On Mon, 2014-02-10 at 11:09 -0800, Linus Torvalds wrote:
> On Sun, Feb 9, 2014 at 4:27 PM, Torvald Riegel <trie...@redhat.com> wrote:
> >
> > Intuitively, this is wrong because this let's the program take a step
> > the abstract machine wouldn't do. This is different to the sequential
> > code that Peter posted because it uses atomics, and thus one can't
> > easily assume that the difference is not observable.
>
> Btw, what is the definition of "observable" for the atomics?
>
> Because I'm hoping that it's not the same as for volatiles, where
> "observable" is about the virtual machine itself, and as such volatile
> accesses cannot be combined or optimized at all.
No, atomics aren't an observable behavior of the abstract machine
(unless they are volatile). See 1.8.p8 (citing the C++ standard).
> Now, I claim that atomic accesses cannot be done speculatively for
> writes, and not re-done for reads (because the value could change),
Agreed, unless the compiler can prove that this doesn't make a
difference in the program at hand and it's not volatile atomics. In
general, that will be hard and thus won't happen often I suppose, but if
correctly proved it would fall under the as-if rule I think.
> but *combining* them would be possible and good.
Agreed.
> For example, we often have multiple independent atomic accesses that
> could certainly be combined: testing the individual bits of an atomic
> value with helper functions, causing things like "load atomic, test
> bit, load same atomic, test another bit". The two atomic loads could
> be done as a single load without possibly changing semantics on a real
> machine, but if "visibility" is defined in the same way it is for
> "volatile", that wouldn't be a valid transformation. Right now we use
> "volatile" semantics for these kinds of things, and they really can
> hurt.
Agreed. In your example, the compiler would have to prove that the
abstract machine would always be able to run the two loads atomically
(ie, as one load) without running into impossible/disallowed behavior of
the program. But if there's no loop or branch or such in-between, this
should be straight-forward because any hardware oddity or similar could
merge those loads and it wouldn't be disallowed by the standard
(considering that we're talking about a finite number of loads), so the
compiler would be allowed to do it as well.
> Same goes for multiple writes (possibly due to setting bits):
> combining multiple accesses into a single one is generally fine, it's
> *adding* write accesses speculatively that is broken by design..
Agreed. As Paul points out, this being correct assumes that there are
no other ordering guarantees or memory accesses "interfering", but if
the stores are to the same memory location and adjacent to each other in
the program, then I don't see a reason why they wouldn't be combinable.
> At the same time, you can't combine atomic loads or stores infinitely
> - "visibility" on a real machine definitely is about timeliness.
> Removing all but the last write when there are multiple consecutive
> writes is generally fine, even if you unroll a loop to generate those
> writes. But if what remains is a loop, it might be a busy-loop
> basically waiting for something, so it would be wrong ("untimely") to
> hoist a store in a loop entirely past the end of the loop, or hoist a
> load in a loop to before the loop.
Agreed. That's what 1.10p24 and 1.10p25 are meant to specify for loads,
although those might not be bullet-proof as Paul points out. Forward
progress is rather vaguely specified in the standard, but at least parts
of the committee (and people in ISO C++ SG1, in particular) are working
on trying to improve this.
> Does the standard allow for that kind of behavior?
I think the standard requires (or intends to require) the behavior that
you (and I) seem to prefer in these examples.
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