Thanks for the clarification Lorelei! This is a terrific explanation & one I 
will print out to share with my embroidery friends. I wasn’t thinking about the 
process, I was focusing on the result. Thanks again. Susan 

Sent from my iPad

> On Aug 30, 2018, at 8:15 PM, Lorelei Halley <lhal...@bytemeusa.com> wrote:
> 
> Susan
> I think the distinction between needle lace and embroidery is quite clear,
> at least in my own mind. But I am thinking of the structure of the finished
> object, and the working methods while it was under construction. If there is
> any background woven fabric still existing in the piece, it is embroidery.
> The woven fabric forms the substrate, the ground, which holds the thing
> together. True needle lace requires the construction of a temporary
> scaffolding, in the form of the needle lace sandwich. Now, knotted
> Mediterranean needle laces, both Turkish/Armenian and puncetto, don't have
> the sandwich or any temporary scaffolding, but they are definitely "stitches
> in the air".
> 
> There are several forms of embroidery which use the same filling stitches
> used in geometric needle lace: reticella embroidery, all forms of
> rectangular cutwork (including Cilaos), Hardanger, and even filet lacis
> (square knotted netting decorated with embroidery).
> 
> So in my thinking if woven fabric persists in the object as the structural
> framework, it is embroidery. If there is no woven fabric, it is needle lace.
> The really difficult one if filet lacis. The very same fillings are used in
> that form as in geometric cutwork. But the permanent grounding is hand
> knotted square mesh. 
> 
> There is also a problem with sol laces. Again, the decorations used may be
> the same as in drawn thread embroidery, or much more elaborate. There is a
> scaffolding, but it is hand made.
> Lorelei
> 
> Subject: [lace] Cilaos needle lace
> "how & when do we distinguish between needle lace & lace-like embroidery?"
> Susan Hottle USA
> 

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