fall back to distributing tasks on 
least-loaded clients.
+ */
+class ClientTagAwareStandbyTaskAssignor implements StandbyTaskAssignor {
+    private static final Logger log = 
LoggerFactory.getLogger(ClientTagAwareStandbyTaskAssignor.class);
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean assign(final Map<UUID, ClientState> clients,
+                          final Set<TaskId> allTaskIds,
+                          final Set<TaskId> statefulTaskIds,
+                          final AssignorConfiguration.AssignmentConfigs 
configs) {
+        final int numStandbyReplicas = configs.numStandbyReplicas;
+        final Set<String> rackAwareAssignmentTags = new 
HashSet<>(configs.rackAwareAssignmentTags);
+        final Map<TaskId, UUID> statefulTasksWithClients = new HashMap<>();
+
+        statefulTaskIds.forEach(statefulTaskId -> clients.forEach((uuid, 
clientState) -> {
+            if (clientState.activeTasks().contains(statefulTaskId)) {
+                statefulTasksWithClients.put(statefulTaskId, uuid);
+            }
+        }));
+
+        final Map<TaskId, Integer> tasksToRemainingStandbys = 
computeTasksToRemainingStandbys(numStandbyReplicas,
+                                                                               
               statefulTasksWithClients);

Review comment:
       ```suggestion
           final Map<TaskId, Integer> tasksToRemainingStandbys = 
computeTasksToRemainingStandbys(
               numStandbyReplicas,
               statefulTasksWithClients
           );
   ```

##########
File path: 
streams/src/main/java/org/apache/kafka/streams/processor/internals/assignment/ClientTagAwareStandbyTaskAssignor.java
##########
@@ -0,0 +1,208 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.kafka.streams.processor.internals.assignment;
+
+import org.apache.kafka.streams.processor.TaskId;
+import 
org.apache.kafka.streams.processor.internals.assignment.AssignorConfiguration.AssignmentConfigs;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.HashSet;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Map.Entry;
+import java.util.Optional;
+import java.util.Set;
+import java.util.UUID;
+import java.util.function.Function;
+
+import static java.util.stream.Collectors.toMap;
+
+/**
+ * Distributes standby tasks over different tag dimensions.
+ * Only tags specified via {@link AssignmentConfigs#rackAwareAssignmentTags} 
are taken into account.
+ * Standby task distribution is on a best-effort basis. For example, if there 
are not enough clients available
+ * on different tag dimensions compared to an active and corresponding standby 
task,
+ * in that case, the algorithm will fall back to distributing tasks on 
least-loaded clients.
+ */
+class ClientTagAwareStandbyTaskAssignor implements StandbyTaskAssignor {
+    private static final Logger log = 
LoggerFactory.getLogger(ClientTagAwareStandbyTaskAssignor.class);
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean assign(final Map<UUID, ClientState> clients,
+                          final Set<TaskId> allTaskIds,
+                          final Set<TaskId> statefulTaskIds,
+                          final AssignorConfiguration.AssignmentConfigs 
configs) {
+        final int numStandbyReplicas = configs.numStandbyReplicas;
+        final Set<String> rackAwareAssignmentTags = new 
HashSet<>(configs.rackAwareAssignmentTags);
+        final Map<TaskId, UUID> statefulTasksWithClients = new HashMap<>();
+
+        statefulTaskIds.forEach(statefulTaskId -> clients.forEach((uuid, 
clientState) -> {
+            if (clientState.activeTasks().contains(statefulTaskId)) {
+                statefulTasksWithClients.put(statefulTaskId, uuid);
+            }
+        }));
+
+        final Map<TaskId, Integer> tasksToRemainingStandbys = 
computeTasksToRemainingStandbys(numStandbyReplicas,
+                                                                               
               statefulTasksWithClients);
+
+        statefulTasksWithClients.forEach((taskId, clientId) -> 
assignStandbyTasksForActiveTask(numStandbyReplicas,
+                                                                               
                taskId,
+                                                                               
                clientId,
+                                                                               
                rackAwareAssignmentTags,
+                                                                               
                clients,
+                                                                               
                tasksToRemainingStandbys));

Review comment:
       ```suggestion
           statefulTasksWithClients.forEach((taskId, clientId) -> 
assignStandbyTasksForActiveTask(
               numStandbyReplicas,
               taskId,
               clientId,
               rackAwareAssignmentTags,
               clients,
               tasksToRemainingStandbys
           ));
   ```

##########
File path: 
streams/src/main/java/org/apache/kafka/streams/processor/internals/assignment/ClientTagAwareStandbyTaskAssignor.java
##########
@@ -0,0 +1,208 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.kafka.streams.processor.internals.assignment;
+
+import org.apache.kafka.streams.processor.TaskId;
+import 
org.apache.kafka.streams.processor.internals.assignment.AssignorConfiguration.AssignmentConfigs;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.HashSet;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Map.Entry;
+import java.util.Optional;
+import java.util.Set;
+import java.util.UUID;
+import java.util.function.Function;
+
+import static java.util.stream.Collectors.toMap;
+
+/**
+ * Distributes standby tasks over different tag dimensions.
+ * Only tags specified via {@link AssignmentConfigs#rackAwareAssignmentTags} 
are taken into account.
+ * Standby task distribution is on a best-effort basis. For example, if there 
are not enough clients available
+ * on different tag dimensions compared to an active and corresponding standby 
task,
+ * in that case, the algorithm will fall back to distributing tasks on 
least-loaded clients.
+ */
+class ClientTagAwareStandbyTaskAssignor implements StandbyTaskAssignor {
+    private static final Logger log = 
LoggerFactory.getLogger(ClientTagAwareStandbyTaskAssignor.class);
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean assign(final Map<UUID, ClientState> clients,
+                          final Set<TaskId> allTaskIds,
+                          final Set<TaskId> statefulTaskIds,
+                          final AssignorConfiguration.AssignmentConfigs 
configs) {
+        final int numStandbyReplicas = configs.numStandbyReplicas;
+        final Set<String> rackAwareAssignmentTags = new 
HashSet<>(configs.rackAwareAssignmentTags);
+        final Map<TaskId, UUID> statefulTasksWithClients = new HashMap<>();
+
+        statefulTaskIds.forEach(statefulTaskId -> clients.forEach((uuid, 
clientState) -> {
+            if (clientState.activeTasks().contains(statefulTaskId)) {
+                statefulTasksWithClients.put(statefulTaskId, uuid);
+            }
+        }));
+
+        final Map<TaskId, Integer> tasksToRemainingStandbys = 
computeTasksToRemainingStandbys(numStandbyReplicas,
+                                                                               
               statefulTasksWithClients);
+
+        statefulTasksWithClients.forEach((taskId, clientId) -> 
assignStandbyTasksForActiveTask(numStandbyReplicas,
+                                                                               
                taskId,
+                                                                               
                clientId,
+                                                                               
                rackAwareAssignmentTags,
+                                                                               
                clients,
+                                                                               
                tasksToRemainingStandbys));
+
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean isAllowedTaskMovement(final ClientState source, final 
ClientState destination) {
+        final Map<String, String> sourceClientTags = source.clientTags();
+        final Map<String, String> destinationClientTags = 
destination.clientTags();
+
+        for (final Entry<String, String> sourceClientTagEntry : 
sourceClientTags.entrySet()) {
+            if 
(!sourceClientTagEntry.getValue().equals(destinationClientTags.get(sourceClientTagEntry.getKey())))
 {
+                return false;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    private static Map<TaskId, Integer> computeTasksToRemainingStandbys(final 
int numStandbyReplicas, final Map<TaskId, UUID> statefulTasksWithClients) {

Review comment:
       Yes, I think that makes sense. In this way you can also directly test 
the method.
   BTW, you can simply pass `statefulTaskIds`  to this method instead of 
`statefulTasksWithClients`. The keys in `statefulTasksWithClients` should be 
the task IDs in `statefulTaskIds` and the values in `statefulTasksWithClients`  
are never used. 

##########
File path: 
streams/src/main/java/org/apache/kafka/streams/processor/internals/assignment/ClientTagAwareStandbyTaskAssignor.java
##########
@@ -0,0 +1,208 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.kafka.streams.processor.internals.assignment;
+
+import org.apache.kafka.streams.processor.TaskId;
+import 
org.apache.kafka.streams.processor.internals.assignment.AssignorConfiguration.AssignmentConfigs;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.HashSet;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Map.Entry;
+import java.util.Optional;
+import java.util.Set;
+import java.util.UUID;
+import java.util.function.Function;
+
+import static java.util.stream.Collectors.toMap;
+
+/**
+ * Distributes standby tasks over different tag dimensions.
+ * Only tags specified via {@link AssignmentConfigs#rackAwareAssignmentTags} 
are taken into account.
+ * Standby task distribution is on a best-effort basis. For example, if there 
are not enough clients available
+ * on different tag dimensions compared to an active and corresponding standby 
task,
+ * in that case, the algorithm will fall back to distributing tasks on 
least-loaded clients.
+ */
+class ClientTagAwareStandbyTaskAssignor implements StandbyTaskAssignor {
+    private static final Logger log = 
LoggerFactory.getLogger(ClientTagAwareStandbyTaskAssignor.class);
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean assign(final Map<UUID, ClientState> clients,
+                          final Set<TaskId> allTaskIds,
+                          final Set<TaskId> statefulTaskIds,
+                          final AssignorConfiguration.AssignmentConfigs 
configs) {
+        final int numStandbyReplicas = configs.numStandbyReplicas;
+        final Set<String> rackAwareAssignmentTags = new 
HashSet<>(configs.rackAwareAssignmentTags);
+        final Map<TaskId, UUID> statefulTasksWithClients = new HashMap<>();
+
+        statefulTaskIds.forEach(statefulTaskId -> clients.forEach((uuid, 
clientState) -> {
+            if (clientState.activeTasks().contains(statefulTaskId)) {
+                statefulTasksWithClients.put(statefulTaskId, uuid);
+            }
+        }));
+
+        final Map<TaskId, Integer> tasksToRemainingStandbys = 
computeTasksToRemainingStandbys(numStandbyReplicas,
+                                                                               
               statefulTasksWithClients);
+
+        statefulTasksWithClients.forEach((taskId, clientId) -> 
assignStandbyTasksForActiveTask(numStandbyReplicas,
+                                                                               
                taskId,
+                                                                               
                clientId,
+                                                                               
                rackAwareAssignmentTags,
+                                                                               
                clients,
+                                                                               
                tasksToRemainingStandbys));
+
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean isAllowedTaskMovement(final ClientState source, final 
ClientState destination) {
+        final Map<String, String> sourceClientTags = source.clientTags();
+        final Map<String, String> destinationClientTags = 
destination.clientTags();
+
+        for (final Entry<String, String> sourceClientTagEntry : 
sourceClientTags.entrySet()) {
+            if 
(!sourceClientTagEntry.getValue().equals(destinationClientTags.get(sourceClientTagEntry.getKey())))
 {
+                return false;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    private static Map<TaskId, Integer> computeTasksToRemainingStandbys(final 
int numStandbyReplicas, final Map<TaskId, UUID> statefulTasksWithClients) {
+        return 
statefulTasksWithClients.keySet().stream().collect(toMap(Function.identity(), t 
-> numStandbyReplicas));
+    }
+
+    private static void fillClientsTagStatistics(final Map<UUID, ClientState> 
clientStates,
+                                                 final Map<String, Set<UUID>> 
clientsPerTagValue,
+                                                 final Map<String, 
Set<String>> tagKeyToTagValuesMapping) {
+        for (final Entry<UUID, ClientState> clientStateEntry : 
clientStates.entrySet()) {
+            final UUID clientId = clientStateEntry.getKey();
+            final ClientState clientState = clientStateEntry.getValue();
+
+            clientState.clientTags().forEach((tagKey, tagValue) -> {
+                tagKeyToTagValuesMapping.compute(tagKey, (key, currentValue) 
-> {
+                    final Set<String> tagValuesForKey = 
Optional.ofNullable(currentValue).orElse(new HashSet<>());
+                    tagValuesForKey.add(tagValue);
+                    return tagValuesForKey;
+                });
+
+                clientsPerTagValue.compute(tagValue, (key, currentValue) -> {
+                    final Set<UUID> clientIdsForTagValue = 
Optional.ofNullable(currentValue).orElse(new HashSet<>());
+                    clientIdsForTagValue.add(clientId);
+                    return clientIdsForTagValue;
+                });

Review comment:
       Isn't this the same as:
   ```
   clientsPerTagValue.computeIfAbsent(tagValue, (ignored) -> new 
HashSet<>()).add(clientId);
   ```

##########
File path: 
streams/src/main/java/org/apache/kafka/streams/processor/internals/assignment/ClientTagAwareStandbyTaskAssignor.java
##########
@@ -0,0 +1,208 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.kafka.streams.processor.internals.assignment;
+
+import org.apache.kafka.streams.processor.TaskId;
+import 
org.apache.kafka.streams.processor.internals.assignment.AssignorConfiguration.AssignmentConfigs;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.HashSet;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Map.Entry;
+import java.util.Optional;
+import java.util.Set;
+import java.util.UUID;
+import java.util.function.Function;
+
+import static java.util.stream.Collectors.toMap;
+
+/**
+ * Distributes standby tasks over different tag dimensions.
+ * Only tags specified via {@link AssignmentConfigs#rackAwareAssignmentTags} 
are taken into account.
+ * Standby task distribution is on a best-effort basis. For example, if there 
are not enough clients available
+ * on different tag dimensions compared to an active and corresponding standby 
task,
+ * in that case, the algorithm will fall back to distributing tasks on 
least-loaded clients.
+ */
+class ClientTagAwareStandbyTaskAssignor implements StandbyTaskAssignor {
+    private static final Logger log = 
LoggerFactory.getLogger(ClientTagAwareStandbyTaskAssignor.class);
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean assign(final Map<UUID, ClientState> clients,
+                          final Set<TaskId> allTaskIds,
+                          final Set<TaskId> statefulTaskIds,
+                          final AssignorConfiguration.AssignmentConfigs 
configs) {
+        final int numStandbyReplicas = configs.numStandbyReplicas;
+        final Set<String> rackAwareAssignmentTags = new 
HashSet<>(configs.rackAwareAssignmentTags);
+        final Map<TaskId, UUID> statefulTasksWithClients = new HashMap<>();
+
+        statefulTaskIds.forEach(statefulTaskId -> clients.forEach((uuid, 
clientState) -> {
+            if (clientState.activeTasks().contains(statefulTaskId)) {
+                statefulTasksWithClients.put(statefulTaskId, uuid);
+            }
+        }));
+
+        final Map<TaskId, Integer> tasksToRemainingStandbys = 
computeTasksToRemainingStandbys(numStandbyReplicas,
+                                                                               
               statefulTasksWithClients);
+
+        statefulTasksWithClients.forEach((taskId, clientId) -> 
assignStandbyTasksForActiveTask(numStandbyReplicas,
+                                                                               
                taskId,
+                                                                               
                clientId,
+                                                                               
                rackAwareAssignmentTags,
+                                                                               
                clients,
+                                                                               
                tasksToRemainingStandbys));
+
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean isAllowedTaskMovement(final ClientState source, final 
ClientState destination) {
+        final Map<String, String> sourceClientTags = source.clientTags();
+        final Map<String, String> destinationClientTags = 
destination.clientTags();
+
+        for (final Entry<String, String> sourceClientTagEntry : 
sourceClientTags.entrySet()) {
+            if 
(!sourceClientTagEntry.getValue().equals(destinationClientTags.get(sourceClientTagEntry.getKey())))
 {
+                return false;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    private static Map<TaskId, Integer> computeTasksToRemainingStandbys(final 
int numStandbyReplicas, final Map<TaskId, UUID> statefulTasksWithClients) {
+        return 
statefulTasksWithClients.keySet().stream().collect(toMap(Function.identity(), t 
-> numStandbyReplicas));
+    }
+
+    private static void fillClientsTagStatistics(final Map<UUID, ClientState> 
clientStates,
+                                                 final Map<String, Set<UUID>> 
clientsPerTagValue,
+                                                 final Map<String, 
Set<String>> tagKeyToTagValuesMapping) {
+        for (final Entry<UUID, ClientState> clientStateEntry : 
clientStates.entrySet()) {
+            final UUID clientId = clientStateEntry.getKey();
+            final ClientState clientState = clientStateEntry.getValue();
+
+            clientState.clientTags().forEach((tagKey, tagValue) -> {
+                tagKeyToTagValuesMapping.compute(tagKey, (key, currentValue) 
-> {
+                    final Set<String> tagValuesForKey = 
Optional.ofNullable(currentValue).orElse(new HashSet<>());
+                    tagValuesForKey.add(tagValue);
+                    return tagValuesForKey;
+                });
+
+                clientsPerTagValue.compute(tagValue, (key, currentValue) -> {
+                    final Set<UUID> clientIdsForTagValue = 
Optional.ofNullable(currentValue).orElse(new HashSet<>());
+                    clientIdsForTagValue.add(clientId);
+                    return clientIdsForTagValue;
+                });
+            });
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static void assignStandbyTasksForActiveTask(final int 
numStandbyReplicas,
+                                                        final TaskId 
activeTaskId,
+                                                        final UUID 
activeTaskClient,
+                                                        final Set<String> 
rackAwareAssignmentTags,
+                                                        final Map<UUID, 
ClientState> clientStates,
+                                                        final Map<TaskId, 
Integer> tasksToRemainingStandbys) {
+        final Map<String, Set<String>> tagKeyToTagValuesMapping = new 
HashMap<>();
+        final Map<String, Set<UUID>> clientsPerTagValue = new HashMap<>();
+
+        fillClientsTagStatistics(clientStates, clientsPerTagValue, 
tagKeyToTagValuesMapping);

Review comment:
       Why is the map from tag key to tag values computed for each active task? 
The should not change during the assignment and we can just compute it once in 
`assign()`. Do you agree?

##########
File path: 
streams/src/main/java/org/apache/kafka/streams/processor/internals/assignment/ClientTagAwareStandbyTaskAssignor.java
##########
@@ -0,0 +1,208 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.kafka.streams.processor.internals.assignment;
+
+import org.apache.kafka.streams.processor.TaskId;
+import 
org.apache.kafka.streams.processor.internals.assignment.AssignorConfiguration.AssignmentConfigs;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.HashSet;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Map.Entry;
+import java.util.Optional;
+import java.util.Set;
+import java.util.UUID;
+import java.util.function.Function;
+
+import static java.util.stream.Collectors.toMap;
+
+/**
+ * Distributes standby tasks over different tag dimensions.
+ * Only tags specified via {@link AssignmentConfigs#rackAwareAssignmentTags} 
are taken into account.
+ * Standby task distribution is on a best-effort basis. For example, if there 
are not enough clients available
+ * on different tag dimensions compared to an active and corresponding standby 
task,
+ * in that case, the algorithm will fall back to distributing tasks on 
least-loaded clients.
+ */
+class ClientTagAwareStandbyTaskAssignor implements StandbyTaskAssignor {
+    private static final Logger log = 
LoggerFactory.getLogger(ClientTagAwareStandbyTaskAssignor.class);
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean assign(final Map<UUID, ClientState> clients,
+                          final Set<TaskId> allTaskIds,
+                          final Set<TaskId> statefulTaskIds,
+                          final AssignorConfiguration.AssignmentConfigs 
configs) {
+        final int numStandbyReplicas = configs.numStandbyReplicas;
+        final Set<String> rackAwareAssignmentTags = new 
HashSet<>(configs.rackAwareAssignmentTags);
+        final Map<TaskId, UUID> statefulTasksWithClients = new HashMap<>();
+
+        statefulTaskIds.forEach(statefulTaskId -> clients.forEach((uuid, 
clientState) -> {
+            if (clientState.activeTasks().contains(statefulTaskId)) {
+                statefulTasksWithClients.put(statefulTaskId, uuid);
+            }
+        }));
+
+        final Map<TaskId, Integer> tasksToRemainingStandbys = 
computeTasksToRemainingStandbys(numStandbyReplicas,
+                                                                               
               statefulTasksWithClients);
+
+        statefulTasksWithClients.forEach((taskId, clientId) -> 
assignStandbyTasksForActiveTask(numStandbyReplicas,
+                                                                               
                taskId,
+                                                                               
                clientId,
+                                                                               
                rackAwareAssignmentTags,
+                                                                               
                clients,
+                                                                               
                tasksToRemainingStandbys));
+
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean isAllowedTaskMovement(final ClientState source, final 
ClientState destination) {
+        final Map<String, String> sourceClientTags = source.clientTags();
+        final Map<String, String> destinationClientTags = 
destination.clientTags();
+
+        for (final Entry<String, String> sourceClientTagEntry : 
sourceClientTags.entrySet()) {
+            if 
(!sourceClientTagEntry.getValue().equals(destinationClientTags.get(sourceClientTagEntry.getKey())))
 {
+                return false;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    private static Map<TaskId, Integer> computeTasksToRemainingStandbys(final 
int numStandbyReplicas, final Map<TaskId, UUID> statefulTasksWithClients) {
+        return 
statefulTasksWithClients.keySet().stream().collect(toMap(Function.identity(), t 
-> numStandbyReplicas));
+    }
+
+    private static void fillClientsTagStatistics(final Map<UUID, ClientState> 
clientStates,
+                                                 final Map<String, Set<UUID>> 
clientsPerTagValue,
+                                                 final Map<String, 
Set<String>> tagKeyToTagValuesMapping) {
+        for (final Entry<UUID, ClientState> clientStateEntry : 
clientStates.entrySet()) {
+            final UUID clientId = clientStateEntry.getKey();
+            final ClientState clientState = clientStateEntry.getValue();
+
+            clientState.clientTags().forEach((tagKey, tagValue) -> {
+                tagKeyToTagValuesMapping.compute(tagKey, (key, currentValue) 
-> {
+                    final Set<String> tagValuesForKey = 
Optional.ofNullable(currentValue).orElse(new HashSet<>());
+                    tagValuesForKey.add(tagValue);
+                    return tagValuesForKey;
+                });
+
+                clientsPerTagValue.compute(tagValue, (key, currentValue) -> {
+                    final Set<UUID> clientIdsForTagValue = 
Optional.ofNullable(currentValue).orElse(new HashSet<>());
+                    clientIdsForTagValue.add(clientId);
+                    return clientIdsForTagValue;
+                });
+            });
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static void assignStandbyTasksForActiveTask(final int 
numStandbyReplicas,
+                                                        final TaskId 
activeTaskId,
+                                                        final UUID 
activeTaskClient,
+                                                        final Set<String> 
rackAwareAssignmentTags,
+                                                        final Map<UUID, 
ClientState> clientStates,
+                                                        final Map<TaskId, 
Integer> tasksToRemainingStandbys) {
+        final Map<String, Set<String>> tagKeyToTagValuesMapping = new 
HashMap<>();
+        final Map<String, Set<UUID>> clientsPerTagValue = new HashMap<>();
+
+        fillClientsTagStatistics(clientStates, clientsPerTagValue, 
tagKeyToTagValuesMapping);
+
+        final ConstrainedPrioritySet standbyTaskClientsByTaskLoad = new 
ConstrainedPrioritySet(
+            (client, t) -> !clientStates.get(client).hasAssignedTask(t),
+            client -> clientStates.get(client).assignedTaskLoad()
+        );
+
+        final Set<UUID> usedClients = new HashSet<>();
+
+        standbyTaskClientsByTaskLoad.offerAll(clientStates.keySet());
+
+        int numRemainingStandbys = tasksToRemainingStandbys.get(activeTaskId);
+
+        usedClients.add(activeTaskClient);
+
+        while (numRemainingStandbys > 0) {
+            final Set<UUID> clientsOnAlreadyUsedTagDimensions = 
findClientsOnUsedTagDimensions(usedClients,
+                                                                               
                rackAwareAssignmentTags,
+                                                                               
                clientStates,
+                                                                               
                clientsPerTagValue,
+                                                                               
                tagKeyToTagValuesMapping);

Review comment:
       ```suggestion
               final Set<UUID> clientsOnAlreadyUsedTagDimensions = 
findClientsOnUsedTagDimensions(
                   usedClients,
                   rackAwareAssignmentTags,
                   clientStates,
                   clientsPerTagValue,
                   tagKeyToTagValuesMapping
               );
   ```

##########
File path: 
streams/src/main/java/org/apache/kafka/streams/processor/internals/assignment/ClientTagAwareStandbyTaskAssignor.java
##########
@@ -0,0 +1,208 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.kafka.streams.processor.internals.assignment;
+
+import org.apache.kafka.streams.processor.TaskId;
+import 
org.apache.kafka.streams.processor.internals.assignment.AssignorConfiguration.AssignmentConfigs;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.HashSet;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Map.Entry;
+import java.util.Optional;
+import java.util.Set;
+import java.util.UUID;
+import java.util.function.Function;
+
+import static java.util.stream.Collectors.toMap;
+
+/**
+ * Distributes standby tasks over different tag dimensions.
+ * Only tags specified via {@link AssignmentConfigs#rackAwareAssignmentTags} 
are taken into account.
+ * Standby task distribution is on a best-effort basis. For example, if there 
are not enough clients available
+ * on different tag dimensions compared to an active and corresponding standby 
task,
+ * in that case, the algorithm will fall back to distributing tasks on 
least-loaded clients.
+ */
+class ClientTagAwareStandbyTaskAssignor implements StandbyTaskAssignor {
+    private static final Logger log = 
LoggerFactory.getLogger(ClientTagAwareStandbyTaskAssignor.class);
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean assign(final Map<UUID, ClientState> clients,
+                          final Set<TaskId> allTaskIds,
+                          final Set<TaskId> statefulTaskIds,
+                          final AssignorConfiguration.AssignmentConfigs 
configs) {
+        final int numStandbyReplicas = configs.numStandbyReplicas;
+        final Set<String> rackAwareAssignmentTags = new 
HashSet<>(configs.rackAwareAssignmentTags);
+        final Map<TaskId, UUID> statefulTasksWithClients = new HashMap<>();
+
+        statefulTaskIds.forEach(statefulTaskId -> clients.forEach((uuid, 
clientState) -> {
+            if (clientState.activeTasks().contains(statefulTaskId)) {
+                statefulTasksWithClients.put(statefulTaskId, uuid);
+            }
+        }));
+
+        final Map<TaskId, Integer> tasksToRemainingStandbys = 
computeTasksToRemainingStandbys(numStandbyReplicas,
+                                                                               
               statefulTasksWithClients);
+
+        statefulTasksWithClients.forEach((taskId, clientId) -> 
assignStandbyTasksForActiveTask(numStandbyReplicas,
+                                                                               
                taskId,
+                                                                               
                clientId,
+                                                                               
                rackAwareAssignmentTags,
+                                                                               
                clients,
+                                                                               
                tasksToRemainingStandbys));
+
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean isAllowedTaskMovement(final ClientState source, final 
ClientState destination) {
+        final Map<String, String> sourceClientTags = source.clientTags();
+        final Map<String, String> destinationClientTags = 
destination.clientTags();
+
+        for (final Entry<String, String> sourceClientTagEntry : 
sourceClientTags.entrySet()) {
+            if 
(!sourceClientTagEntry.getValue().equals(destinationClientTags.get(sourceClientTagEntry.getKey())))
 {
+                return false;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    private static Map<TaskId, Integer> computeTasksToRemainingStandbys(final 
int numStandbyReplicas, final Map<TaskId, UUID> statefulTasksWithClients) {
+        return 
statefulTasksWithClients.keySet().stream().collect(toMap(Function.identity(), t 
-> numStandbyReplicas));
+    }
+
+    private static void fillClientsTagStatistics(final Map<UUID, ClientState> 
clientStates,
+                                                 final Map<String, Set<UUID>> 
clientsPerTagValue,
+                                                 final Map<String, 
Set<String>> tagKeyToTagValuesMapping) {
+        for (final Entry<UUID, ClientState> clientStateEntry : 
clientStates.entrySet()) {
+            final UUID clientId = clientStateEntry.getKey();
+            final ClientState clientState = clientStateEntry.getValue();
+
+            clientState.clientTags().forEach((tagKey, tagValue) -> {
+                tagKeyToTagValuesMapping.compute(tagKey, (key, currentValue) 
-> {
+                    final Set<String> tagValuesForKey = 
Optional.ofNullable(currentValue).orElse(new HashSet<>());
+                    tagValuesForKey.add(tagValue);
+                    return tagValuesForKey;
+                });

Review comment:
       Isn't this the same as:
   ```
   tagKeyToTagValuesMapping.computeIfAbsent(tagKey, (ignored) -> new 
HashSet<>()).add(tagValue);
   ```

##########
File path: 
streams/src/main/java/org/apache/kafka/streams/processor/internals/assignment/ClientTagAwareStandbyTaskAssignor.java
##########
@@ -0,0 +1,208 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.kafka.streams.processor.internals.assignment;
+
+import org.apache.kafka.streams.processor.TaskId;
+import 
org.apache.kafka.streams.processor.internals.assignment.AssignorConfiguration.AssignmentConfigs;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.HashSet;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Map.Entry;
+import java.util.Optional;
+import java.util.Set;
+import java.util.UUID;
+import java.util.function.Function;
+
+import static java.util.stream.Collectors.toMap;
+
+/**
+ * Distributes standby tasks over different tag dimensions.
+ * Only tags specified via {@link AssignmentConfigs#rackAwareAssignmentTags} 
are taken into account.
+ * Standby task distribution is on a best-effort basis. For example, if there 
are not enough clients available
+ * on different tag dimensions compared to an active and corresponding standby 
task,
+ * in that case, the algorithm will fall back to distributing tasks on 
least-loaded clients.
+ */
+class ClientTagAwareStandbyTaskAssignor implements StandbyTaskAssignor {
+    private static final Logger log = 
LoggerFactory.getLogger(ClientTagAwareStandbyTaskAssignor.class);
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean assign(final Map<UUID, ClientState> clients,
+                          final Set<TaskId> allTaskIds,
+                          final Set<TaskId> statefulTaskIds,
+                          final AssignorConfiguration.AssignmentConfigs 
configs) {
+        final int numStandbyReplicas = configs.numStandbyReplicas;
+        final Set<String> rackAwareAssignmentTags = new 
HashSet<>(configs.rackAwareAssignmentTags);
+        final Map<TaskId, UUID> statefulTasksWithClients = new HashMap<>();
+
+        statefulTaskIds.forEach(statefulTaskId -> clients.forEach((uuid, 
clientState) -> {
+            if (clientState.activeTasks().contains(statefulTaskId)) {
+                statefulTasksWithClients.put(statefulTaskId, uuid);
+            }
+        }));
+
+        final Map<TaskId, Integer> tasksToRemainingStandbys = 
computeTasksToRemainingStandbys(numStandbyReplicas,
+                                                                               
               statefulTasksWithClients);
+
+        statefulTasksWithClients.forEach((taskId, clientId) -> 
assignStandbyTasksForActiveTask(numStandbyReplicas,
+                                                                               
                taskId,
+                                                                               
                clientId,
+                                                                               
                rackAwareAssignmentTags,
+                                                                               
                clients,
+                                                                               
                tasksToRemainingStandbys));
+
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean isAllowedTaskMovement(final ClientState source, final 
ClientState destination) {
+        final Map<String, String> sourceClientTags = source.clientTags();
+        final Map<String, String> destinationClientTags = 
destination.clientTags();
+
+        for (final Entry<String, String> sourceClientTagEntry : 
sourceClientTags.entrySet()) {
+            if 
(!sourceClientTagEntry.getValue().equals(destinationClientTags.get(sourceClientTagEntry.getKey())))
 {
+                return false;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    private static Map<TaskId, Integer> computeTasksToRemainingStandbys(final 
int numStandbyReplicas, final Map<TaskId, UUID> statefulTasksWithClients) {
+        return 
statefulTasksWithClients.keySet().stream().collect(toMap(Function.identity(), t 
-> numStandbyReplicas));
+    }
+
+    private static void fillClientsTagStatistics(final Map<UUID, ClientState> 
clientStates,
+                                                 final Map<String, Set<UUID>> 
clientsPerTagValue,
+                                                 final Map<String, 
Set<String>> tagKeyToTagValuesMapping) {

Review comment:
       IMO, the code is easier readable if you name the variables consistently 
like `tagValueToClients` and `tagKeyToTagValues` or `clientsForTagValue` and 
`tagValuesForTagKey`. I prefer the former because it better visualises the 
mapping, but that is a matter of taste, I guess.




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