On 11/21/2018 12:14 PM, Thomas Gleixner wrote:
> This is based on Tim Chen's V5 patch series. The following changes have
> been made:
>
...
>
> TODO: Write documentation
>
Andi took a crack at the document. I made some
modifications on top. It can be used as a
starting point for the final document.
Thanks.
Tim
---
>From bc69984e744192fa0e0b4850ecc4b25ec667b3a8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Tim Chen <tim.c.c...@linux.intel.com>
Date: Wed, 21 Nov 2018 15:36:19 -0800
Subject: [PATCH] x86/speculation: Add document to describe Spectre and its
mitigations
From: Andi Kleen <a...@linux.intel.com>
There are no document in admin guides describing
Spectre v1 and v2 side channels and their mitigations
in Linux.
Create a document to describe Spectre and the mitigation
methods used in the kernel.
Signed-off-by: Andi Kleen <a...@linux.intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Tim Chen <tim.c.c...@linux.intel.com>
---
Documentation/admin-guide/spectre.rst | 401 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
1 file changed, 401 insertions(+)
create mode 100644 Documentation/admin-guide/spectre.rst
diff --git a/Documentation/admin-guide/spectre.rst
b/Documentation/admin-guide/spectre.rst
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..67db151
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/admin-guide/spectre.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,401 @@
+Spectre side channels
+=====================
+
+Spectre is a class of side channel attacks against modern CPUs that
+use branch prediction and speculative execution, which allows to read malicious
+local software to read memory it does not have access to. It does not
+modify any memory.
+
+This document covers Spectre variant 1 and 2.
+
+Affected processors
+-------------------
+
+The vulnerability affects a wide range of modern high performance processors,
since
+most modern high speed processors use branch prediction and speculative
execution.
+
+The following CPUs are vulnerable:
+
+ - Intel Core, Atom, Pentium, Xeon CPUs
+ - AMD CPUs like Phenom, EPYC, Zen.
+ - IBM processors like POWER and zSeries
+ - Higher end ARM processors
+ - Apple CPUs
+ - Higher end MIPS CPUs
+ - Likely most other high performance CPUs. Contact your CPU vendor for
details.
+
+This document documents the mitigations on Intel CPUs.
+
+Related CVEs
+------------
+
+The following CVE entries describe Spectre variants:
+
+ ============= ======================= ==========
+ CVE-2017-5753 Bounds check bypass Spectre-V1
+ CVE-2017-5715 Branch target injection Spectre-V2
+
+Problem
+-------
+
+CPUs have shared caches, such as buffers for branch prediction,
+which are later used to guide speculative execution. These
+buffers are not flushed over context switches. Malicious local
+software might influence these buffers and trigger specific
+speculative execution in the kernel or different user processes.
+This speculative execution can then be used to read data in memory
+and cause a side effect in a data cache. The side effect can then
+later be measured by the malicious software, after it gets
+executed again, and used to determine the memory values read
+speculatively.
+
+Spectre attacks allow tricking other software to disclose
+values in their memory.
+
+For Spectre variant 1 the attacker passes an parameter to a
+victim. The victim boundary checks the parameter and rejects illegal
+values. However due to speculation over branch prediction the code
+path for correct values might be speculatively executed, then
+reference memory controlled by the input parameter and leave
+measurable side effects in the caches. The attacker could then
+measure these side effects after it gains control again and determine
+the leaked value.
+
+There are some extensions of Spectre variant 1 attacks for reading
+data over the network, see [2]. However the attacks are very
+difficult, low bandwidth and fragile and considered low risk.
+
+For Spectre variant 2 the attacker poisons the indirect branch
+predictors of the CPU. Then control is passed to the victim, which
+executes indirect branches. Due to the poisoned branch predictor data
+the CPU can speculatively execute arbitrary code in the victim's
+address space, such as a code sequence ("disclosure gadget") that
+reads arbitrary data on some input parameter and causes a measurable
+cache side effect based on the value. The attacker can then measure
+this side effect after gaining control again and determine the value.
+
+For fully usable gadgets there needs to be an input parameter
+so that the memory read can be controlled. It might be possible
+to do attacks without input parameter, however in this case the attacker
+has little control over what memory can be read and the risk
+of actual secret disclosure is low.
+
+Attack scenarios
+----------------
+
+1. Local User process attacking kernel
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+The kernel can read all memory. An malicious user program can trigger
+an kernel entry. For variant 1 it would need to pass a parameter, so
+only system calls (but not interrupts or exceptions) are vulnerable.
+
+For variant 2 the attacker needs to poison the CPU branch buffers
+first, and then enter the kernel and trick it into jumping to a disclosure
+gadget through an indirect branch. If it wants to control the address that
+the gadget can read it would also need to pass a parameter to the gadget,
+either through a register or through a known address in memory. Finally
+it needs to gain execution again to measure the side effect.
+
+Requirements: malicious local process passing parameters to kernel with
+kernel or other process on same machine having secrets.
+
+2. User process attacking another user process
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+In this scenario an malicious user process wants to attack another
+user process through a context switch.
+
+For variant 1 this generally requires passing some parameter between
+the processes, which needs a data passing relationship, such a remote
+procedure calls (RPC).
+
+For variant 2 the poisoning can happen through a context switch, or
+on CPUs with simultaneous multi-threading (SMT) potentially on the
+thread sibling executing in parallel on the same core. In any case to
+control the memory read by the disclosure gadget also requires a data
+passing relationship to the victim process, otherwise while it may
+observe values through side effects, it won't know which memory
+addresses they relate to.
+
+Requirements: malicious local process attacking
+containing secrets running on same core.
+
+3. User sandbox attacking runtime in process
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+A process, such as a web browser, might be running interpreted or JITed
+untrusted code, such as java script code downloaded from a website.
+It uses restrictions in the JIT code generator and checks in a run time
+to prevent the untrusted code from attacking the hosting process.
+
+The untrusted code might either use variant 1 or 2 to trick
+a disclosure gadget in the run time to read memory inside the process.
+
+Requirements: sandbox in process running untrusted code
+with runtime in same process containing secrets.
+
+4. Kernel sandbox attacking kernel
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+The kernel has support for eBPF to execute JITed untrusted byte code inside
+the kernel. eBPF is used for manipulating and examining network
+packets, examining system call parameters for sand boxes and other uses.
+
+A malicious local process could upload and trigger an malicious
+eBPF script to the kernel, with the script attacking the kernel
+using variant 1 or 2 and reading memory.
+
+Requirements: Malicious local process, EBPF enabled for
+unprivileged users, attacking kernel with secrets on the same
+machine.
+
+5. Virtualization guest attacking host
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+An untrusted guest might attack the host through a hyper call
+or other virtualization exit.
+
+Requirements: untrusted guest attacking host with secrets
+on local machine.
+
+For variant 1 VM exits use appropiate mitigations
+("bounds clipping") to prevent speculation leaking data
+in kernel code. For variant 2 the kernel flushes the branch buffer.
+
+6. Virtualization guest attacking other guest
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+An untrusted guest attacking another guest containing
+secrets. Mitigations are similar to the case above.
+
+Runtime vulnerability information
+---------------------------------
+
+The kernel reports the vulnerability and mitigation status in
+/sys/devices/system/cpu/vulnerabilities/
+
+The summary can be displayed with
+grep . /sys/devices/system/cpu/vulnerabilities/*
+
+The spectre_v1 file describes the always enabled variant 1
+mitigation.
+
+The spectre_v2 the kernel mitigation status is reported,
+which includes if the kernel has been compiled with a retpoline
+aware compiler, if the CPU has hardware mitigation, and if has
+microcode support for additional process specific mitigations.
+
+Full mitigations might require an microcode update from the CPU
+vendor. When the necessary microcode is not available the kernel
+will report vulnerability.
+
+Kernel mitigation
+-----------------
+
+The kernel has default on mitigations for Variant 1 and Variant 2
+against attacks from user programs or guests. For variant 1 it
+annotates vulnerable kernel code (as determined by the sparse code
+scanning tool and code audits) to use "bounds clipping" to avoid any
+usable disclosure gadgets.
+
+For variant 2 the kernel employs "retpoline" with compiler help to
+secure the indirect branches inside the kernel, when CONFIG_RETPOLINE
+is enabled and the compiler supports retpoline. On Intel Skylake systems
+the mitigation covers most, but not all, cases, see [1] for more details.
+
+On CPUs with hardware mitigations for variant 2 retpoline is automatically
+disabled at runtime.
+
+Using kernel address space randomization (CONFIG_RANDOMIZE_SLAB=y
+and CONFIG_SLAB_FREELIST_RANDOM=y in the kernel configuration)
+makes attacks on the kernel generally more difficult.
+
+Host mitigation
+---------------
+
+The Linux kernel uses retpoline to eliminate attacks on indirect
+branches. It also flushes the Return Branch Stack on every VM exit to
+prevent guests from attacking the host kernel when retpoline is
+enabled.
+
+Variant 1 attacks are mitigated unconditionally.
+
+The kernel also allows guests to use any microcode based mitigations
+they chose to use (such as IBRS, IBPB or STIBP), assuming the
+host has an updated microcode and reports IBPB in
+/sys/devices/system/cpu/vulnerabilities/spectre_v2.
+
+Mitigation control at kernel build time
+---------------------------------------
+
+When the CONFIG_RETPOLINE option is enabled the kernel uses special
+code sequences to avoid attacks on indirect branches through
+Variant 2 attacks.
+
+The compiler also needs to support retpoline and support the
+-mindirect-branch=thunk-extern -mindirect-branch-register options
+for gcc, or -mretpoline-external-thunk option for clang.
+When the compiler doesn't support these options the
+
+Variant 1 mitigations and other side channel related user APIs are
+enabled unconditionally.
+
+Hardware mitigation
+-------------------
+
+Some CPUs have hardware mitigations for Spectre variant 2. The 4.19
+kernel has support for detecting this capability and automatically
+disable any unnecessary workarounds at runtime.
+
+User mitigation
+---------------
+
+For variant 1 user programs can use LFENCE or bounds clipping. For more
+details see [3].
+
+For variant 2 user programs can be compiled with retpoline.
+
+User programs should use address space randomization
+(/proc/sys/kernel/randomize_va_space = 1) to make any attacks
+more difficult.
+
+Mitigation control on the kernel command line
+---------------------------------------------
+
+Spectre v2 mitigations can be disabled and force enabled at the kernel
+command line.
+
+ nospectre_v2 [X86] Disable all mitigations for the Spectre variant 2
+ (indirect branch prediction) vulnerability. System may
+ allow data leaks with this option, which is equivalent
+ to spectre_v2=off.
+
+ spectre_v2= [X86] Control mitigation of Spectre variant 2
+ (indirect branch speculation) vulnerability.
+
+ on - unconditionally enable
+ off - unconditionally disable
+ auto - kernel detects whether your CPU model is
+ vulnerable
+
+ Selecting 'on' will, and 'auto' may, choose a
+ mitigation method at run time according to the
+ CPU, the available microcode, the setting of the
+ CONFIG_RETPOLINE configuration option, and the
+ compiler with which the kernel was built.
+
+ Specific mitigations can also be selected manually:
+
+ retpoline - replace indirect branches
+ retpoline,generic - google's original retpoline
+ retpoline,amd - AMD-specific minimal thunk
+
+ Not specifying this option is equivalent to
+ spectre_v2=auto.
+
+For user space mitigation:
+
+ spectre_v2_app2app=
+ [X86] Control mitigation of Spectre variant 2
+ application to application (indirect branch speculation)
+ vulnerability.
+
+ on - Unconditionally enable mitigations. Is
enforced
+ by spectre_v2=on
+ off - Unconditionally disable mitigations. Is
enforced
+ by spectre_v2=off
+ auto - Kernel selects the mitigation depending on
+ the available CPU features and vulnerability.
+ prctl - Indirect branch speculation is enabled, but
+ mitigation can be enabled via prctl per
thread.
+ The mitigation control state is inherited on
fork.
+ seccomp - Same as "prctl" above, but all seccomp threads
+ will enable the mitigation unless they
explicitly
+ opt out.
+
+ Default mitigation:
+ If CONFIG_SECCOMP=y "seccomp", otherwise "prctl"
+
+ Not specifying this option is equivalent to
+ spectre_v2_app2app=auto.
+
+In general the kernel by default selects reasonable mitigations for
+the current CPU. To disable Spectre v2 mitigations boot with
+spectre_v2=off. Spectre v1 mitigations cannot be disabled.
+
+APIs for mitigation control per process
+---------------------------------------
+
+Under the "prctl" option for spectre_v2_app2app, issuing
+prctl(PR_SET_SPECULATION_CTRL, PR_SPEC_INDIR_BRANCH, PR_SPEC_DISABLE,
+0, 0) on a process restricts indirect branch speculation on a process.
+
+Processes containing secrets, such as cryptographic keys, can invoke this
+prctl for extra protection against Spectre v2.
+
+Before running untrusted processes, this prctl should be issued to prevent
+such processes from launching Spectre v2 attacks.
+
+The kernel automatically flushes the branch buffers when context switching
+in or out of the process, which prevents any branch buffer poisoning
+from the sandboxed code. IBPB will be issued on context switching into
+and out of such processes to clear branch target buffers. This protects the
+process from any external influence on its indirect branch predictions or
+influencing others on the same thread.
+
+On systems with Simultaneous Multi Threading (SMT)
+it may be possible for a process to affect the indirect branches on a
+process running on a thread sibling on the same core.
+
+Using prctl to restrict indirect branch speculation prevents
+either untrusted code in the current process affect anything else,
+or code running in SMT affect the current process. This is
+done using STIBP.
+
+This should be only deployed as needed, as it has performance
+impact on both the current process, and any process running
+on the thread sibling.
+
+Under the "seccomp" option, the processes running with SECCOMP
+will be restrained similarly.
+
+References
+----------
+
+Intel white papers and documents on Spectre:
+
+https://newsroom.intel.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2018/01/Intel-Analysis-of-Speculative-Execution-Side-Channels.pdf
+
+[1]
+https://software.intel.com/security-software-guidance/api-app/sites/default/files/Retpoline-A-Branch-Target-Injection-Mitigation.pdf
+
+https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/architecture-and-technology/facts-about-side-channel-analysis-and-intel-products.html
+
+[3] https://software.intel.com/security-software-guidance/
+
+AMD white papers:
+
+https://developer.amd.com/wp-content/resources/90343-B_SoftwareTechniquesforManagingSpeculation_WP_7-18Update_FNL.pdf
+
+https://www.amd.com/en/corporate/security-updates
+
+ARM white papers:
+
+https://developer.arm.com/support/arm-security-updates/speculative-processor-vulnerability/download-the-whitepaper
+
+https://developer.arm.com/support/arm-security-updates/speculative-processor-vulnerability/latest-updates/cache-speculation-issues-update
+
+MIPS:
+
+https://www.mips.com/blog/mips-response-on-speculative-execution-and-side-channel-vulnerabilities/
+
+Academic papers:
+
+https://spectreattack.com/spectre.pdf [original spectre paper]
+
+https://arxiv.org/abs/1807.07940 [Spectre RSB, a variant of Spectre v2]
+
+[2] https://arxiv.org/abs/1807.10535 [NetSpectre]
+
+https://arxiv.org/abs/1811.05441 [generalization of Spectre]
--
1.8.3.1
